scholarly journals To the microscopic anatomy of the medulla oblongata

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (2) ◽  
pp. 119-132
Author(s):  
L. V. Blumenau
Keyword(s):  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Newborn Animals

In the course of several years since my employment in the laboratory, prof. S. Golgi (summer 1891) I repeatedly had to process the medulla oblongata of newborn animals (cats, dogs and rabbits and stillborn human fetuses) according to the method of the named anatomist. Thus, I have accumulated, and quite a lot, preparations of the medulla oblongata according to Golgi. Although recently there have been several wonderful studies of the same part of the brain and in the same way, I did not dare to use my material, in order to draw attention to some particulars, little or not touched upon by other authors.

Abstract P717: Central Midbrain Strokes Are More Liable for Respiratory Failure Then Other Brain Stem Strokes

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M Hussein ◽  
Eder Caceres ◽  
kasser saba ◽  
Hera Kamdar ◽  
khalid Sawalha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Periaqueductal Grey ◽  
Stroke Registry ◽  
Adaptive Nature ◽  
The Brain

Background: Respiratory centers are known to be present in the central medulla oblongata and pons. There are multiple complex respiratory networks involving these centers. The midbrain periaqueductal grey is believed to act as a regulator of the respiratory function. The effect of brain-stem strokes on respiration remains understudied. There is a lack of clear understanding of the anatomical influence of such strokes on respiration. We attempted to identify brain-stem locations with the highest liability for respiratory failure in case of stroke. Methods: We included all ischemic and hemorrhagic brain-stem strokes from our stroke-registry between 2016 and 2018 then performed univariate/multivariate regression-analyses on variables that might predict respiratory failure and the need for intubation. The brain stem was divided into nine locations (right lateral, central, left lateral in each of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata). Results: Out of 128 brain-stem strokes of different sizes and etiologies, central midbrain strokes were the only significant and independent affected location associated with respiratory failure and endotracheal intubation (coefficient= 0.1256, 95%-CI= 0.0175, 0.2338, p= 0.023). R-squared was equal to 15% when only central midbrain strokes stayed in the model. Conclusions: While one might assume that central medullary and pontine strokes have the most impact on respiration; our results show that central midbrain is the most impactful, accounting for about 15% of respiratory instability associated with brain-stem strokes. This can be explained by the adaptive nature of respiratory circuits within the medulla and pons. Central periaqueductal grey within the midbrain controls the rate and depth of respiration and might not have the same flexibility present elsewhere.

Lateral Medullary Infarction with Contralateral Segmental Dysesthesia and Ipsilateral Headache: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renjie Wang ◽  
Yankun Shao ◽  
Lei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Lateral Medullary Infarction ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Specific Sign ◽  
Temperature Sense ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Medullary Infarction

Introduction: The medulla oblongata is the lowest segment of the brain stem, located adjacent to the spinal cord, with a complex anatomical structure. Thus, a small injury to the medulla oblongata can show complex clinical manifestations. Case Presentation: A patient experienced dysesthesia, which manifested as numbness in her right lower limb and decreased temperature sense, and dizziness 20 days before admission. The numbness worsened 1 week before admission, reaching the right thoracic (T) 12 dermatomes. Her thermoception below the T12 dermatomes decreased, and the degree of dizziness increased, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neck, chest, and abdomen performed at a local hospital showed no abnormalities. MRI of the brain was performed after admission. One week after admission, she experienced a severe headache in the upper left periorbital area. The numbness extended to T4, and thermoception decreased below T4. Diagnosis: Lateral medullary infarction. Interventions: Anti-platelet aggregation and mitochondrial nutritional therapies were performed along with treatments for improving circulation and establishing collateral circulation. Outcomes: The intensity of limb numbness decreased, and the symptoms of headache and dizziness resolved. Conclusion: Lesions leading to segmental sensory disorders can occur in the medulla oblongata. Ipsilateral headaches with contralateral segmental paresthesia can be a specific sign of lateral medullary infarction.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the brains in pleuronectidae

1937 ◽  
Vol 122 (828) ◽  
pp. 308-343 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
The Family ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Part I. The Medulla Oblongata, And Its Variations Acoording To Diet And Feeding Habits In previous communications to this Society the relationship of the habits of feeding and diet to the form and pattern of the medulla oblongata has been described in the cyprinoids, clupeids, and gadoids (Evans, 1931, 1932, 1935). This research takes up a similar study of the brain of the Pleuronectidae. The expense has been borne by a grant from the Royal Society for which the author tenders his grateful thanks. It has seemed to be desirable to extend the observations to the fore- and mid-brain, as in some members of the family these present a very marked development. In order to elucidate some of the problems that arise I have also studied the brain of the eel, and some interesting conclusions have resulted. We find, as a result of examination by the naked eye and of serial sections, that we can divide the following species into four groups as follows: I. The sole, Solea vulgaris .

EXTRACORTICAL CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN NORMAL HUMAN FETUSES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. Lanman ◽  
Yjrö Partanen ◽  
Sven Ullberg ◽  
John Lind
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Brain

A layer of cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the developing brain of normal human fetuses. The layer was found to occupy 13 to 26% of the intracranial space. Convolutions appeared in the hemispheres while this layer was still present. Neither growth of the skull nor the appearance of cortical convolutions is secondary to pressure from growth of the brain into a confined cranial space.

scholarly journals XIV. Notes of researches on the intimate structure of the brain.—Second Series

1862 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 359-366
Keyword(s):  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Posterior Median ◽  
The Brain

In consequence of the frequent interruptions to which I am ne­cessarily exposed in the course of my anatomical investigations, I beg to communicate to the Royal Society, in the form of notes, some of the results at which I have arrived, with a promise to forward, in a few months, a complete memoir on the same subject, with the necessary illustrations. In my memoir of the “ Medulla Oblongata,” it is shown that the post-pyramidal ganglion, or grey substance of the posterior pyramid, is developed from the posterior grey substance on each side of the posterior median fissure.

On the reflex function of the medulla oblongata and spinalis, or the principle of tone in the muscular system

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 210-210
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
Spinal Marrow ◽  
Reflex Action ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Morbid State

The author, after commenting on the opinions of Le Gallois and Cruveilhier relating to the functions of the spinal marrow, adverts to a property or function of the medulla oblongata and spinalis, which he considers as having escaped the notice of these and all other physiologists; namely, that by which an impression made upon the extremities of certain nerves is conveyed to these two portions of the nervous system, and reflected along other nerves to parts different from those which received the impression. He distinguishes muscular actions into three kinds: first, those directly consequent on volition; secondly, those which are involuntary, and dependent on simple irritability; and thirdly, those resulting from the reflex action above described, and which include those of the sphincter muscles, the tonic condition of the muscles in general, the acts of deglutition, of respiration, and many motions, which, under other circumstances, are under the guidance of the will. Volition ceases when the head or brain is removed; yet, as he shows by various experiments, movements may be then excited in the muscles of the limbs and trunk, by irritations applied to the extremities of the nerves which remain in communication with the spinal marrow: but these actions cease as soon as the spinal marrow is destroyed. Hence the author concludes that they are the effect of the reflex Action of the spinal marrow, which exists independently of the brain; and, indeed, exists in each part of the organ independently of every other part. He considers that this reflex function is capable of exaltation by certain agents, such as opium and strychnine, which in frogs produce a tetanic and highly excitable state of muscular irritability. Hence he is led to view the reflex function as the principle of tone in the muscular system. He considers that certain poisons, such as the hydrocyanic acid, act by destroying this particular function. The effects of dentition, of alvine irritation, and of hydrophobia, of sneezing, coughing, vomiting, tenesmus, &c. &c., are adduced as exemplifications of the operation of the same principle when in a morbid state of exaltation.

THE ACCUMULATION OF MATERNAL PHOSPHATE IN THE BRAIN, LIVER AND BONE OF FOETAL AND NEWBORN RABBITS FROM NORMAL AND THYROID-DEFICIENT MOTHERS

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-415
Author(s):  
N. B. MYANT ◽  
J. GAMBLE
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Newborn Animal ◽  
Brain Phospholipid ◽  
Brain Phospholipids ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Total P ◽  
Newborn Animals

SUMMARY If pregnant rabbits are treated with methylthiouracil from the 10th to 44th day after conception, there is little effect on the growth or phosphorus content of brain, liver or bone of the foetuses. In newborn animals from mothers treated with methylthiouracil there is a marked decrease in the rate of growth and of deposition of P in bone, a small decrease in brain and little or no effect in liver. The concentration of total P in the milk is not affected by treating the mother with methylthiouracil. Inorganic 32P was injected into the mothers 24 days after conception, and the distribution of 32P in liver and bone and in brain phospholipid followed from the 29th to 44th day after conception. The results suggest that more than half the P incorporated into brain phospholipids during the first 14 days of post-natal life is derived from stores of P in the tissues of the newborn animal acquired in utero.

Course of the Peripheral Gustatory Nerves

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Rollin
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Trigeminal Nerve ◽  
Soft Palate ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Greater Superficial Petrosal Nerve ◽  
The Brain

The multiple variations of the course of the gustatory nerves still considered possible are discussed. Recent investigations lead to the conclusion that there is only one path for the gustatory fibers for each gustatory area: 1) from the anterior part of the tongue via the tympanic cord and facial nerve to the medulla oblongata; 2) for the posterior part of the tongue in the IX cranial nerve; and 3) from the soft palate via the greater superficial petrosal nerve to the facial nerve. The trigeminal nerve carries no gustatory fibers to the brain.

scholarly journals Histochemical characteristics and distribution of lipofuscin and polyglucosan bodies in the brain of dogs more than 10 years old

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Sladjan Nesic ◽  
Ivana Vucicevic ◽  
Darko Marinkovic ◽  
Vladimir Kukolj ◽  
Milan Anicic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Ageing Process ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Polyglucosan Bodies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Lipofuscin Pigment ◽  
The Brain

The ageing process is accompanied by numerous changes in the brain of dogs, such as accumulation of amyloid, fibrosis of blood vessel walls and meninges, accumulation of lipofuscin, and the presence of polyglucosan bodies (PGBs), satellitosis and neuronophagia. In this study, the presence of lipofuscin and PGBs in various parts of the brain in dogs of different sexes and ages was examined. For this purpose, brain samples were stained using haematoxylin eosin, modified Ziehl Neelsen and Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) methods. Lipofuscin was visualised by Ziehl Neelsen and PAS methods of specific staining on the same brain tissue segments. Lipofuscin had accumulated in 93% of old (more than 10 years old) dog brains, mostly in neurons of the medulla oblongata. The percentage of age-related lipofuscin pigment in other examined brain tissue segments was lower than in the medulla oblongata. There was a small difference in the percentage of lipofuscin-positive individuals between the two staining methods. The presence of PGBs was established by the PAS method for the vast majority (about 93%) of the old dogs (more than 10 years old), while PGBs were not detected in the group of young dogs (up to 5 years old). However, PGBs occurred in all examined segments of the dog?s brain tissues (for each of the tissue types, from 90% to 93% of dogs were positive for PGBs). The results obtained the oldest dogs (15 years old) harboured PGBs both extracellularly and intracellularly, while in other dogs, only extracellular PGBs were seen. Lipofuscin was accumulated mostly in large neurons of olivary nuclei of the medulla oblongata. PGBs were confirmed in all examined segments of the brain tissue of dogs more than 10 years old. This is one of the numerous indications that old dogs could be a very good animal model for studying the normal ageing process or neurodegenerative diseases.

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