Covid-19: features of the pathogenesis of the disease and targets for immunotherapeutic effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
N. A. Klimov ◽  
A. S. Simbirtsev
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Complement System

An analysis of current scientific literature on the pathogenesis of the coronavirus infection that caused the 2019 pandemic, COVID-19, was carried out. The structure, genome, introduction into the cell and the life cycle of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused the pandemic, the mechanisms of protection of the virus from the hosts immune system, features of the clinical picture of coronavirus infection, the pathogenesis of viral pneumonia, in particular, disruption of the renin-angiotensin system, cytokine storm, participation of the complement system in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 are reviewed. The models of infections caused by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in laboratory mice are also considered.

scholarly journals Original SARS-CoV-2 vaccine model

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
I. E. Khoroshilov
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The new coronavirus infection COVID-19 that appeared at the end of 2019 is signifi cantly different from the viral infections that existed previously. The new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus combines two transmission routes—aerosol and oral-intestinal. The targets for this virus are both cells of the respiratory system and the human gastrointestinal tract. Along with the classical form of this disease, the so-called “gastrointestinal” form is described, in which the clinical picture is dominated by signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia). These symptoms are detected, in general, in 20% of patients with COVID-19. More than 80% of patients have mild forms, a third of these individuals had diarrhea. Although SARSCoV-2 viral RNA is detected in faeces samples of patients with COVID-19, it does not carry an infectious onset, and not a single case of fecal-oral transmission has been confi rmed. Since the intestines are the most powerful organ of our immune system, we can introduce SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA into the gastrointestinal tract to ensure the formation of immunity to this infection.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Infection Associated with Psychosis in Hemodialysis Patient

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. e312-e312
Author(s):  
Ahmed Atris ◽  
Issa Al Salmi ◽  
Suad Hannawi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Hemodialysis Patient ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Hemodialysis is a medical procedure to correct electrolyte imbalance and remove fluids and waste products from the blood of patients with end-stage renal disease. Dialysis patients are immunosuppressed and hence at risk of complications of coronavirus infection. In addition, dialysis for most patients is performed in-center, with therapy offered three times per week for 3.5 hours per session in sites highly exposed to virus contamination. A weak immune system and low cytokine storm explain why COVID-19 may be less severe in dialysis patients as death due to COVID-19 or effects on comorbidities in COVID-19 patients is due to overresponse against the virus by the immune system and cytokine storm. However, during the frequent trips between the dialysis center and home, the risk of coronavirus infection could be high. Moreover, hemodialysis patients constitute a distinct and high-risk group that is often associated with low immunity, decline or loss of the ability to work, substantial economic burden, the inability to fulfill family responsibilities and participate in an active social life, and suffer from various complications such as muscle weakness, pruritus, fatigue, diabetes, hypertension, and restless legs. These factors are associated with lower quality of life and poor clinical outcomes, leading to a higher risk of psychological problems than in the general population. We report a rare case of new-onset psychosis (mostly delirium) following COVID-19 infection in a middle-aged hemodialysis patient with rapid recovery.

scholarly journals The role of renin-angiotensin system activated phagocytes in the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laszlo Göbölös ◽  
István Rácz ◽  
Maurice Hogan ◽  
Ernő Remsey-Semmelweis ◽  
Bassam Atallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

scholarly journals Renin-angiotensin system: The unexpected flaw inside the human immune system revealed by SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 109686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Roncati ◽  
Graziana Gallo ◽  
Antonio Manenti ◽  
Beniamino Palmieri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Human Immune

scholarly journals Features of case management with neuromuscular disease during Covid-19. Clinical impression.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Karpova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Management ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Neuromuscular Disease ◽  
Neuromuscular Transmission ◽  
Clinical Impression ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanism ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Immunopathological Process

The new COVID-19 coronavirus infection, which has become a pandemic, is a very dangerous disease, the clinical picture of which can vary from mild to extremely severe forms of the course. Currently, there is no complete data on the pathogenetic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 virulence, but there is probable data on risk factors for the development of extremely severe forms of COVID-19. The study of such factors becomes most suitable in terms of preventing the development and influence on the course of the disease in immunocompromised individuals and patients with impaired neuromuscular transmission. The article describes two clinical cases of extremely severe COVID-19 in patients with impaired neuromuscular transmission. Based on the analysis of the course of diseases, conclusions are made about the possible aggravation and mutual activation of the immunopathological process with the launch of the cascade mechanism of the "cytokine storm". An assumption has been made about the influence of HLA on the severity of COVID-19, which is confirmed by positive dynamics against the background of the introduction of IVIG, GCS, virusinactivated plasma, and extracorporeal detoxification methods.

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and immune system profile in specific subgroups with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludimila de Barcelos Ubaldo Martins ◽  
Luiz Gustavo Pessoa Pires Jabour ◽  
Cristina Cerqueira Vieira ◽  
Lucas Crepaldi Carvalho Nery ◽  
Raphael Figuiredo Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Potential Interactions

Background: The identification of vulnerable subgroups and risk factors associated with the susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are of utmost importance in a pandemic scenario. Potential interactions between renin-angiotensin system (RAS), immune markers and COVID-19 play a role in disease outcome in specific groups of patients. Objective: This review aimed to describe the particularities of the RAS and the immune system profile of particular subgroups of patients. Methods: This non-systematic review summarizes evidence on SARS-CoV-2 infection in specific subgroups of patients and possible relationships between immune system, RAS and the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Results: The RAS and the immune system exert a role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of COVID-19, mainly in cases of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and other chronic diseases. The overactivation of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis and the enhancement of inflammation contribute to deleterious effects of COVID-19. Likewise, pregnant women and elderly patients usually display immune responses that are less effective in withstanding exposition to viruses, while children are relatively protected against severe complications of COVID-19. Women, conversely, exhibit stronger antiviral responses and are less sensitive to the effects of increased Ang II. Future Perspectives: The recognition of vulnerable subgroups and risk factors for disease severity are essential to better understand the pandemic. Precision medicine tools, including proteomics and metabolomics approaches, identified metabolic patterns of the severe form of disease and might be the alternative to diagnose, evaluate and predict the prognosis and the efficiency of therapies.

F. The relation of complement to other systems: The relations of complement to the other systems

1969 ◽  
Vol 173 (1032) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzymes ◽  
Common Inhibitor ◽  
Blood Clots ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Esterase Inhibitor

One part of the topic assigned to me is simple to discuss. So far as I am aware, there are no known or suggested interactions of complement with the renin-angiotensin system. There are, however, a number of relations of complement to the permeability globulin (kinin forming), clotting and fibrinolytic enzymes which have been established or have been postulated on the basis of greater or lesser degrees of evidence. I shall address myself first to the relations which are more or less well defined. These are the possession by complement and the permeability globulins of a common inhibitor, C'1 esterase inhibitor; the effects on the clotting mechanism caused by complement mediated allergic damage to platelets, and the several proteolytic effects of plasmin on the complement system. Complement, platelets and plasminogen are all involved in the lysis of human blood clots (Taylor & Müller-Eberhard 1967). A relation of complement to the lysis and to the other factors has been suggested but not proved.

scholarly journals Immune Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Intoxication: Storm or Silence?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kiselevskiy ◽  
Irina Shubina ◽  
Irina Chikileva ◽  
Suria Sitdikova ◽  
Igor Samoylenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Immune Pathogenesis ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Excessive Inflammatory Response

Dysregulation of the immune system undoubtedly plays an important and, perhaps, determining role in the COVID-19 pathogenesis. While the main treatment of the COVID-19 intoxication is focused on neutralizing the excessive inflammatory response, it is worth considering an equally significant problem of the immunosuppressive conditions including immuno-paralysis, which lead to the secondary infection. Therefore, choosing a treatment strategy for the immune-mediated complications of coronavirus infection, one has to pass between Scylla and Charybdis, so that, in the fight against the “cytokine storm,” it is vital not to miss the point of the immune silence that turns into immuno-paralysis.

scholarly journals Altered Genes Profile of Renin–Angiotensin System, Immune System, and Adipokines Receptors in Leukocytes of Children With Primary Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mieczysław Litwin ◽  
Jacek Michałkiewicz ◽  
Joanna Trojanek ◽  
Anna Niemirska ◽  
Aldona Wierzbicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Primary Hypertension ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin
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