scholarly journals Characteristics of oxygen carriers in modern blood substitutes

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-400
Author(s):  
N V Shevchenko ◽  
S N Khudyakov ◽  
A A Zyryanov ◽  
D A Pyrenkov
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Donor Blood ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Artificial Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Current Stage

Intraoperative and posttraumatic blood loss can be compensated by the introduction of crystalloid and colloid solutions. Blood transfusion is an effective method, but has several disadvantages: it may cause severe hemolytic reactions, infections and immune disorders. Blood substitutes based on oxygen-carrying molecules can solve most of these problems. The search for alternatives to donor blood and its preparations has continued for a long time, but only at this stage a few of the oxygen carriers have reached the phase of clinical trials. Artificial oxygen carriers are pharmacological agents used to improve oxygen delivery, regardless of the functions of erythrocytes, which perform solely a transport function of oxygen delivery. In this article, the authors have tried to reflect the current stage in the development, implementation and usage of oxygen carriers.

The biochemistry of drugs and doping methods used to enhance aerobic sport performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 63-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Blood Doping

Optimum performance in aerobic sports performance requires an efficient delivery to, and consumption of, oxygen by the exercising muscle. It is probable that maximal oxygen uptake in the athlete is multifactorial, being shared between cardiac output, blood oxygen content, muscle blood flow, oxygen diffusion from the blood to the cell and mitochondrial content. Of these, raising the blood oxygen content by raising the haematocrit is the simplest acute method to increase oxygen delivery and improve sport performance. Legal means of raising haematocrit include altitude training and hypoxic tents. Illegal means include blood doping and the administration of EPO (erythropoietin). The ability to make EPO by genetic means has resulted in an increase in its availability and use, although it is probable that recent testing methods may have had some impact. Less widely used illegal methods include the use of artificial blood oxygen carriers (the so-called ‘blood substitutes’). In principle these molecules could enhance aerobic sports performance; however, they would be readily detectable in urine and blood tests. An alternative to increasing the blood oxygen content is to increase the amount of oxygen that haemoglobin can deliver. It is possible to do this by using compounds that right-shift the haemoglobin dissociation curve (e.g. RSR13). There is a compromise between improving oxygen delivery at the muscle and losing oxygen uptake at the lung and it is unclear whether these reagents would enhance the performance of elite athletes. However, given the proven success of blood doping and EPO, attempts to manipulate these pathways are likely to lead to an ongoing battle between the athlete and the drug testers.

Abstract 190: Repeated Doses of Dodecafluoropentane Emulsion Provide Neuroprotection Up to 24 Hours Following Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rabbits

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean D Woods ◽  
Robert D Skinner ◽  
Aliza T Brown ◽  
Aaron M Ricca ◽  
Jennifer L Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Hypoxic Cell ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Introduction: Neuroprotective strategies in ischemic stroke include oxygen delivery to sustain penumbra and prevent hypoxic cell death. Hyperbaric oxygen, blood substitutes, and liquid fluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers have often failed in treatment of stroke and other ischemic disorders. Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe, boiling point 29°C) shifts to quasi-gas phase at body temperature, which allows absorption and transportation of very high levels of oxygen. Exceptionally small particle size, 250-300 nm, may allow oxygen delivery even through occluded vessels, by diffusion into hypoxic tissue unreachable by whole blood. In a preliminary stroke study in rabbits, DDFPe reduced infarct volumes in all experimental groups by 80% or more. Hypothesis: Repeated doses of DDFPe can reduce infarct volume for up to 24 hours after permanent cerebral artery occlusion in rabbits. Methods: New Zealand White rabbits (N=55) received cerebral angiography from a femoral artery approach. Embolic microspheres (diameter=700-900 μm) were injected into the internal carotid artery, permanently occluding the middle cerebral and/or anterior cerebral arteries. Rabbits were randomly assigned to treatment groups and sacrifice times as in Table 1. In all treated groups, intravenous DDFPe dosing with a 2% w/v emulsion began at 1 hour post-embolization and was repeated every 90 minutes until sacrifice at either 7 or 24 hours post-embolization. Following sacrifice, infarcts were measured as a percent of brain volume using vital stains on brain sections. Results: Percent infarct volume means significantly decreased for all DDFPe treated groups compared with controls (Table 1). Conclusion: Intravenous DDFPe begun 1 hour after stroke onset protects the brain from ischemic injury in the rabbit model of permanent embolic stroke. Decreased infarct volumes represent salvaged brain tissue. This effect can be observed for 24 hours with repeated doses.

scholarly journals Alternatives to Transfusion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Emily Bachert ◽  
Prerna Dogra ◽  
Leonard I Boral
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Artificial Oxygen Carriers

Abstract Objectives We discuss two main categories of blood substitutes: perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Methods We provide a review of the notable products developed in both categories and include their attributes as well as their setbacks. Results We contribute a case report tothe growing literature of the successful use of Sanguinate. Conclusions We find that artificial oxygen carriers are an attractive field of research because of the practical limitations and the multitude of potential complications that surround human blood transfusions.

Steroid secretion by rat testes perfused with perfluorochemicals as oxygen carriers

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (4) ◽  
pp. E432-E437
Author(s):  
C. Chubb ◽  
P. Draper
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Carrier ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Perfusion Medium ◽  
Artificial Oxygen Carrier ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
Artificial Oxygen Carriers

Organs perfused in vitro are important experimental models for physiological studies. Perfusion medium supplemented with artificial oxygen carriers would at physiological flow rates supply sufficient oxygen to organs and would be superior to medium containing erythrocytes because it is more defined. Perfluorotributylamine (FC-43), a perfluorochemical, is an artificial oxygen carrier that has been previously reported to be ineffective in maintaining endocrine organs perfused in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of FC-43 as an oxygen carrier for rat testes perfused in vitro. The effects of FC-43 on testicular function and structure were assessed by comparing the results of experiments using perfusion medium containing either FC-43 or erythrocytes. The results suggest that perfusion medium containing perfluorochemicals must be prepared by standardized procedures and defined as to its physiochemical parameters. The study resulted in the first successful in vitro perfusion of an endocrine organ with perfluorochemicals as oxygen carriers. The results not only provide the basis for an improved perfusion medium but also support in vitro perfused testes as effective experimental tools for testing perfluorochemical-based blood substitutes.

Cerebral oxygen delivery by liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin: a positron-emission tomographic evaluation in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibhudutta Awasthi ◽  
Seong-Hwan Yee ◽  
Paul Jerabek ◽  
Beth Goins ◽  
William T. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Human Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Oxygen Metabolism ◽  
Blood Substitutes ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Positron Emission Tomographic ◽  
Positron Emission

Liposome-encapsulated Hb (LEH) is being developed as an artificially assembled, low-toxicity, and spatially isolated Hb-based oxygen carrier (HBOC). Standard methods of evaluating oxygen carriers are based on surrogate indicators of physiology in animal models of shock. Assessment of actual delivery of oxygen by HBOCs and resultant improvement in oxygen metabolism at the tissue level has been a technical challenge. In this work, we report our findings from 15O-positron emission tomographic (15O-PET) evaluation of LEH in a rat model of 40% hypovolemic shock. In vitro studies showed that PEGylated LEH formulation containing ∼7.5% Hb and consisting of neutral lipids (distearoylphosphatidylcholine:cholesterol:α-tocopherol, 51.4:46.4:2.2) efficiently picks up 15O-labeled oxygen gas. The final preparation of LEH contained 5% human serum albumin to provide oncotic pressure. Cerebral PET images of anesthetized rats inhaling 15O-labeled O2 gas showed efficient oxygen-carrying and delivery capacity of LEH formulation. From the PET images, we determined cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) as a direct indicator of oxygen-carrying capacity of LEH as well as oxygen delivery and metabolism in rat brain. Compared with control fluids [saline and 5% human serum albumin (HSA)], LEH significantly improved CMR[Formula: see text] to ∼80% of baseline level. Saline and HSA resuscitation could not improve hypovolemia-induced decrease in CMR[Formula: see text]. On the other hand, resuscitation of shed blood was the most efficient in restoring oxygen metabolism. The results suggest that 15O-PET technology can be successfully employed to evaluate potential oxygen carriers and blood substitutes and that LEH resuscitation in hemorrhage enhances oxygen delivery to the cerebral tissue and improves oxygen metabolism in brain.

Pharmaceutical design and development of perfluorocarbon nanocolloids for oxygen delivery in regenerative medicine

Nanomedicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 2697-2712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lambert ◽  
Vijay S Gorantla ◽  
Jelena M Janjic
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Oxygen Carriers ◽  
Design And Development ◽  
Tissue Integrity ◽  
Infectious Risk ◽  
Artificial Oxygen Carriers ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Extremity Salvage

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been investigated as oxygen carriers for several decades in varied biomedical applications. PFCs are chemically and biologically inert, temperature and storage stable, pose low to no infectious risk, can be commercially manufactured, and have well established gas transport properties. In this review, we highlight design and development strategies for their successful application in regenerative medicine, transplantation and organ preservation. Effective tissue preservation strategies are key to improving outcomes of extremity salvage and organ transplantation. Maintaining tissue integrity requires adequate oxygenation to support aerobic metabolism. The use of whole blood for oxygen delivery is fraught with limitations of poor shelf stability, infectious risk, religious exclusions and product shortages. Other agents also face clinical challenges in their implementation. As a solution, we discuss new ways of designing and developing PFC-based artificial oxygen carriers by implementing modern pharmaceutical quality by design and scale up manufacturing methodologies.

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