scholarly journals Tticks collection of academician E.N. Pavlovsky and modern prospects of molecular genetic research

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-148
Author(s):  
A I Solovev ◽  
E I Bondarenko ◽  
D I Timofeev ◽  
A I Rakin ◽  
V Yu Kravtsov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Rickettsia Species ◽  
Military Aid ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
Museum Samples

E.N. Pavlovsky is founder of doctrine about the natural foci diseases. The unique collection of ticks (Argasidae), which are highly specialized ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrate animals. Part of the collection was formed during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1943) in Iran in the Trans-Iranian Route zone (Persian Corridor), one of the strategic directions for the delivery of American and British military aid to the Soviet Union. Currently, the richest collection of ticks is stored at the Department of Biology of the Military Medical Academy. C.M. Kirov, the permanent leader of which for over 40 years was E.N. Pavlovsky. The collection includes more than 15 thousand copies of arthropods. Among them are Ornithodorus papillitis, Ornithodorus tartakovsky, Ornithodorus lahorensis, Ornithodorus Verrucosus, Argas persicus, as well as some other carriers of human infectious diseases. The historical collection of ticks is considered as a unique resource for the study of infectious pathogens and their vectors using molecular genetic techniques. The preservation of genetic material in the museum samples of ticks was studied in order to determine the possibility of detecting in them deoxyribonucleotide markers of tick-borne pathogens (tick-borne infections).. Genetic markers of tick-borne infections were identified in 10 instances from of 48 ticks instances. The 8 samples were positive for the presence fragments of nucleic acids of tick-borne rickettsia (Rickettsia species). There were identified the genetic markers of causative agent Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.) in one of the samples. In addition, the deoxyribonucleic acid fragments specific to Q-fever (Coxiella burnetii) were discovered in one case. The obtained data testify to the high scientific significance of the E.N. Pavlovsky collection in modern conveniences. The unique biological material can be used to study the structure and evolution of the genome of ticks Argasidae, as well as etiology and the spread of tick-borne infections.

The Complexity of the Genotype-Phenotype Relationship and the Limitations of Using Genetic “Markers” at the Individual Level

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 373-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Defective Gene

The ArgumentMany associations have recently been discovered between phenotypic variation and genetic loci, causing some to advocate what Robert Sinsheimer has called “a new eugenics” that would treat genetic “defects” in individuals prone to a disease. The first premise of this vision is that genetic association studies reveal the biological cause of the phenotypic variation. Once the responsible genes are known, the second premise is that we should focus upon changing “nature” rather than “nurture” by correcting the “defective” genes.The first premise is flawed because associations between genetic markers and phenotypes can be spurious, as shown by an example. Moreover, it is shown that using non-causative but associated genetic markers one at a time (the normal practice) can lead to incorrect predictions of disease risk for many individuals. Going from association to causation is a non-trivial step scientifically that has rarely been done in much of the human genetic research.Even when a particular locus does contribute to the phenotypic variation of interest, the first premise remains flawed because phenotypes in general arise from complex interactions among genes and between genes and environments as shown for genes associations with coronary artery disease (CAD). The ability of current molecular genetic tools to “fix” defective genotypes is extremely limited, but even if the technological problems could be overcome, the studies on CAD reveal no obvious “defective” gene to fix because the genetic effects are so context dependent (upon both other genes and environmental factors). Contrary to the second premise of the new eugenics, the more we learn about how different genotypes show variable responses to environments, the more important the environment becomes for individual treatment.The paradigm of a “defective gene” may work for classical Mendelian genetic diseases that are due to loss-of-function mutations. However, such mutations affect only a small portion of humanity. When the focus is changed to common disease and behavioral phenotypes, the “defective gene” paradigm is biologically meaningless and often harmful when applied to individuals. Thus, even when genes clearly do influence common phenotypic variation, the premises of the “new eugenics” are biologically indefensible.

Genetic diversity in Canadian Hardwoods: Implications for conservation

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
Jean Bousquet ◽  
John MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Gene Conservation ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Efficient Gene ◽  
Forest Regions

Hardwoods are diverse, and they are important components in several forest regions of Canada. Yet low demand from the pulp and paper sector, abundant natural regeneration for several species, and high costs associated with seedling production and plantation establishment have restrained industries and governments from investing intensively into basic biological and genetic research of hardwoods. Recently, new interests have emerged for the utilization and conservation of hardwood species. To devise efficient gene conservation and breeding strategies for hardwoods, knowledge is needed about their genetic structure, genecology, and mating systems. Here we review information on the organization of genetic diversity in the few Canadian hardwood species that have been studied. Results derived from analyses of quantitative characters showed extensive genetic variation among populations and among individuals within populations in all species. Genetic variation among populations was found to be associated with environmental factors, especially for adaptive traits. Levels of genetic diversity were also found high in allozyme genetic markers. The application of molecular genetic markers at the DNA level in monitoring genetic diversity of hardwoods is also discussed. Information available regarding genetic diversity of Canadian hardwoods is insufficient to design efficient gene conservation strategies. Several programs investigating genetic diversity of hardwoods have been initiated in Canada, and should yield urgently needed data.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF TICK-BORNE INFECTIONS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY CARRIED OUT AS A PART OF CLINICAL STUDIES IN THE “REPUBLICAN CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES HOSPITAL” OF ULAN-UDE

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 138-142
Author(s):  
E. V. Silchenko ◽  
L. M. Oshorova ◽  
I. Ts. Balzhinimaeva ◽  
E. I. Bondarenko ◽  
N. A. Dasheeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Clinical Material ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

The article is devoted to the study of vector-borne pathogens circulating in the Republic of Buryatia. The authors have carried out  identification of the genetic material of tick-borne encephalitis virus,  Borrellia burgdorferi, Borrellia miуamotoi, Coxiella burnetii and  Rickettsia sibirica in various samples of biological material. The  object of the study were whole blood, leukocyte fraction and blood  serum of patients admitted to the hospital in a state of fever that  occurred after sucking of the tick, as well as mites brought by the  population. A detailed analysis of the data showed that 11.7 % (9  out of 70) of the clinical material samples and 17.8 % (50 out of  281) of the tick samples had genetic markers of tick-borne  pathogens. In the material from the patients, the RNA of tick-borne  encephalitis virus was most often determined, and in the DNA of  Borrellia burgdorferi mites. In addition, the authors first confirmed  the etiologic role of Borrellia miуamotoi in the development of cases  of Lyme disease in the Republic. An unexpected finding was the  detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in ticks and in clinical material. In  the Republic of Buryatia Q-fever was detected by laboratory  diagnostics for the first time. This fact confirms the circulation of this pathogen in the region. In this regard, the authors conducted a  retrospective analysis of the medical histories of patients who were found to have genetic markers of Q-fever.

Molecular genetic markers for thyroid FNAB

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 94-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Musholt ◽  
T. J. Musholt
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Ultrasound Screening ◽  
Thyroid Malignancy ◽  
Thyroid Carcinomas ◽  
Molecular Genetic Markers ◽  
The Impact

SummaryAim: Thyroid nodules > 1 cm are observed in about 12% of unselected adult employees aged 18–65 years screened by ultrasound scan (40). While intensive ultrasound screening leads to early detection of thyroid diseases, the determination of benign or malignant behaviour remains uncertain and may trigger anxieties in many patients and their physicians. A considerable number of thyroid resections are consecutively performed due to suspicion of malignancy in the detected nodes. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has been recommended for the assessment of thyroid nodules to facilitate detection of thyroid carcinomas but also to rule out malignancy and thereby avoid unnecessary thyroid resections. However, cytology results are dependent on experience of the respective cytologist and unfortunately inconclusive in many cases. Methods: Molecular genetic markers are already used nowadays to enhance sensitivity and specificity of FNAB cytology in some centers in Germany. The most clinically relevant molecular genetic markers as pre-operative diagnostic tools and the clinical implications for the intraoperative and postoperative management were reviewed. Results: Molecular genetic markers predominantly focus on the preoperative detection of thyroid malignancies rather than the exclusion of thyroid carcinomas. While some centers routinely assess FNABs, other centers concentrate on FNABs with cytology results of follicular neoplasia or suspicion of thyroid carcinoma. Predominantly mutations of BRAF, RET/PTC, RAS, and PAX8/PPARγ or expression of miRNAs are analyzed. However, only the detection of BRAF mutations predicts the presence of (papillary) thyroid malignancy with almost 98% probability, indicating necessity of oncologic thyroid resections irrespective of the cytology result. Other genetic alterations are associated with thyroid malignancy with varying frequency and achieve less impact on the clinical management. Conclusion: Molecular genetic analysis of FNABs is increasingly performed in Germany. Standardization, quality controls, and validation of various methods need to be implemented in the near future to be able to compare the results. With increasing knowledge about the impact of genetic alterations on the prognosis of thyroid carcinomas, recommendations have to be defined that may lead to individually optimized treatment strategies.

Molecular genetic markers for assessing individual sensitivity to lead

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.П. Кузьмина ◽  
◽  
А.Г. Хотулева ◽  
М.М. Коляскина ◽  
Л.М. Безрукавникова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Individual Sensitivity ◽  
Molecular Genetic Markers

Breeding study of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in the Institute of Horticulture, NAAS оf Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
V.V. Moskalets ◽  
◽  
T.Z. Moskalets ◽  
I.V. Grynyk ◽  
O.A. Shevchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
The State ◽  
Sea Buckthorn ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
State Register ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The authors present the results of the sea buckthorn breeding at the Institute of Horticulture (NAAS). The stages of the work have been analyzed – from studying and selecting the initial material in the conditions of the Polissya, Polissya-Lisosteppe and Lisosteppe ecotopes (2012-2016) to the successful targeted introduction to the Northern part of the Lisosteppe (2017-2019) and new forms have been characterized according to the traits valuable for economy and molec-ular genetic markers. The new forms of the researched crop taking into consideration the high indices of their productiv-ity,adaptivity to the unfavourable abiotic and biotic environmental factors and consumption quality of fruits for pro-cessing and making functionary products were entered officially into Genetic Fund of the Plants of Ukraine as con-firmed by the certificates of copyright and developed genetic passports. The list of these genotypes includes 1-15-1 (Nos-ivchanka, UA3700073), 1-15-8S (Mitsna, UA3700079), make form 1-15-6Ch (Aboryhen 6/11, UA3700080), 1-15-9 Ka-rotynna, UA3700082), 1-15-3 (Pamiatka, UA3700076), 1-15-8V (Soniachne siayvo, UA3700075), 1-15-11 (Lymonna, UA3700072), 2-15-73 (Morkviana, UA3700077), 1-15-5 (Adaptyvna, UA3700078), 1-15-8B (Osoblyva, UA3700083), 1-15-6 (Apelsynova, UA3700084) and forms 6A/11 (UA3700081), 1-15-5a (Sribnolysta 5a, UA3700074). The possibility of using 5 DNA markers to characterize genotypes of sea buckthorn bymeans of the molecular genetic markers was tested and evaluated in the framework of the scientific cooperation with the Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It should be noted that the most polymorphic markers were HrMS025 and HrMS026. However, the marker HrMS014 was monomorphic, but appeared in all the samples, so it can be used as a reference. The best forms of sea buckthorn Adaptyvna (certificate №190899) and Osoblyva (certificate №190900) were included into the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for dissemination in Ukraine, and the cultivars of the univer-sal use Nadiina (applications №18299010), Oliana (applications №18299009) and Morkviana (applications № 20299001) and cv pollinator Obrii (applications №18299008) undergo the State strain test. The attention is concentrat-ed on the promising directions of the new sea buckthorn genotypes for the prior breeding and genetic investigations at the Institute of Horticulture (NAAS) and its network.

scholarly journals Population Genetic Structure Analysis Reveals Decreased but Moderate Diversity for the Oriental Fire-Bellied Toad Introduced to Beijing after 90 Years of Independent Evolution

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1429
Author(s):  
Yang Teng ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Guofen Zhu ◽  
Fuli Gao ◽  
Yingying Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Independent Evolution ◽  
Loop Region

Detailed molecular genetic research on amphibian populations has a significant role in understanding the genetic adaptability to local environments. The oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis) were artificially introduced to Beijing from Shandong Province in 1927, and since then, this separated population went through an independent evolution. To explore the differentiation of the introduced population with its original population, this study analyzed the genetic structure of the oriental fire-bellied toad, based on the mitochondrial genome control region and six microsatellite sites. The results showed that the haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of the mitochondrial D-loop region partial sequences of the Beijing Botanical Garden population and the Baiwangshan population were lower than those of the Shangdong Kunyushan population. Microsatellite marker analysis also showed that the observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity of the Beijing populations were lower than those of the Kunyushan population. The phylogenetic trees and network diagrams of haplotypes indicated that the three populations were not genetically separated. However, the structure analysis showed a genetic differentiation and categorized the sampling individuals into Beijing and Shandong genetic clusters, which indicated a tendency for isolated evolution in the Beijing population. Although the Beijing populations showed a decline in genetic diversity, it was still at a moderate level, which could maintain the survival of the population. Thus, there is no need to reintroduce new individuals from the Kunyushan source population.

scholarly journals Somatic embryo induction and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of embryonic callus tissue in Phoebe bournei, an endangered woody species in Lauraceae

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-587
Author(s):  
Wenting XU ◽  
Miao ZHANG ◽  
Chen WANG ◽  
Xiongzhen LOU ◽  
Xiao HAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Technical System ◽  
Transformation Rate ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Embryonic Callus ◽  
Phoebe Bournei

Phoebe bournei, a plant species endemic to China, is a precious timber tree and widely used in landscaping. This tree contains numerous secondary metabolites, underscoring its potential economic value. However, studies on this species, including molecular genetic research, remain limited. In this study, both a somatic embryogenesis (SE) technical system and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation were successfully employed in P. bournei for the first time. The SE technical system was constructed using immature embryos as original material. The primary embryo and embryonic callus induction rates were 30.66% and 41.67%, respectively. The highest rate of embryonic callus proliferation was 3.84. The maximum maturity coefficient and germination rate were 53.44/g and 39%, respectively. Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation was performed using the SE technical system, and the highest transformation rate was 11.24%. The results presented here are the first to demonstrate an efficient approach to achieve numerous P. bournei plantlets, which serves as the basis for artificial cultivation and resource conservation. Furthermore, the genetic transformation platform constructed in this study will facilitate assessment of gene function and molecular regulation.

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