scholarly journals PLANNING AND THE SPATIAL SOLUTION OF FORTIFIED URBAN STRUCTURES IN SECULAR POWER CENTRES BUILT BY THE LIVONIAN BROTHERS OF THE SWORD (1202–1237)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Environment Research ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Secular Power

On conquered lands inhabited by the Balts, brothers-knights built stone castles with chapels and churches in order to implement Crusaders’ policy. The location of cult buildings adapted to the terrain and traffic roads influenced planning and architectonic space of secular power centres created by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Latin: Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae, German: Schwertbrüderorden; 1202–1237). Research goal: analysis of planning of fortifird urban structures in order to determine the cult buildings’ impact on the layout and the spatial solution of power centres created by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. Research problem: the influence of cult buildings’ location on construction of power centres designed by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword have not been studied sufficiently. Research novelty: detailed studies of construction of fortified courtyards adapted to the terrain and environment. Research methods: analysis of archive documents, projects and cartographic materials of urban planning, as well as study of published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.

scholarly journals THE FORMING OF CASTELLUM-TYPE CASTLES AND FOUR-UNIT BUILDING COMPLEXES WITH CHAPELS IN SECULAR POWER CENTRES OF COURLAND AND THE STATE OF THE TEUTONIC ORDER

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
The State ◽  
Spatial Structures ◽  
East Side ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Secular Power ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Italian Architecture

In the noble families houses, a sacral room or a separate volume made for relics’ storage or prayers started to call the chapel (German: Kapelle, Latin: capella). The name for this building type was borrowed from the Latin words cappa, capa. The knights for implementation of its policy on conquered lands inhabited by the Balts founded economically independent castles of stone that included chapels. According to regulations of castellum’s planning, the chapel had to be situated on the east side of the structure. In Livonia and the State of the Teutonic Order, the location of castles and cult buildings influenced layouts of town centres. Research goal: analysis the impact of cult buildings on layouts and spatial structures of castles and fortified centres to determine common and different characteristics in Livonia and the State of the Teutonic Order. Research problem: the influence of sacred buildings’ location on layouts of castles, built by the Teutonic Order. has not well researched. Research novelty: structures of the Teutonic Order’s fortresses are studied in the context of Italian architecture. Research methods: studies of urban planning cartographic materials, archive documents, projects, published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.  

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOWN-SHIELDS’ PLANNING IN BISHOPRICS OF LIVONIA DURING THE 13TH–14TH CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 795
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
The North ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Temple Mount ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

Traditions of the Christianity centres’ formation can be found in Jerusalem’s oldest part where instead of domestic inhabitants’ dwellings the second king of Israel (around 1005 BC–965 BC) David built his residence on a top of the Temple Mount surrounded by deep valleys. His fortress – the City of David protected from the north side by inhabitants’ stone buildings on a slope was an unassailable public and spiritual centre that northwards extended up to the Ophel used for the governance. David’s son, king of Israel (around 970–931 BC) Solomon extended the fortified urban area where Templum Solomonis was built. In Livonia, Bishop Albrecht obtained spacious areas, where he established bishoprics and towns. At foothills, residential building of inhabitants like shields guarded Bishop’s residence. The town-shield was the Dorpat Bishopric’s centre Dorpat and the Ösel–Wiek Bishopric’s centre Haapsalu. The town of Hasenpoth in the Bishopric of Courland (1234–1583) was established at subjugated lands inhabited by the Cours: each of bishopric's urban structures intended to Bishop and the Canonical Chapter was placed separately in their own village. The main subject of research: the town-shields’ planning in Livonia. Research problem: the development of town-shields’ planning at bishoprics in Livonia during the 13th and 14th century have been studied insufficiently. Historians in Latvia often do not take into account studies of urban planning specialists on historical urban planning. Research goal: to determine common and distinctive features of town-shield design in bishoprics of Livonia. Research novelty: town-shield plans of Archbishop’s and their vassals’ residences and capitals in Livonian bishoprics subjected to the Riga Archbishopric are analyzed. Results: study formation of Livonian town-shields’ layout and structure of the 13th and 14th centuries. Main methods: inspection of town-shields in nature, analysis of archive documents, projects, cartographic materials.  

scholarly journals ALEXANDER STREKAVIN’S (1889–1971) DRAWINGS OF MITAU – EVIDENCE FOR THE 19TH– EARLY 20TH-CENTURY INVENTIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 653-679
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Technical Innovations ◽  
The 19Th Century

Mitau, the former capital of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, became the Courland Governorate centre with the Governor’s residence in a palace on an island formed by the Driksa, the branch of the Lielupe River, and great changes have taken place in this city. Artist Alexander Aleksandrovich Strekavin, who born in Mitau on 17 September 1889, studied art history, read books, investigated documents in the museum, listened to people’s stories and completed materials about events and the development of his native city. His drawings introduce with the new iron bridge for traffic and technical innovations – bicycles, the first car in the Baltics and the first phonograph in Mitau, clothes of citizens during the 19th century and at the beginning 20th century. Since the 1950s, six notebooks in Latvian with memoirs recalling by Aleksander Strekavin and an illustrative appendix – a collection of his drawings “The Atlas of Notes on Ancient Mitau” are in the funds of Jelgava History and Art Museum of Ģederts Eliass. Research object: drawings of artist Alexander Strekavin. Research goal: analysis of changes in Mitau during the 19th century and at the beginning 20th century. Research problem: Strekavin’s drawings stored in the funds of Jelgava History and Art Museum have not been studied. Research novelty: analysis of information on technical innovations included in “The Atlas of Notes on Ancient Mitau”. Research methods: studies of published literature, cartographic materials and archive documents.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Cathedral Planning on the Baltic Sea Southern Cast during the 13th – 14th Centuries in Context of European Building Traditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Building Type ◽  
Spatial Composition ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
City State

In Rome, Emperor Constantin I started to build the most ancient cathedral – the five-nave Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran, but the Lateran Palace was given as a present to Bishop of Rome for his residence. Perimeter building blocks set up the building complex. In Europe, during the 6th–9th centuries numerous rulers proclaimed Christianity as the only religion in the country. The Church strengthened its impact on the society and governmental administration. In Rome, like in Jerusalem, a religious centre was created, but in the middle of the 8th century, a city-state Vatican was founded, and on one of hills, the Pope’s residence was placed. Christians organized structures governed by Bishops and founded Catholic church-states – bishoprics. In the late 12th century, subjugation of the lands populated by the Balts and the Finno-Ugric tribes began. Bishoprics and cult centres were founded, and residences for Bishops and Canonical Chapters were envisaged. The bishopric main building was the cathedral. In Europe during lots of centuries evolution of the cathedral building-type happened. In the Balts and Finno-Ugric lands cathedrals were affected by local building traditions. The origins of the Riga Cathedral (Latvian: Rīgas Doms) can be found in 1201–1202, when the bishopric centre from Üxküll was moved to the newly-founded Riga, where the Bishop’s residence was built on a geopolitically and strategically convenient place. The most important centres to look for inspirations were Braunschweig, Westfalen, Köln, Lübeck, Ratzeburg, Bremen, Hamburg. Research problem: interpretations of sacral building typology and terminology application cause difficulties in the research of historical building plans. Research topicality: evolution of the cathedral building-type and impact of cathedral building complexes on formation and planning of medieval urban structures during the 13th and 14th century. Goal of the research: analyse planning of historical structure in urban centres of bishoprics to determine significance of cathedrals as architectural dominances in spatial composition of towns. Research novelty: this research is based on Latvian historians and archaeologists’ former studies. Nevertheless, opportunities provided by the analysis of urban planning and cartographic materials have been used, and created building due to local construction traditions has been assessed in the European context. Results: study of architecture, layout formation and structure of cathedrals on the southern Baltic Seacoast lands during the 13th and 14th centuries. Main methods applied: this study is based on research and analysis of archive documents, projects and cartographic materials of urban planning, as well as study of published literature and inspection of buildings in nature.

scholarly journals GENERATIVE CREATING OF SACRAL SPACE:LATVIAN ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY PLACES OF WORSHIP

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 612-625
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
New Town ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Town ◽  
Main Streets

The Balts received God’s counsel and energy and regained health in energetically strong places but the Latvian worldview formed on the thousands of years was encoded in the Lielvārde belt, which is Latvian womenfolk costume’s element. Bishop (1199–1229) Albert founded the town of Riga for the Riga Bishopric centre on the right bank of the Daugava.It was the four-part Riga Old Town semicircledivided by two main streets as the cross.Soon after the Great Fire in 1214, the construction ofthe Riga Cathedralbegan tocreate sacral urban space in areasof the Old Town and the New Town of Riga (in nova civitate Rige).Now, eastwards of Lielvārde, landscape artist Shunmyō Masuno from Japan has visualized the Garden of Destiny, where people obtainsolace to the past, strength to the present and inspiration to follow dreams in the future. Through this set of relationships, architecture maintains the cosmological connection and dialogue with all the scales of the World. Research object: Latvian places for the worship of God.Research goal: analysis of Latvian urban sacral space. Research problem: common and different features of the sacral space of the Latvians and other nations have been little studied. Research novelty: detailed studies of generative design of sacral spaces and contemporary places of worship in Latvia. Research methods: analysis of archive documents, cartographic and urban planning materials, a study of published literature and inspection of sacral places in nature.

Peculiarities of family roles distribution in the marrige subsystem

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (152) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
O. O. Oliinyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
Family Roles ◽  
Marital Relations ◽  
The Family

Changing the system of family values, views of the society on the significance and functioning of the family institution contribute to the transformation of marital role relationships in modern families. The already formed model of role interaction, the ability of spouses to define and clearly distribute family roles and to treat them responsibly is the important factors in building constructive marital relations and creating a favorable psychological climate in the family. Objective. The research deals with the analysis of the essence of the “family role” concept and the classification of family roles; experimental definition and analysis of the main types of family roles in marital relations. Methods. Theoretical research methods were used to solve the research problem: analysis of scientific psychological literature, generalization method, systematization of scientific information. To solve the second part of the set objective, the empirical research methods were used, such as: conversation, psychodiagnostic method “Distribution of roles in the family” by Yu.Ye. Alioshyna, L.Ya. Hofman, O.M. Dubrovska, and also the method of processing and quantitative and qualitative interpretation of results. The research was conducted during September-October 2020. The study involved 11 married couples (husband and wife) with different marital experience of 22 people aged 25 to 47 years (Kyiv). All the couples have children aged 1 to 20 years. The results of an empirical study of the peculiarities of family roles distribution showed that the roles of entertainment organizer (63.64 %), master (mistress), (72.73 % and 63.64 %), the family subculture organizer (54, 55 % and 45.45 %) women and men share almost equally; the roles of educator and “psychotherapist” is more typical for women (90.91 % and 81.82 %); The role of sexual partner and the partner responsible for material support is more often performed by men (90.91 % and 72.73 %). The prospects for further research are seen in the study of role interaction in the parental families of adolescents and young people as a prerequisite for their future family roles.

scholarly journals GENERATIVE CREATING OF SACRAL SPACE: MYTHOLOGY, COSMOLOGY AND PLACES FOR CULT RITUALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 626-652
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Research Problem ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Creative Thought ◽  
Religious Ritual ◽  
Strong Energy ◽  
Sign System ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The Universe

Signs are an integral part of the existence of humanity. The Latvians have one of the most complicated symbolic sign system in the world—the Lielvārde belt which includes symbols of strong energy and encodes ancient information that characterizes the special relation to nature and the Universe. God is the basis of moral values and the origin of all events. The understanding of Latvian deities is based on creative thought, and each sign of the deity image is a structural whole with a certain informative value. The Balts’ tribes for cult rituals chose energetically powerful places. Generative creating of sacral space and religious ritual is connected by concepts the Place, the Way and the Symbol. Research object: Latvian wisdom and spiritual traditions, sacral space for the worship of God. Research goal: analysis of the influence of the Latvian wisdom on traditions of the establishment of early places of worship. Research problem: common and different features of the sacral space of the Latvians and other nations have been little studied. Research novelty: detailed studies of generative creating of early places of worship based on Latvian mythology and cult ritual traditions of other nations. Research methods: analysis of archive documents and cartographic materials, study of published literature and inspection of sacral places in nature.

scholarly journals Study on the comprehensive computational thinking transformation of urban planning discipline in the era of big data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixuan Zhu ◽  
◽  
Xiaoyu Jia ◽  
Pengluo Que ◽  
Xiaoyu Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Computational Thinking ◽  
Rural Planning ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Thinking Mode

In the era of big data, with the development of computer technology, especially the comprehensive popularization of mobile terminal device and the gradual construction of the Internet of Things, the urban physical environment and social environment have been comprehensively digitized and quantified. Computational thinking mode has gradually become a new thinking mode for human beings to recognize and govern urban complex system. Meanwhile computational urban science has become the main discipline development aspect of modern urban planning. Computational thinking is the thinking of computer science using algorithms based on time complexity and space complexity, which provides a new paradigm for the construction of index system, data collection, data storage, data analysis, pattern recognition, dynamic governance in the process of scientific planning and urban management. Based on this, this paper takes the computational thinking mode of urban planning discipline in big data era as the research object, takes the scientific construction of computational urban planning as the research purpose, and adopts literature research methods and interdisciplinary research methods, comprehensively studies the connotation of the computing thinking mode of computer science. Meanwhile, this paper systematically discusses the system construction of urban computing, model generation, the theory and method of digital twinning, as well as the popularization of the computational thinking mode of urban and rural planning discipline and the scientific research of computational urban planning, which responds to the needs of the era of the development of urban and rural planning disciplines in the era of big data.

scholarly journals Sustainable Solutions in the Hospitality Industry and Competitiveness Context of “Green Hotels”

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1104-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Floričić
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
Business System ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Survey Research Methods ◽  
Opposite Attitude

This interdisciplinary paper researches the importance of sustainable hotel engineering and organisation of facilities for the purposes of realisation of a sustainable and responsible hospitality facility business. Considered through the interdisciplinary aspect, at the same time, it represents a research goal with the focus on the segment of youth tourists, who, as existing consumers of low-budget expenditure, are turning into DINKY, as well as the segment of conscious adult consumers in the future. The paper, through a questionnaire, researches the perception of the importance of resource management, with the implementation of innovative technologies by youth tourists’ related attitudes and experiences. The methodology is based predominantly on qualitative research methods and includes analysis and conceptual methodology and survey research methods of youth tourists’ attitudes. The quantitative research was processed by using the statistical methodology combined with techniques of creative thinking formation. The results point to the predominance of importance in which over 90% of respondents confirm the importance of sustainable initiatives and resource management with the following rank: food, water, energy, and waste management. Further analysis implies an opposite attitude where only 52.9% of participants would be willing to pay higher prices for sustainable solutions in hotels. The results and recommendations contribute to knowledge and ideas by recognizing competitiveness of hotels, which design and engineer the business system and operations with support of sustainable technologies in an interdisciplinary way. The paper also contributes to the comprehension of combined and successfully communicated economic and marketing values of sustainable innovations supported by digital technologies.

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