scholarly journals RESEARCH OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS GAMBLING FOR GAMBLERS AND NON-GAMBLERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Irina Plotka ◽  
Nina Blumenau ◽  
Zhanna Vinogradova
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Methods ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Problem Gamblers ◽  
Single Category ◽  
Gamblers Anonymous ◽  
Explicit Measures

The importance of studying attitudes towards gambling has been recently recognized in the field of gambling. Research aim is to examine whether non-gamblers and gamblers exhibit both positive and negative implicit attitudes towards gambling-related stimuli. Research questions: (I) What is the valence of implicit associations with gambling among gamblers and non-gamblers? (II) Are the differences in attitudes towards gambling revealed by explicit and implicit methods among gamblers and non–gamblers? (III) Is there a consistency between results obtained by implicit measures and explicit measures of attitude towards gambling? Methods: Participants - 98, age 18-58, Mdn=34 years. Groups: Social Gamblers – 24, Problem Gamblers – 25, Non-Gamblers – 49. Implicit measures: Modified version of Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). Explicit measures: “Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS)” and “Gamblers anonymous twenty questions (GA-20)”. Results and Conclusions. (I) Both positive and negative implicit gambling associations were found in each of the groups. (II) Explicit attitudes towards gambling are most pronounced in social gamblers and most not pronounced in non-gamblers. Differences in implicit associations with gambling among the groups were not found. (III) In case of positive implicit associations, a negative correlation between the results of explicit and implicit measurements was found. It is possible that the use of negative implicit associations will contribute to the classification of gamblers with low, moderate and high risk.

scholarly journals The effect of individual differences and repetitive interactions on explicit and implicit attitudes towards robots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ciardo ◽  
Davide Ghiglino ◽  
Cecilia Roselli ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Social Agent ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Measures

The exploitation of Social Assistive Robotics (SAR) will bring to the emergence of a new category of users, namely experts in clinical rehabilitation, who do not have a background in robotics. The aim of the present study was twofold. First, we were interested in addressing individual differences in the attitudes towards robots this new category of users. The second aim of the study was to investigate whether repetitive interactions with the robot during the SAR intervention would affect attitudes towards robots. To this end, we evaluated both explicit and implicit attitudes towards robots in a group of therapists rehabilitating children with neurodevelopmental disorders. The evaluation took place before they started a SAR intervention (T0), ongoing (T1), and at the end of it (T2). Explicit attitudes were evaluated using self-reported questionnaires, whereas implicit attitudes were operationalized as the perception of the robot as a social partner and implicit associations regarding the concept of “robot”. Results showed that older ages and previous experience with robots were associated with more negative attitudes toward robots and less willingness to perceive the robot as a social agent. Explicit measures did not vary across time, whereas implicit measures were modulated by increased exposure to robots. Specifically, the more the clinicians were exposed to the robot the more the robot was considered a social partner similarly to the human player. Moreover, across time, users’ memory association between the concept of a robot and mechanical attributes became weaker. In conclusion, our results suggest that individual differences towards robots in a group of SAR users play a crucial role in both explicit and implicit attitudes. Moreover, they also suggest that increased exposure to robots modulates implicit but not explicit attitudes.

Marital Attitudes and Implicit Associations Tests (IAT) among Young Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2094989
Author(s):  
Scott S. Hall ◽  
Kwang-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Attitudes Toward Marriage ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Measures

Attitudes toward marriage have primarily been explored on the direct or explicit level through self-report measures, neglecting the potential influence of implicit attitudes. Using computer-based experimentation, the current investigation focused on employing Implicit Association Test (IAT) procedures, an approach common in some psychological sciences, but yet to be prominent in published marriage and family research. The IAT measures implicit attitudes—those that operate on a spontaneous or more affective level. One-hundred and thirty-three participants completed two forms of the IAT: one that contrasted marriage with singlehood and the other that provided no contrasting concept to marriage. Results indicated that the former correlated positively with corresponding explicit measures of attitudes, though they shared minimal variance. The latter had no correlation with explicit measures. Results suggest that processes account for implicit and explicit attitudes about marriage. Implications of using both IAT measures are discussed.

Explicit and Implicit Methods in Quantitative Analyses of Sociophonetic Variation

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Mack
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Methods ◽  
Phonetic Variation ◽  
Puerto Rican Spanish ◽  
Sociophonetic Variation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Explicit Measures

AbstractThis viewpoint paper provides an overview of explicit and implicit methods in sociophonetic perception studies, illustrates how they can be used to measure the relationship between social factors and phonetic variation, and demonstrates how they can prove useful complements to more traditional sociolinguistic methods. The first section addresses explicit measures and gives an example of an explicit measures task exploring the relationships between phonetic variation and perceptions of speaker sexual orientation, height, age, and social class in Puerto Rican Spanish. Results show that an explicit measures task can provide a window into fine-grained phonetic variation associated with social factors that is not available through traditional impressionistic methods. The second part of the paper provides an overview of implicit measures, including an example of the use of implicit measures in a response time task that quantitatively assesses the relationship between /s/ variation and perceptions of sexual orientation in Puerto Rican Spanish. The paper concludes with a summary of how the results gathered from these types of experiments can further our understanding of theoretical issues in Hispanic Linguistics.

scholarly journals The relationship between implicit intergroup attitudes and beliefs

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (13) ◽  
pp. 5862-5871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedek Kurdi ◽  
Thomas C. Mann ◽  
Tessa E. S. Charlesworth ◽  
Mahzarin R. Banaji
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Explicit Measures

Intergroup attitudes (evaluations) are generalized valence attributions to social groups (e.g., white–bad/Asian–good), whereas intergroup beliefs (stereotypes) are specific trait attributions to social groups (e.g., white–dumb/Asian–smart). When explicit (self-report) measures are used, attitudes toward and beliefs about the same social group are often related to each other but can also be dissociated. The present work used three approaches (correlational, experimental, and archival) to conduct a systematic investigation of the relationship between implicit (indirectly revealed) intergroup attitudes and beliefs. In study 1 (n= 1,942), we found significant correlations and, in some cases, evidence for redundancy, between Implicit Association Tests (IATs) measuring attitudes toward and beliefs about the same social groups (meanr= 0.31, 95% confidence interval: [0.24; 0.39]). In study 2 (n= 383), manipulating attitudes via evaluative conditioning produced parallel changes in belief IATs, demonstrating that implicit attitudes can causally drive implicit beliefs when information about the specific semantic trait is absent. In study 3, we used word embeddings derived from a large corpus of online text to show that the relative distance of 22 social groups from positive vs. negative words (reflecting generalized attitudes) was highly correlated with their distance from warm vs. cold, and even competent vs. incompetent, words (reflecting specific beliefs). Overall, these studies provide convergent evidence for tight connections between implicit attitudes and beliefs, suggesting that the dissociations observed using explicit measures may arise uniquely from deliberate judgment processes.

Race of Athlete-Spokesperson and Implicit and Explicit Responses to Advertising

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howon Jeong ◽  
Sungho Cho ◽  
Minyoung Lee ◽  
Endarman Sputra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Bias ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Black Athlete ◽  
Black Athletes ◽  
Implicit Preferences ◽  
White Athletes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

In this study we investigated racial vs. athletes from other countries, bias and differences in attitude of South Koreans toward advertisements featuring Korean vs. foreign athletes and White vs. Black athletes by implementing explicit and implicit measures. The results suggest that Koreans have: (a) implicit preferences for Korean athletes over foreign athletes, (b) implicit attitudes that are more favorable toward advertisements featuring Korean athletes than toward those featuring foreign athlete-spokespersons, (c) implicit preferences for White athletes over Black athletes, and (d) implicit attitudes that are more favorable toward advertisements featuring White athlete-spokespersons than toward those featuring Black athlete-spokespersons. The explicit measures revealed several contradictory results; therefore we have discussed implications for the discrepancy between implicit and explicit measurement methods and the usefulness of implicit measures in the context of racial bias research.

scholarly journals Preservice Teachers’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Towards Teaching and Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Zaruba ◽  
Andrea Westphal ◽  
Franziska Gutmann ◽  
Miriam Vock
Keyword(s):  
Preservice Teachers ◽  
Student Teaching ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Teaching And Learning Research ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Measures

When it comes to teacher attitudes towards teaching and learning, research relies heavily on explicit measures (e.g., questionnaires). These attitudes are generally conceptualized as constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning with constructivism often considered to be more desirable. In explicit measures, this can have drawbacks like socially desirable responding. It is for this reason that, in this study, we investigated implicit attitudes as well as explicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission. N = 100 preservice teachers worked on a questionnaire and two Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT constructivism and ST-IAT transmission) before (T1) and after (T2) a single master’s semester. One group (n = 50) did student teaching while a second group (n = 50) took master’s courses. We evaluated preservice teachers’ views on teaching at the end of their masters’ studies. Participants agreed with transmission and constructivism (T1) on both an explicit and implicit level. Implicit measures seem to exceed explicit measures in differentially assessing constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning. After student teaching (T2), there was no overall effect of attitude development but changes in rank indicate that participants’ implicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission developed differently for each individual.

scholarly journals AN EXAMINATION OF MEN'S IMPLICIT ASSOCIATIONS TOWARDS GENDER AND VIOLENCE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND BELIEF IN A JUST WORLD

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Just World ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
The Relationship

Violence is being researched increasingly. However, these studies mostly focus on explicit attitudes. Studies focusing on the implicit cognitive structure point to three implicit attitudes: Implicit attitudes towards gender, implicit attitudes towards violence, and implicit associations between gender and violence. In the present study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between these implicit attitudes of men and their demographic characteristics including age, education, employment status, income and socio-economic status, and Belief in a Just World (BJW). To measure implicit attitudes, three Implicit Association Tests (IATs) were translated into Turkish. Two hundred two men, aged between 18 and 55 years (M. = 27.96, SD = 9.68), participated in the study. The findings revealed that implicit attitudes towards gender and violence were associated with age, but not with other demographics. While implicit associations between gender and violence did not differ in terms of demographics, they were found to be related to implicit attitudes towards gender and General BJW. The results were evaluated in the context of normalizing violence against women in society. It is thought that the IATs used can contribute to the intervention programs in Turkey, and the findings obtained with this demographically diverse sample can contribute to the relevant literature. Keywords Belief in a just world, male violence, Implicit Association Test, implicit attitudes

The moderator role of intuitive versus deliberative decision making for the predictive validity of implicit and explicit measures

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Richetin ◽  
Marco Perugini ◽  
Iqbal Adjali ◽  
Robert Hurling
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Benefit Evaluation ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Moderator Role ◽  
Explicit Measures

The Preference for Intuition and Deliberation (PID) scale aims at capturing stable general individual differences in terms of intuitive versus deliberative preferences in decision making. A study examined the psychometric properties of the English version of the PID, investigated whether the two subscales moderate the validity of implicit and explicit measures for incidental and deliberative evaluations and behaviours concerning fizzy soft drinks, and compared the predictive validity of two new implicit measures (ST‐IAT and ID‐EAST) and an explicit measure. Results showed an asymmetric weak double dissociation pattern only for behaviours. Additionally, a moderation effect suggested that the ST‐IAT better predicted sensory evaluation for people high in intuition and explicit attitudes better predicted benefit evaluation for people high in deliberation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Examining the Relationship Between Exercise-Related Cognitive Errors, Exercise Schema, and Implicit Associations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sean R. Locke ◽  
Tanya R. Berry
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Dual Processing ◽  
Automatic Processes ◽  
Cognitive Errors ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Schema ◽  
Single Category ◽  
The Relationship

To better understand exercise-related cognitive errors (ECEs) from a dual processing perspective, the purpose of this study was to examine their relationship to two automatic exercise processes. It was hypothesized that ECEs would account for more variance than automatic processes in predicting intentions, that ECEs would interact with automatic processes to predict intentions, and that exercise schema would distinguish between different levels of ECEs. Adults (N = 136, Mage = 29 years, 42.6% women) completed a cross-sectional study and responded to three survey measures (ECEs, exercise self-schema, and exercise intentions) and two computerized implicit tasks (the approach/avoid task and single-category Implicit Association Test). ECEs were not correlated with the two implicit measures; however, ECEs moderated the relationship between approach tendency toward exercise stimuli and exercise intentions. Exercise self-schema were differentiated by ECE level. This study expands our knowledge of ECEs by examining their relationship to different automatic and reflective processes.

Prejudiced Communication

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet B. Ruscher
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Entertainment Industry ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Patronizing Speech

Prejudiced attitudes and stereotypic beliefs about outgroups can be reflected in language and everyday conversations. Explicit attitudes and beliefs may be expressed through use of group labels, dehumanizing metaphors, or prejudiced humor. More implicit attitudes and beliefs may be leaked through variations in sentence structure and subtle word choices. Empirical work shows that such prejudiced attitudes and stereotypic beliefs can spread within ingroup communities through one-on-one conversation as well as more broadly through vehicles such as news, the entertainment industry, and social media. Individuals also convey their prejudiced beliefs when communicating to outgroup members as message recipients. Outgroups who are members of historically disadvantaged groups, in particular, are targets of controlling or patronizing speech, biased feedback, and nonverbal behavior that leaks bias.

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