scholarly journals Theoretical Analysis of the Apathy Diagnostical Measurement

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
A.A. Zolotareva
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Everyday Problem ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

The article lays out a theoretical analysis of the problem with diagnosing apathy in today's research. Apathy is a state characterized by a simultaneous decrease in the behavioral, cognitive and emotional concomitants of goal-directed behavior due to loss of motivation [15]. Behavioral changes lie in a declining everyday problem-solving effectiveness at home or work. Cognitive changes result in reduced cognitive functioning and a lack of plans and life strategies. Emotional changes manifest in a decrease in affective response to events that previously elicited either a positive or negative emotional response. Diagnostic criteria, or the 'gold standard' for apathy, identify behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social symptoms of apathy that cause clinically significant disorders in personal, social, professional, or other important areas of life. The differential diagnosis of apathy involves its clinical distinction from syndromes such as delirium, dementia, depression, abulia, akinesia, and demoralization. The review can be useful for psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers and all practitioners who interact with people at risk of developing apathetic states.

Supervision: A Case Study

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-263
Author(s):  
Roberta Chapey ◽  
Geraldine Chapey
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Communication ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Clinically Significant

Occasionally, it is the responsibility of a supervisor to help a staff speech clinician resolve professional and or personal problems that interfere with the delivery of quality services. To deal with this situation, the supervisor must be equipped with the techniques and procedures for effective organizational communication. This article presents a case study in which a speech clinician demonstrated irresponsibility in various job areas. The supervisor’s philosophy and the procedures used in managing these problems are presented. The behavioral changes suggest that the supervisor’s interventive procedures were clinically significant and warrant further investigation.

Repeating, counting, and touching to prevent harm

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Ivana Viani
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Response Prevention ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Impairment In Functioning ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Mental Acts

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent intrusive, unwanted thoughts, urges, or images that cause marked anxiety or distress. Examples of obsessions include worrying about germs, the feeling things need to be “just right,” worrying about bad things happening, and disturbing thoughts or images about hurting others. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. Examples of compulsions include washing, checking, tapping, ordering, and repeating. Young children may not be able to articulate the aims of these repetitive behaviors or mental acts. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first-line class of medications used to treat OCD in children and adolescents. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy is the gold standard psychotherapy treatment for OCD.

scholarly journals Pain Assessment in People With Dementia: Remaining Controversies

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rababa
Keyword(s):  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Advanced Dementia ◽  
Affective Experience ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Background Pain

BACKGROUND: Pain in people with dementia is under recognized, underestimated, and under-treated due to the complexity of pain assessment in this population.SUMMARY: Self-report tools are the gold standard of pain assessment. However, people with dementia are not always able to clearly and meaningfully self-report their pain. Self-report tools capture the affective experience of pain, which is impaired in people with dementia. Observational pain tools are more useful to assess pain especially in people with advanced dementia who are unable to self-report. Observational pain tools capture the physical component of pain experience, which is unchanged in people with dementia. However, nurses often misunderstand the behavioral changes associated with pain in people with dementia. Also, there is a huge inconsistency in presentation of these behavioral changes associated with pain among people with dementia as behaviors can be due to multiple different unmet needs, pain being one.

Can estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) replace isotopic measurement of GFR for carboplatin dosing in stage 1 seminoma?

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2589-2589
Author(s):  
Scott T.C. Shepherd ◽  
Gerry Gillen ◽  
Paula Morrison ◽  
Carla Forte ◽  
Iain R. MacPherson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Isotopic Methods ◽  
51Cr Edta ◽  
Isotope Studies ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Carboplatin Dose

2589 Background: Accurate determination of GFR is essential for correct dosing of carboplatin, the standard adjuvant therapy for stage 1 seminoma. Isotopic methods (e.g. 51Cr-EDTA) remain the gold standard for determination of GFR. However, the use of eGFR could reduce the need for such isotope studies. As novel formulae to estimate GFR such as CKD-EPI and MDRD4 have improved the assessment of renal function in non-oncological settings, we investigated their utility for carboplatin dosing. Methods: 115 patients (pts) (mean age 40.3, std dev. 10.1) who received adjuvant carboplatin for stage 1 seminoma at our institution between 2007-2012 were identified. All pts underwent 51Cr-EDTA measurement of GFR with carboplatin dose calculated using the Calvert formula, based on GFR uncorrected for body surface area (BSA). Theoretical carboplatin doses were then calculated using eGFR values obtained using the CKD-EPI and MDRD4 formulae with additional calculation to uncorrect for BSA. Creatinine clearance was calculated by Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula. For each pt the carboplatin doses calculated by eGFR were compared with the actual dose calculated by the gold-standard method; a difference of less than 10% was considered acceptable. Results: The Table shows the percentage of pts who would have received an equivalent carboplatin dose using each eGFR formula compared to the dose calculated using 51Cr-EDTA. The CKD-EPI formula performed best with 58.9% of pts receiving within 10% of the correct dose. Pts predicted to be underdosed by CKD-EPI eGFR were more likely to be obese (BMI >30) (p=0.01); there were no predictors of the 18.8% who would have received an excess dose. Conclusions: Our data support further evaluation of the CKD-EPI formula but highlight the clinically significant variances in carboplatin dosing when using non-isotopic methods of GFR estimation. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Six-Step Model of Nature-Based Therapy Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Hee Oh ◽  
Won Sop Shin ◽  
Tae Gyu Khil ◽  
Dong Jun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Therapy Process ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Step Model ◽  
Open Coding

Several studies have confirmed that the natural environment has psychophysiological healing effects. However, few studies have investigated the healing process involved in the effect of the natural environment. To date, no theoretical model on the nature-based therapy process has been clearly established. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a theoretical model of the nature-based therapy process by analyzing individual empirical data. Research materials were 180 self-reported essays on “Forest Therapy Experiences” submitted to the Korea Forest Service. This study was conducted based on grounded theory. Data were analyzed through open coding. A total of 82 concepts, 21 subcategories, and six categories were derived. Results revealed that the nature-based therapy process contained six categories: Stimulation, acceptance, purification, insight, recharging, and change. When in the natural environment, participants first experienced positive emotional change, followed by cognitive and behavioral changes. Based on these results, a nature-based therapy process model was derived. This study revealed that the nature-based therapy process did not consist of just a single element or step, but involved an integrated way of healing with emotional and cognitive changes. This study is significant in that it derives a theoretical model of the nature-based therapy process with comprehensive mechanisms. Further research is needed to establish more systematic theoretical model.

scholarly journals Nightmares in Medical Practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Anna Valerievna Kalinchuk ◽  
Andrey Viktorovich Antsyborov
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Negative Feelings

Nightmares are scary or disturbing dreams which are associated with negative feelings, such as fear, terror or disgust. These feelings oftentimes awake the dreamer, who can easily recollect the content of the nightmare. Nightmares are not necessarily a symptom of a disease. Moreover, nightmares with little emotional response are experienced by almost all people once in a while without any risk for their health. However, nightmares that occur frequently and disturb the sleep might lead to clinically significant impairments in social, professional and other areas of life. They are considered a sleep disorder (parasomnia) and require a proper treatment. This review discusses the theoretical models of nightmares, their causes, diagnostics and treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Maturation of distinct neural components of the cognitive control network support early development of inhibitory control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Berger ◽  
Charlotte Grosse Wiesmann ◽  
Angela D. Friederici
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Network Support ◽  
Left Thalamus ◽  
White Matter Connectivity ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Crucial for goal-directed behavior is the capacity to suppress impulses and predominant behavioral responses, called inhibitory control (IC). This ability emerges in early childhood, and a distinction according to neutral ('cold') and emotional ('hot') contexts has been suggested. Here, we ask which maturational changes in the child's brain underlie the emergence of this critical ability. We relate behavioral changes in 3-and 4-year-olds' 'hot' and 'cold' IC to brain maturation, using a multimodal approach that combines cortical and subcortical grey matter structure with white matter connectivity. Our results show that the maturation of distinct parts of the cognitive control brain network support early development of the different IC domains: Whereas 'cold' IC is related to frontoparietal regions and the left thalamus, 'hot' IC is associated with the left supramarginal gyrus and right thalamus. This dissociation of brain networks involved in 'cold' and 'hot' IC is confirmed by independent patterns of thalamocortical connectivity, supporting that IC in neutral and emotional settings relies on independent processes.

scholarly journals Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Abilities of Dementia Person

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Bojan Bjelica ◽  
Nikola Aksović ◽  
Laishram Santos Singh ◽  
Ljubica Milanović ◽  
Milan Zelenović
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Motor Actions

The concept of dementia is associated with cognitive changes, behavioral changes, as well as daily motor actions and life functions. The association of physical activity with dementia is a controversial topic in science and is always an interesting basis for discussion among researchers. Moderate PA can be an effective means of reducing the rate of dementia as well as behavioral problems, however caution should be approached when working with this group of people, especially when setting end goals. Given the division of dementia, each person needs to be approached individually and appropriate selection made. The contribution of PA is irreplaceable compared to any type of therapeutic treatment, it improves basic life functions, reduces the mortality rate and improves the quality of life.

scholarly journals Measuring irregularity index: Comparing study cast caliper method with 2D dimensional ImageJ photogrammetry and 3D STL image measurement

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laith Makki ◽  
Donald J. Ferguson ◽  
Roelien Stapelberg
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Contact Point ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Anterior Crowding ◽  
Irregularity Index ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Mean Differences

Purpose Irregularity accounts for interproximal contact point displacements and can be measured using a variety of techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of three methods in relation to the “gold standard” of manual caliper measurements of plaster study casts. Materials and Methods Six mandibular study casts representing varying degrees of anterior crowding were measured by the same observer using four methods over the course of 5 weeks. Validity was statistically assessed with single sample statistical testing by the cast, method, and week (or combinations) and reliability was tested using intraclass reliability coefficient. Results The three noncaliper techniques demonstrated validity (P > 0.05) when the caliper method mean was used as the set value, but the three noncaliper methods produced means that were significantly greater when mean differences among techniques were compared to hypothetical zero. However, none of the differences were clinically significant (>0.5 mm). High reliability (reproducibility) was demonstrated (P > 0.05) with both aggregated and nonaggregated mean differences. Conclusions Reliability of measuring irregularity index with any of the four methods tested was high, but the validity of techniques compared to the “gold standard” method of manual caliper measurements of plaster study casts should continue to be questioned. Differences among the techniques were not clinically significant or important.

scholarly journals Into Your (S)Kin: Toward a Comprehensive Conception of Empathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tue Emil Öhler Søvsø ◽  
Kirstin Burckhardt
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Social Understanding ◽  
Intentional States ◽  
Prosocial Motivation ◽  
Fundamental Type ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

This paper argues for a comprehensive conception of empathy as comprising epistemic, affective, and motivational elements and introduces the ancient Stoic theory of attachment (Greek, oikeiōsis) as a model for describing the embodied, emotional response to others that we take to be distinctive of empathy. Our argument entails that in order to provide a suitable conceptual framework for the interdisciplinary study of empathy one must extend the scope of recent “simulationalist” and “enactivist” accounts of empathy in two important respects. First, against the enactivist assumption that human mindreading capacities primarily rely on an immediate, quasi-perceptual understanding of other’s intentional states, we draw on Alfred Schutz’ analysis of social understanding to argue that reflective types of understanding play a distinct, but equally fundamental role in empathic engagements. Second, we insist that empathy also involves an affective response toward the other and their situation (as the empathizer perceives this). We suggest analyzing this response in terms of the Stoic concepts of attachment, concern, and a fundamental type of prosocial motivation, that can best be described as an “extended partiality.” By way of conclusion, we integrate the above concepts into a comprehensive conceptual framework for the study of empathy and briefly relate them to current debates about empathic perception and prosocial motivation. The result, we argue, is an account that stays neutral with regard to the exact nature of the processes involved in producing empathy and can therefore accommodate discussion across theoretical divides—e.g., those between enactivist, simulationalist, and so-called theory-theorist approaches.

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