scholarly journals The Rocky Road towards Professional Autonomy: The Estonian Journalists’ Organization in the Political Turmoil of the 20th Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Epp Lauk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Professional Autonomy ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Organization ◽  
Professional Values ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Occupational Ideology

This article attempts to explain the relationships between journalists, politics and the state from the perspective of collective autonomy, that of the professional organization of journalists. The case of Estonian Journalists’ Union demonstrates the complexity and historical contingency of professional autonomy of journalism. The development of the Estonian journalists’ organization occurred as a sequence of transformations from the Estonian Journalists’ Association to the Estonian Journalists’ Union to the Soviet type journalists’ union, and lastly to an independent trade union. This sequence was disrupted by several fatal breakdowns that changed not only the character of the association, but also professional values, the whole occupational ideology and the conditions of the existence of journalism as a profession in Estonia.

scholarly journals Public organisations of Vologda in the early 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Kirill А. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Organisations

The article describes the activities of public organisations in the early 20th century in Vologda and Vologda Province. It is shown that the activity of the public was constantly growing during the study period. Moreover, the political activity of the society was significantly influenced by all-Russia events, while non-political organisations slowly but surely extended their influence to an increasing number of spheres of life of the local population. Public organisations constantly cooperated with both state authorities and local self-government. The research is based on working with materials on Vologda Province, their analysis to understand how the mechanism of cooperation and interaction of local self-government bodies with the provincial government, the Governor and the bureaucracy was built. As a result of the study, it became possible to show that the number of public organisations in Vologda Province had been growing since the early 20th century, although the number of political organisations was not enough. There were also no serious conflicts or opposition from the authorities in relation to public organisations. Most of the public structures were apolitical in nature and dealt mainly with social issues without paying attention to the problems of interaction with the state authorities.

scholarly journals Subnational identities in the context of the changing internalgeopolitics. The case of post-revolutionary Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (39) ◽  
pp. 79-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Mihaylov ◽  
Stanisław Sala
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Development Of Identity ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Russian Identity

Abstract The main changes in the development of identity of Ukrainians after the Euromaidan revolution and their influence on internal geopolitics of the state are presented in the paper. The authors have made a critical overview of the key psychological and symbolic domains of Galician and Little-Russian identity, drawing attention on their changes in the context of the current geopolitical conflict which led to the loss of territory in 2014. Throughout all the 20th century and nowadays, these identities form the political and cultural landscape of Ukraine and generate a number of social divisions. Apart from those identity issues and their preconditions, the obstacles for the realisation of the policy of Ukrainian nation-building are also discussed. The authors conclude that there is a tendency to strengthen the role of the Ukrainian language and break the ties with Russia in a radical way as well as expansion of the pro-Western attitudes and expectations. In terms of mentality and civilizational values, the widening gap between millions of Russians and Russian-speaking Ukrainians from the East and the population of the central and western regions of Ukraine is also pointed out.

Afghanistan’s Press

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-71
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
News Media ◽  
The State ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
The Political ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Media Organizations ◽  
The Impact

This chapter discusses the history of the Afghan news media, which was under either authoritarian or hyperpartisan control throughout the 20th century. This chapter explores the political and sociocultural factors that have contributed to the state of modern Afghan journalism, and how Afghan government officials have treated their press since 2001. It also examines the habits and norms local journalists have created, in addition to the impact of Western aid money and the presence of Western journalists in the country. Independent news media organizations have helped to drive dramatic change in Afghan politics and society, often at a seemingly breakneck speed. The patchwork media landscape of present-day Afghanistan reflects the various power struggles between the country’s politicians, extremists, strongmen, progressives, and foreign actors.

Znaczenie modelu westminsterskiego w kształtowaniu się pozycji ustrojowej parlamentu w Papui-Nowej Gwinei

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 37-56
Author(s):  
Justyna Eska-Mikołajewska
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Political System ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Position ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Descriptive Method

The article presents the issues of the political position of the parliament in one of the largest states of the South Pacific subregion – Papua New Guinea. Shaping its legal and political system, the state profoundly derived from the British practice. This process was initiated in the first decade of the 20th century as a result of Australian rule, which had lasted by that time the state gained its independence in 1975. As a consequence, all the basic features of Westminster democracy were adopted, with the unitary form of government and the unicameral parliament. The analysis allowed to indicate that the character of Papuan democracy has evolved over the years, and therefore some elements of the Westminster model have become inadequate and not very effective. These changes concerned mainly superior state structures, including the parliament. It is a body increasingly controlled by the executive nowadays, that lost its original representative character. In this article, the author has adopted the following research methods: an analysis of legal sources and a critical analysis as well as a descriptive method. The text was divided into three main parts, the introduction and the conclusion.

Representation and participation in the changing world of party politics

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mair
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mass Politics ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One

The 20th-century has been the century of mass politics, and the mass parties that emerged at the beginning of this century became deeply rooted within wider society. The passing of this golden age of the party has now been marked by two distinct processes of change. On the one hand, parties have become more distant from society and more closely linked to government and the state. On the other hand, there has been a decline in the political identities of the parties, such that voters now find it increasingly difficult to distinguish between them. These changes, and the related transformation of politics into administration, have led to a growth in popular indifference to parties and to politics in general, as well as to a declining sense of engagement. Should this trend continue, it is mass spectacle rather than mass involvement that is likely to characterize the future of mass politics.

scholarly journals From corporatism to the “foundation of labour”: notes on political cultures across Fascist and Republican Italy

Tempo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-255
Author(s):  
Laura Cerasi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Institutional Architecture ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: Until the mid-1930s, corporatism represented the main vehicle of self-representation that fascism gave to its own resolution of the crisis of the modern state; the investment in corporatism involved not only the attempt to build a new institutional architecture that regulated the relations between the State, the individual and society, but also the legal, economic and political debate. However, while the importance of corporatism decreased in the last years of the regime, the labour issue to which it was genetically linked found new impetus. After Liberation Day, the labour issue was not abandoned along with corporatism, but it was laid down in Article 1 of the Constitution. The aim of this paper is to acknowledge the political cultures that in interwar years faced the above-mentioned processes, with particular reference to the fascist “left”, the reformist socialists and, above all, Catholics of different orientations, in order to examine some features of the relationship between the labour issue and statehood across the 20th century.

scholarly journals Secession Tendencies of the Modern Process of State Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Olga A. Korotkova ◽  
◽  
Svetlana A. Osipova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Modern Process ◽  
New States

An analysis of some of the events taking place in the modern socio-political environment shows that the processes of state formation, the preconditions for which were laid down in the 20th century, are acquiring new impulses and continuation in the modern world. At the same time, the political technologies used in the construction of new states are diverse, but the most common form of the state formation process in the modern world is secession.

scholarly journals How Banyumas people “describe" G30S/PKI in the novel Ronggeng Dhukuh Paruk

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Khristianto Khristianto ◽  
Widya Nirmawalati
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Order ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Innocent People ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
The Way ◽  
The Hamlet

The novel RDP came out in 1982, when the new order regime was still firmly established. One of the important criticisms in the work was the "incorrect" handling of communism by the government at that time following the eruption of the G30S/PKI history. The author of the novel tries to bring a different view of the issue. This paper tries to present how the original Banyumas personified the political turmoil-how the laypeople interpreted the events that had consumed them as victims, or the sacrificed. Based on the recurrent reading of the Indonesian-language RDP novel and Javanese language Banyumasan, the authors firmly state that the people of Dukuh Paruk are merely victims of the outside world. People of the hamlet have no idea what they are doing, other than that they want to perpetuate the tradition they are proud of, ronggeng. Nor do they blame or think that there are people outside of those who have committed crimes against them. The disaster that befall them is none other due to their mistakes do not run the rituals that must be done before performances ronggeng. Their elders also realized that the pageblug had been signaled by the appearance of the latitude of the cubes (comets), and they had ignored the cue. Thus, pageblug should be accepted. Against the innocence of clean thought, the author asserts that something is wrong with them, systematically practiced by the regime at that time. He agreed that the coup was false; but the way in which the state deals with such problems is also unjustifiable. The state has clearly punished many Indonesians without trial, and killed thousands of innocent people.

The Political Struggles of Nigerian Labor

2018 ◽  
pp. 386-405
Author(s):  
Jon Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
State Policies ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Almost Continuous ◽  
Labor Regimes

The chapter examines the political struggles of Nigerian trade unions during the diverse labor regimes since independence. Labor regimes are the complex of laws, institutions, and practices through which the relations between the state, labor, and capital are regulated and contested. Major changes in political regimes and in the economy led to almost continuous trade union challenges to government and company practices from the late 1970s to the present, expressed in numerous general strikes and strike threats against governments. Attempts by a military regime to incorporate/subordinate the union movement within the state’s embrace in 1978 created a new labor regime but had the contradictory effect of strengthening union membership and capabilities. The Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) and member unions have been banned on two occasions, but union organization, generations of leadership, and combative traditions have enabled the union movement to persist in resisting state policies and employer obstructions. Union resistance often elicited widespread popular support. Democrat governments since 1999 have eliminated statist laws which supported unions, changing the labor regime to favor government and capital, part of overall market liberalization that works to weaken unions. Still, unions retain significant leverage.

scholarly journals Polyglotism and Identity in Modern-Day Lebanon

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarya Sofia Baladi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Levantine Arabic ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Multiple Languages ◽  
Classical Arabic

Lebanon is a polyglot country, where Western languages such as English or French, or more traditional/oriental languages such as Classical Arabic, have much societal and political power. Although all Lebanese speak Levantine Arabic (Shaami), many of them master multiple languages and can decide to strongly identify with a select few not only for the love of the language, but mostly for the message each language brings with it: is Lebanon a cosmopolitan Westernized country that differentiates itself from the Arab world? Or should Lebanon look towards its Oriental roots and celebrate its Muslim-Arabic heritage? This paper seeks to prove that, in Lebanon, the implicit or explicit choice of language is a tool to convey one’s political, religious, and cultural views. This created a strong divide between Eastern and Western oriented Lebanese in the 20th century and is one of the main causes for the political turmoil in modern Lebanon.

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