A Generalized Unified Character Code: Western European and CJK Sections

The percentage of victimization of Dutch Jewry during the Shoah is the highest of Western, Central and Southern Europe (except, perhaps of Greece), and close to the Polish one: 75%, more than 104.000 souls. The question of disproportion between the apparent favorable status of the Jews in society – they had acquired emancipation in 1796 - and the disastrous outcome of the Nazi occupation as compared to other countries in general and Western European in particular has haunted Dutch historiography of the Shoah. Who should be blamed for that outcome: the perpetrators, i.e. the Germans, the bystanders, i.e. the Dutch or the victims, i.e. the Dutch Jews? The article first surveys the answers given to this question since the beginnings of Dutch Holocaust historiography in the immediate post-war period until the debates of today and the factors that influenced the shaping of some basic perceptions on “Dutch society and the Jews”. It then proceeds to detailing several facts from the Holocaust period that are essential for an evaluation of gentile attitudes. The article concludes with the observation that – in spite of ongoing debates – the overall picture which has accumulated after decades of research will not essentially being altered. Although the Holocaust was initiated, planned and carried out from Berlin, and although a considerable number of Dutchmen helped and hid Jews and the majority definitely despised the Germans, considerable parts of Dutch society contributed to the disastrous outcome of the Jewish lot in the Netherlands – through a high amount of servility towards the German authorities, through indifference when Jewish fellow-citizens were persecuted, through economically benefiting from the persecution and from the disappearance of Jewish neighbors, and through actual collaboration (stemming from a variety of reasons). Consequently, the picture of the Holocaust in the Netherlands is multi-dimensional, but altogether puzzling and not favorable.

Download Full-text

CASE STUDY: Regional Cultural Differences Within and Across Four Western European Countries

TRANSNATIONAL MARKETING JOURNAL ◽

10.33182/tmj.v6i1.377 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 23-47

Author(s):

Nadine Waehning ◽

Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽

Stephan Dahl ◽

Sinan Zeyneloglu

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Cultural Differences ◽

European Countries ◽

Cultural Value ◽

Business Strategies ◽

Business Plans ◽

Regional Markets ◽

Gender Education ◽

Western European

This case study examines and illustrates within country regional cultural differences and cross border cultural similarities across four western European countries. Drawing on the data from the World Values Survey (WVS), we refer to the Schwartz Cultural Values Inventory in the survey. The demographic variables of age, gender, education level, marital status and income vary across the regions and hence, have significant effects on the cultural value dimensions across regions. The findings help a better understanding of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of regions withinand across countries. Both researchers and managers will have to justify their sampling methods and generalisations more carefully when drawing conclusions for a whole country. This case study underlines the limited knowledge about regional within country cultural differences, while also illustrating the simplification of treating each country as culturally homogeneous. Cross-country business strategies connecting transnational regional markets based on cultural value characteristics need to take these similarities and differences into account when designating business plans.

Download Full-text

Some Renaissance Polish Commentaries on Aristotle's Rhetoric and Hermogenes' On Ideas

Rhetorica A Journal of the History of Rhetoric ◽

10.1525/rh.1994.12.3.265 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 265-292

Author(s):

Thomas Conley

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

Cultural Milieu ◽

Western European ◽

Manuscript Collections ◽

Area Of Study

Absract: In the present manuscript collections of the Biblioteka Narodowa in Warsaw and the Biblioteka Jagiellońska in Kraków are two commentaries on Aristotle's Rhetoric and two on Hermogenes' On Ideas, all evidently composed in the early seventeenth century. This study briefly surveys their contents and organization and attempts to locate them in the cultural milieu of Renaissance Polish scholarship, an area of study almost totally ignored by American and Western European historians of rhetoric.

Download Full-text

Knowledge about basic life support in European students

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/oh.2014.29898 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 155 (21) ◽

pp. 833-837 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

József Marton ◽

Attila Pandúr ◽

Emese Pék ◽

Krisztina Deutsch ◽

Bálint Bánfai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basic Life Support ◽

Life Support ◽

European Countries ◽

Eastern European ◽

Knowledge And Skills ◽

European Students ◽

Western European ◽

Eastern European Countries ◽

European Youth

Introduction: Better knowledge and skills of basic life support can save millions of lives each year in Europe. Aim: The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge about basic life support in European students. Method: From 13 European countries 1527 volunteer participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic questions and knowledge regarding basic life support. The maximum possible score was 18. Results: Those participants who had basic life support training earned 11.91 points, while those who had not participated in lifesaving education had 9.6 points (p<0.001). Participants from former socialist Eastern European countries reached 10.13 points, while Western Europeans had average 10.85 points (p<0.001). The best results were detected among the Swedish students, and the worst among the Belgians. Conclusions: Based on the results, there are significant differences in the knowledge about basic life support between students from different European countries. Western European youth, and those who were trained had better performance. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(21), 833–837.

Download Full-text

Henry Kissinger's book World order: Reflections on the beginnings of nations and the course of history

Tikrit Journal For Political Science ◽

10.25130/poltic.v3i6.62 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Abdul Hamid Al - Eid Al - Mousawi

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

World Order ◽

New World Order ◽

Central Idea ◽

Global System ◽

The World ◽

Western European ◽

Book World

The central idea of Henry Kissinger's latest book, The Global System, is that the world desperately needs a new world order, otherwise geopolitical chaos threatens the world, and perhaps chaos will prevail and settle in the world. According to Kissinger, the world order was not really there at all, but what was closest to the system was the Treaty of Westphalia, which included about twenty Western European states for almost four centuries.

Download Full-text