scholarly journals Divergence of some socio-economic indicators between rural and urban areas in Slovakia

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 256-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Buchta ◽  
Z. Štulrajter
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Demographic Structure ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Cheap Labour

The article is dealing with the evaluation of socio-economic development in Slovakia from the point of view of urban and the rural regions in 1999−2005, based on analysis of regional socio-economic indicators. This development is characterised by deepening differentiation between the urban and rural districts in the demographic structure of population, employment, unemployment, level of wages and salaries and private enterprising activities. Demographic structure in the rural regions, compared to the urban regions, is characterised by the increase of the share of population in post-productive age, ageing index and the unfavourable index of economic burden. Employment in the rural regions decreased at a more rapid rate than in the urban regions. From the unemployment point of view, there are significant regional differences in the SR. The worst affected are the regions of Eastern and south of Central Slovakia which suffer from the underdeveloped economic infrastructure, lower level of education, bankruptcy of the dominant industrial employers and a large share of agrarian population, where impact of transformation measures was the most severe. Unemployment rate in the rural regions was 2.2 times higher than in the urban regions in 2005. Growth rate of average wages and salaries is slower in the rural regions compared to the urban ones and the average of the SR. In the period of 1999–2005, the level of average wages and salaries in the rural regions accounted for 62.4% of average wages and salaries in the urban regions, during which the time trend of increasing wage disparity was continuing all the time. The trend of utilisation of cheap labour force for short part-time jobs is evident, particularly in the rural regions, which is in contrast to the growth of the standard of living and sustainable development of underdeveloped regions. The differentiation of economic level between urban and the rural regions is expressed also in the share of entrepreneurial entities in economically active population which tells against the rural regions in spite of the diminished differentiation in this indicator in 1999–2005. The declining rate of growth in number of entrepreneurs in the urban regions is a consequence of the saturation of spatial and employment opportunities, while there is a substantially larger potential of acceleration of private enterprising in the rural regions. Continuation of this development leads to the socially unacceptable differentiation and undesirable development of dual economies in the country and that is why it is necessary to solve this issue as a priority within the framework of the strategy of economic development of the SR.

scholarly journals Informal Economy and Poverty in Urban Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Dipak Bahadur Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Employment Education

Informal sector plays a crucial role in employing a significant part of the economically active population of Nepal. The Nepal Labour Force Survey(NLFS) - 2017/18 has estimated around 62 percent of people to be currently employed in the informal sector. It is estimated that there are 84.6 percent of the currently employed who are informally employed in all industries as compare to formal employment 15.4 percent in Nepal. Employment is the main source of income of poor people which is still considered to be the most effective vehicle to take them out of poverty. People of rural areas are gradually coming to urban areas. So, economic growth and structural changes are increasingly linked to urbanization process. More people will live in urban settlements than in rural areas. Metropolitan cities of Nepal like Lalitpur can offer the lure of better employment, education, and healthcare and they also contribute disproportionately to the economy of the country. However, rapid urban expansion is often associated with poverty and rapid growth of informal sector urban area.

scholarly journals State and perspectives of the demographic development of the geospace of the republic of Srpska

2006 ◽  
pp. 435-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drasko Marinkovic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
The Republic

Yearly rates of population increase and the data about the relative participation of particular areas in the total number of the population of the Republic of Srpska point to the interdependence between the natural movement and the tract processes of emigration, deagrarization and urbanization. These processes are in the harmony with the demographic transition which is followed by the changes in the structure of the active population. Unfavourable tendencies in the re-distribution and reinstatement of the tract-demographic polarization have the reflection in the disturbances in the demographic structures and in the strengthening of the process of the total ageing of the population, specially in the rural areas. These tendencies result in a more pronounced polarization in the reproduction of the population in which the urban areas take over the priority. With the trend of the low and negative natural increase, which has the immediate influence on the accelerated process of ageing of the population, further growth of the population and socio-economic development of the Republic of Srpska are questionable. In order to secure the constant growth of the population of this area, it is urgently necessary to conduct the measures of the population politics, that is, it is necessary to match the demographic and general socio-economic development.

scholarly journals Resilience of metropolitan, urban and rural regions: a Central European perspective

GeoScape ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ženka ◽  
Adam Pavlík ◽  
Ondřej Slach
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Open Economy ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Small Open Economy ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Production Networks ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Urban Regions

AbstractIn this article, we examine a relationship between population/economic size and resilience of Czech regions. More specifically, we ask if there are any significant differences among metropolitan cores and hinterlands, urban regions and rural regions in (post)crisis economic development in the period 2009–2013. Three aspects of resilience were considered: volatility of unemployment, renewal (increase in economic performance compared to other regions) and reorientation (measured by the intensity of structural changes in total employment). We found relatively small differences among particular types of regions and high intra-group heterogeneity. Specialized industrial urban regions exhibited the fastest economic growth in the (post)crisis period. Metropolitan cores lagged slightly behind, but experienced relatively stable economic development. Although rural regions exhibited the highest unemployment volatility, they did not lag behind in terms of value added growth. Regional resilience in a small open economy like Czechia seems to be predominantly driven by extraregional factors such as the position in global production networks and economic performance in particular industries or large transnational corporations.

Differences in prevalence and determinants of hypertension according to rural–urban place of residence among adults in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-590
Author(s):  
Gulam Muhammed Al Kibria ◽  
Krystal Swasey ◽  
Rajat Das Gupta ◽  
Allysha Choudhury ◽  
Jannatun Nayeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Urban Place ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Regions

AbstractThis cross-sectional study analysed Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 data with the aim of investigating the prevalence of, and risk factors for, hypertension in individuals aged over 35 by rural–urban place of residence. After estimation of the stratified prevalence of hypertension by background characteristics, multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate the adjusted odds (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for selected factors. Of the 7839 participants, 1830 were from urban areas and 6009 from rural areas. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 32.6% (95% CI: 30.5–34.8) in urban areas and 23.6% (95% CI: 22.5–24.7) in rural areas. The prevalence and odds of hypertension increased with increasing age, female sex, concomitant diabetes and overweight/obesity and richer wealth status in both urban and rural regions. Although residence in Khulna and Rangpur divisions and higher education level were associated with increased odds of hypertension in urban regions, this was not the case in rural regions (p>0.05). Residence in Sylhet and Chittagong divisions had lower odds of hypertension in rural regions. Furthermore, the proportions of overweight/obese, diabetic and higher wealth status participants were higher in urban than in rural regions. The prevalence and odds of hypertension were found to be associated with several common factors after stratifying by place of residence. Some of these factors are more concentrated in urban regions, so urban residents with these risk factors need to be made more aware of these in order to control hypertension in Bangladesh. Public health programmes also need to be tailored differently for urban and rural regions, based on the different distribution of these significant factors in the two areas.

Cooperation Between Ukraine and the EU Towards Innovation-Driven Economic Development

2020 ◽  
pp. 243-269
Author(s):  
Lyubov Artemenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Framework Programme ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Energy Intensive Industries ◽  
The Eu

Innovation underpins productivity and lies at the heart of economic growth. Ukraine is far from the technological frontier. Its economy depends on energy-intensive industries, producing low value-added products, and using a relatively cheap labour force. As international cooperation is an important proxy of country's technological catch-up, this chapter aims to study ways of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU towards innovation-driven economic development. The chapter provides analysis of Ukraine's participation in EU 7th Framework programme and HORIZON2020. Special emphasis is assigned to the ability of Ukrainian participants to acquire, assimilate, transform, and exploit gained knowledge.

Ärztemangel im ländlichen Raum – Neue Anreizstrukturen und innovative Versorgungsmodelle als Ausweg?

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capacity Planning ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Solution Approach

AbstractGeneral practitioner (GP) care in Germany is characterized by a disparate distribution of GPs, explain Stefan Greß und Klaus Stegmüller. There is considerable oversupply in many urban areas while there is undersupply in many rural regions. Centralized planning of GP capacities so far has not been able to ameliorate this unequal distribution. What is more, several health policy reforms have not been able to make capacity planning more effective. The authors suggest a framework for more effective allocation of GP resources by decentralizing capacity planning to the level of local municipalities.Juergen Zerth refers to the ongoing debate on the adequate distribution of physicians that are obliged to guarantee the overall access to health care in Germany. Especially in rural regions, the number of general practioners will decline in the next years, he states. From a health economics point of view it has to be discussed which role physicians have to play within different forms of organizing care and cure. In the paper, a standardized utility function that depicts physicians’ interest helps to figure out the range in which physicians have an interest to choose an engagement in rural environments contingent of aspects of risk sharing between caretaker und cost payers. In consequence, patient driven care models will enforce new organizational and institutional arrangements of division of labour between medical practitioners as well as new needs to reorganize regional medical facilities.Hans-Joachim Helming presents a possible solution approach to ensure the ambulatory care in economically underdeveloped, rural areas. Some regions of Brandenburg in in the northeast of Germany face a shortage of medical care that is primarily caused by the change of generations, the lack of young people and the little existing infrastructure. In these parts of Brandenburg one also sees the consequences of the demographic change: the population is older, less mobile, and the proportion of multi-morbid patients comparatively increased. In addition, the practicing physicians tend to be older and young doctors are becoming less willing to settle in their own surgery. To cope with these challenges the Regional Associations of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians in Brandenburg (Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Brandenburg) invented the KV RegioMed Program. KV RegioMed is a modular concept with regionally tailored solutions that can be combined as needed. The concept meshes medical and non-medical capacities. Competencies and resources can be bundled by outpatient and inpatient areas and intertwined across different sectors.

scholarly journals A Critical Review: A Significant Role of Women in the Development of the Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Sidra Ismail Brohi ◽  
Jawaid Iqbal Mirani ◽  
Ayaz Ali Jarah ◽  
Shair Ali Brohi
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Research Journal ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Pakistani Women ◽  
The Government

Women are equal to men in Pakistan and contribute with some effort to economic development, democratic stability, and social quality. It is fact that Pakistani society is male-dominated and male constitutes a major part of the population of the country. In this regard, women face many problems to progress and obtain due status. In spite of all hurdles, Pakistani women are being an important contribution to the development of society in both rural and urban areas of all provinces. This paper discusses different roles of women from an Islamic point of view, roles of women in the Labour Force, and roles of women in the politics of Pakistan. The explanatory method has been for data collection from the secondary sources data collection like research articles, research journal and books. The finding of the article indicates that women despite numerous difficulties they are motivated, industrious and ready to work for the progress of the society of Pakistan. Consequently, the government and competent authorities should focus on the education, health, nutrition, training, safety and freedom of Pakistani women so that they can play their roles in the development of the country without any fear and discrimination.

Living on a low income as a systemic impediment to socio-economic development of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
NATALIIA TOLSTYKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Government

The article sheds light on various approaches that seek to determine how widespread poverty and life on a low income are in Ukraine nowadays. As a social phenomenon, poverty has traditionally been associated with destitution and living below the subsistence level set by the government. However, the author holds the view that life on a low income not only means living near or below the poverty line. There is another part of Ukraine’s population that should also be considered needy — those whose income is less than twice as the subsistence level, and most of them are also subject to socio-economic deprivation. Drawing upon the findings of a social survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the NAS of Ukraine in 2019, the paper analyses the standard of living among different income groups. Particular attention is given to consumption patterns and social well-being of respondents in the lower income brackets. From the data, it can be inferred that living conditions of many Ukrainians are inadequate to sustain and develop human potential; furthermore, the low-income households have literally to struggle every day to make ends meet. The author brings into focus the main macroeconomic factors contributing to this situation and its adverse effect on the nation’s social potential. Some of the most common social consequences of living on a low income have been identified, such as limited consumption, a person’s dissatisfaction with life and his/her position in society. The above-mentioned survey also provides the estimates of how much the current subsistence level (with regard to Ukraine) should be. Having been made by different socio-demographic and occupational groups of Ukraine’s population, these estimates are a useful source of information — given that subsistence level is considered the basic social standard. According to the survey, all these figures are at variance with the official subsistence level, which is noticeably lower, and this indicates that the current subsistence level needs an upward revision. Today, the overall socio-economic situation in Ukraine is unfavourable for neoliberal economic reforms initiated by the government. Since these policies are primarily designed to reduce the role of state in managing the economy and implementing social welfare programmes, following this path will inevitably result in the entrenchment of mass poverty and in a major loss of Ukraine’s human potential, as well as labour force. The author argues that tackling the country’s chronic low income problem is only possible if a new strategy for socio-economic development is adopted, where social welfare is prioritised.

Spatiotemporal Changes of Riverbed and Surrounding Environment in Yongding River (Beijing section) in the Past 40 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 40407-1-40407-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Pang ◽  
He Huang ◽  
Tri Dev Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Spatiotemporal Changes ◽  
Yongding River

Abstract Yongding River is one of the five major river systems in Beijing. It is located to the west of Beijing. It has influenced culture along its basin. The river supports both rural and urban areas. Furthermore, it influences economic development, water conservation, and the natural environment. However, during the past few decades, due to the combined effect of increasing population and economic activities, a series of changes have led to problems such as the reduction in water volume and the exposure of the riverbed. In this study, remote sensing images were used to derive land cover maps and compare spatiotemporal changes during the past 40 years. As a result, the following data were found: forest changed least; cropland area increased to a large extent; bareland area was reduced by a maximum of 63%; surface water area in the study area was lower from 1989 to 1999 because of the excessive use of water in human activities, but it increased by 92% from 2010 to 2018 as awareness about protecting the environment arose; there was a small increase in the built-up area, but this was more planned. These results reveal that water conservancy construction, agroforestry activities, and increasing urbanization have a great impact on the surrounding environment of the Yongding River (Beijing section). This study discusses in detail how the current situation can be attributed to of human activities, policies, economic development, and ecological conservation Furthermore, it suggests improvement by strengthening the governance of the riverbed and the riverside. These results and discussion can be a reference and provide decision support for the management of southwest Beijing or similar river basins in peri-urban areas.

Integrated waste water management for a small river basin - a case study

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
R. Fenz ◽  
M. Zessner ◽  
N. Kreuzinger ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Management ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
The North ◽  
Waste Water Management

In Austria approximately 70% of the population is connected to sewerage and to biological waste water treatment plants. Whereas the urban areas are already provided with these facilities to a very high extent, effort is still needed in rural areas to meet the requirements of the Austrian legislation. The way, this task should be solved has provoked much controversy. It is mainly the question, whether centralised or decentralised sewage disposal systems are preferable from the ecological and economical point of view, that became a political issue during the last 5 years. The Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management was asked to elaborate a waste water management concept for the Lainsitz River Basin, a mainly rural area in the north of Austria discharging to the Elbe river. Both ecological and economical aspects should be considered. This paper presents the methodology that was applied and the criteria which were decisive for the selection of the final solution.

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