scholarly journals Changes in availability of Ca, K, Mg, P and S in sewage sludge as affected by pyrolysis temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Filip Mercl ◽  
Zdeněk Košnář ◽  
Lorenzo Pierdonà ◽  
Leidy Marcela Ulloa-Murillo ◽  
Jiřina Száková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Promising Technology ◽  
Pyrolytic Temperature ◽  
Extractable Nutrients

Pyrolysis is a promising technology for sewage sludge (SS) treatment providing several improvements of SS properties for soil application. However, information on the influence of pyrolytic temperature on the availability of nutrients in resulting biochar (BC) is limited. In this study, anaerobically stabilised SS was pyrolysed in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor at 220, 320, 420, 520, and 620 °C for 30 min in the N<sub>2</sub> atmosphere. Pyrolysis resulted in a higher total content of all studied nutrients in BCs. Aromaticity and hydrophobicity of BCs increased with increasing temperatures while solubility decreased. Relative availability (% from total content) of nutrients in BCs was in order: Ca &gt; Mg ~ K &gt; S &gt; P. Pyrolysis at 220 °C produced acidic BC with a higher content of acetic acid-extractable nutrients compared to non-pyrolysed control. An increment in pH and a significant drop in the content of available Ca, Mg, K and S were found at temperature 320 °C. Pyrolysis at 320 °C increased the content of available P by 28 % compared to non-pyrolysed SS. At the temperature of 420 °C and higher, available contents of all studied nutrients were lower than in non-pyrolysed SS.

scholarly journals Detailed Analysis of Sewage Sludge Pyrolysis Gas: Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Moško ◽  
Michael Pohořelý ◽  
Siarhei Skoblia ◽  
Zdeněk Beňo ◽  
Michal Jeremiáš
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Gas Volume ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Conventional methods of sewage sludge disposal are often limited by their environmental impact and economic demands. Pyrolysis has been studied as a viable method for sewage sludge disposal and transformation into usable products. Pyrolytic products may have various uses, and their complex characteristics shall be described to assess their potential for safe utilization. Here, we studied slow pyrolysis of stabilized sewage sludge in a fixed bed reactor at 400–800 °C to describe the composition of the pyrolysis gas and the condensate fraction. We found that condensate elemental composition was practically independent of pyrolysis temperature. On the other hand, the composition of the pyrolysis gas was strongly temperature-dependent regarding both the share of major components (H2, CO, CO2, CH4) and C2–C6 hydrocarbons speciation (which as a sum attributed to 7–9 vol. % of the gas). The increase in pyrolysis temperature also resulted in increasing the N2 content of the gas, whereas the sulfur containing gas compounds were substantially diluted in the increasing gas volume.

scholarly journals Bio-Oil Characterizations of Spirulina Platensis Residue (SPR) Pyrolysis Products for Renewable Energy Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 849 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Siti Jamilatun ◽  
Aster Rahayu ◽  
Yano Surya Pradana ◽  
Budhijanto ◽  
Rochmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Bio Oil

Nowadays, energy consumption has increased as a population increases with socio-economic developments and improved living standards. Therefore, it is necessary to find a replacement for fossil energy with renewable energy sources, and the potential to develop is biofuels. Bio-oil, water phase, gas, and char products will be produced by utilizing Spirulina platensis (SPR) microalgae extraction residue as pyrolysis raw material. The purpose of this study is to characterize pyrolysis products and bio-oil analysis with GC-MS. Quality fuel is good if O/C is low, H/C is high, HHV is high, and oxygenate compounds are low, but aliphatic and aromatic are high. Pyrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 300-600°C with a feed of 50 grams in atmospheric conditions with a heating rate of 5-35°C/min, the equipment used was a fixed-bed reactor. The higher the pyrolysis temperature, the higher the bio-oil yield will be to an optimum temperature, then lower. The optimum temperature of pyrolysis is 550°C with a bio-oil yield of 23.99 wt%. The higher the pyrolysis temperature, the higher the H/C, the lower O/C. The optimum condition was reached at a temperature of 500°C with the values of H/C, and O/C is 1.17 and 0.47. With an increase in temperature of 300-600°C, HHV increased from 11.64 MJ/kg to 20.63 MJ/kg, the oxygenate compound decreased from 85.26 to 37.55 wt%. Aliphatics and aromatics increased, respectively, from 5.76 to 36.72 wt% and 1.67 to 6.67 wt%.

The Fixed Bed Reaction of Residual Natural Rubber for Oil Production by Pyrolysis Process

2014 ◽  
Vol 931-932 ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
Khanita Kamwilaisak ◽  
Mallika Thabuot
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Pyrolysis Reaction ◽  
Benzenedicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Chemical Feedstock

The aim of this study is to use pyrolysis reaction to produce oil product as a fuel or chemical feedstock. The fixed bed reactor was used as a pyrolysis system. The pyrolysis reaction of residual para rubber was operated in the absence of catalyse. The operating conditions such as particle size (0.5 and 1.0 cm3) and pyrolysis temperature (500, 550 and 600 OC) were studied under N2 conditions and retention time 90 min. The result shows the para rubber size 1.0 cm3 can be produced liquid phase more than of para rubber size of 0.5 cm3. The optimised condition with the highest oil yield was at 550OC with rubber size of 1.0 cm3. The percentage of the product was 60% of liquid, 35% of gas and 5% of solid (char). Furthermore, the FTIR result can be presented the supported evidence that the transformation of aliphatic contents to be aromatic contents was increased with increased temperature. Also, GCMS analysis was used for the identification and quantification of the product. It was found 5 major products that can be used as a chemical feedstock. The maximum amount of component was 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester (Isooctyl phthalate) with 22.08%. This is a plasticizer with higher cost than fuel.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Copyrolysis of Lignite and Pistachio Seed in a Fixed-bed Reactor

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Özlem Onay
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Experimental Conditions

Co-pyrolysis of lignite and pistachio seed (CPLPS) under nitrogen gas was performed in a Heinze retort. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on product distribution of CPLPS investigated under heating rate of 10°Cmin-1 and blending ratio of 50(wt)%. Biomass is higher yield to be pyrolyzed than lignite and addition of biomass promotes the pyrolysis of lignite. In the range of the experimental conditions investigated the yield of the product is proportional to pyrolysis temperature. On the other hand, considerable synergetic effects were observed during the co-pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor leading to increase in oil yield. Maximum pyrolysis oil yield of 27.2% was obtained at pyrolysis temperature of 550°C. The obtained oils are characterized by GC, and elemental analysis.

scholarly journals Characterisation of liquid oil from pyrolysis of waste tyre

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Rusmi Alias ◽  
Atiqah Mohd Rafee
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Degradation Study ◽  
Aromatic Content ◽  
Waste Tyre ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The aim of this study is to characterise the liquid oil produced from pyrolysis of waste tyre. In this study, a series of experiment were carried out at various process temperature from 300 °C to 500 °C. The degradation study was carried out by using TGA, meanwhile the pyrolysis process was done using a fixed bed reactor. Liquid oil obtained from the pyrolysis was analysed using FTIR and GC-MS. The oil yield was found to decrease with increasing final pyrolysis temperature and the yield of the gas increased. The highest oil yield was 58.3 wt. %. For pyrolysis at 400 °C. The pyrolysis of waste tyre at atmospheric pressure commenced at about 340 °C and completed at 460 °C. An increase in the aromatic content of the oil was observed with increasing temperature. However, the aliphatic content decreased as the temperature increased from 300 °C to 500 °C. It was observed that the amount of aliphatic fraction in the oil decreased from 7.8 wt. % to 5.4 wt. %. In the meantime, the number of aromatic compounds increased from 37.4 wt. % to 51.2 wt. %. The main aromatic compounds were limonene, xylene, styrene, toluene, trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene and benzene.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Generation from Catalytic Steam Reforming Bio-Oil Model Compound—Acetic Acid Employing Ni/attapulgite Catalysts Prepared with Different Preparation Methods

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yishuang Wang ◽  
Mingqiang Chen ◽  
Tian Liang ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Zhonglian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Catalytic Steam Reforming

In this research, catalytic steam reforming acetic acid derived from the aqueous portion of bio-oil for hydrogen production was investigated by using different Ni/ATC (Attapulgite Clay) catalysts prepared by precipitation, impregnation and mechanical blending methods. The fresh and reduced catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TEM and H2-TPR. The comprehensive results demonstrated that the interaction between active metallic Ni and ATC carrier was significantly improved in Ni/ATC catalyst prepared by precipitation method, and in which the mean Ni particle size was the smallest (~13 nm) resulted in the highest metal dispersion (7.5%). The catalytic performance of the three catalysts was evaluated through the process of steam reforming of acetic acid in a fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure at two different temperatures, such as 550 ℃ and 650 ℃. Results showed that the Ni/ATC (PM-N/ATC) prepared by precipitation method, achieved the highest H2 yield of ~82% and little lower acetic acid conversion efficiency of ~85% than that (~95%) of Ni/ATC (IM-NATC) prepared by impregnation method. In addition, the deactivation catalysts after reaction for 4 h were analyzed by XRD, TGA-DTG and TEM, which demonstrated that the catalyst deactivation was not caused by the amount of carbon deposition, but owed to the significant agglomeration and sintering of Ni particles in the carrier.

Fast Pyrolysis of Safflower Seed in the Presence of Catalyst

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
O¨zlem Onay ◽  
O¨. Mete Koc¸kar
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Safflower Seed ◽  
Commercial Catalyst ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques

In this study, the safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was used as biomass sample for catalytic pyrolysis using commercial catalyst (Criterion-454) in the nitrogen atmosphere. Experimental studies were conducted in a well-swept resistively heated fixed bed reactor with a heating rate of 300°Cmin−1, a final pyrolysis temperature of 550°C and particle size of 0.6–0.85 mm. In order to establish the effect of catalyst ratio on the pyrolysis yields, experiments were conducted at a range of catalyst ratios between 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20% (w/w). The bio-oils were characterized by elemental analysis and some spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques.

scholarly journals Different Pyrolysis Process Conditions of South Asian Waste Coconut Shell and Characterization of Gas, Bio-Char, and Bio-Oil

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayanto Kumar Sarkar ◽  
Qingyue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
The Impact

In the present study, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the impact of pyrolysis temperature on the outcome yields of waste coconut shells in a fixed bed reactor under varying conditions of pyrolysis temperature, from 400 to 800 °C. The temperature was increased at a stable heating rate of about 10 °C/min, while keeping the sweeping gas (Ar) flow rate constant at about 100 mL/min. The bio-oil was described by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) investigations and demonstrated to be an exceptionally oxygenated complex mixture. The resulting bio-chars were characterized by elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The output of bio-char was diminished pointedly, from 33.6% to 28.6%, when the pyrolysis temperature ranged from 400 to 600 °C, respectively. In addition, the bio-chars were carbonized with the expansion of the pyrolysis temperature. Moreover, the remaining bio-char carbons were improved under a stable structure. Experimental results showed that the highest bio-oil yield was acquired at 600 °C, at about 48.7%. The production of gas increased from 15.4 to 18.3 wt.% as the temperature increased from 400 to 800 °C. Additionally, it was observed that temperature played a vital role on the product yield, as well as having a vital effect on the characteristics of waste coconut shell slow-pyrolysis.

Kinetics of Camphene Esterification to Isobornyl Acetate

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 990-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Hua Liu ◽  
Ding Ye Fang ◽  
Qin Qin Guan ◽  
A Jian Tao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Continuous Reaction ◽  
Kinetics Of

The conventional process for isobornyl acetate synthesis from camphene and acetic acid is a batch process. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize isobornyl acetate in continuous process in a fixed bed reactor. The continuous reaction conditions were studied. The experiment was put into practice under the following conditions: 35-45, camphene/acetic acid feed ratio(wt%) from 1 to 2 and space velocity from 0.6 to 1.8 h-1. A kinetic model was developed which describes the experimental data well. A pilot fixed reactor was simulated by using the kinetic model.

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