scholarly journals Impact of atmospheric ammonia on growth, C and N accumulation and photosynthesis of two maize cultivars with different N root supply

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.X. Zhang ◽  
H. Qiang ◽  
S.Q. Li ◽  
X.L. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dark Respiration Rate ◽  
Apparent Quantum Yield ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Medium Increase ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
C And N ◽  
N Use

Impact of enriched atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> in combination with low and high N medium on growth, total C and N accumulation (C<sub>tot</sub>A and N<sub>tot</sub>A) and photosynthetic characteristics of two maize cultivars i.e. SD19 (cult. 1) and NE5 (cult. 2) with low N and N high use efficiency, respectively, was investigated. Plants were exposed to 10 nl/L and 1000 nl/L NH<sub>3</sub> fumigation, respectively, for 30 days in open-top chambers (OTCs). Under exposure to the low N medium, increase of the atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> concentration to 1000 nl/L from the ambient level significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased dry matter (DM) (by 18% in cult. 1 and 14% in cult. 2 respectively), C<sub>tot</sub>A, N<sub>tot</sub>A, net photosynthetic rate (P<sub>n</sub>), stomatal conductance (G<sub>s</sub>) and apparent quantum yield (AQY) but decreased intercellular CO<sub>2</sub> concentration (C<sub>i</sub>) in both cultivars. These effects were more pronounced in cult. 1 as compared to those in cult. 2. In contrast, in the high N solution, enriched atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> led to a decrease in DM, C<sub>tot</sub>A, N<sub>tot</sub>A, P<sub>n</sub>, G<sub>s </sub>and AQY but an increase in C<sub>i </sub>of cult. 2 only. Dark respiration rate remained unaffected by enrichment of NH<sub>3</sub> in each treatment. Therefore, it is concluded that appropriately enriched atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> can improve plant growth of maize by enhancing C<sub>tot</sub>A, N<sub>tot</sub>A, and photosynthesis in the low N medium, especially for low N use efficiency cultivars.

Rate and timing of nitrogen fertilization of Russet Burbank potato: Nitrogen use efficiency

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
Y. Leclerc ◽  
G. Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

This study evaluated rate and timing of N fertilization effects on the N use efficiency characteristics of rain-fed Russet Burbank potato. Trials conducted in 1999–2001 included different rates of fertili zer N (0–160 kg N ha-1 in 1999 and 0–200 kg N ha-1 in 2000 and 2001) applied either at planting according to normal grower practice, or at hilling, the latest time that granular fertilizer can practically be applied. Whole-plant dry matter and N accumulation were determined at topkill. Soil inorganic N content was measured to 30-cm depth at planting and at tuber harvest. Soil N supply (plant N accumulation plus soil inorganic N content at harvest with no fertilizer N applied) varied from 77 to 146 kg N ha-1 depending on the year. Crop N supply (soil N supply plus fertilizer N applied) was a better predictor of plant N accumulation than fertilizer N rate, and was used to remove the confounding effect of variation in soil N supply when making among-year comparisons for N use efficiency characteristics. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE; plant N accumulation/crop N supply) decreased with increasing rates of N applied at hilling N rate in 1999, which was a dry year, but was not influenced by at-hilling N rate in 2000 and 2001, or by at-planting N rate in any year. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; dry matter accumulation/crop N supply) and N utilization efficiency (NUtE; dry matter accumulation/plant N accumulation) decreased curvilinearly with increasing crop N supply in each year. Similar relationships between NUE and crop N supply, and between NUtE and plant N accumulation, among the 3 yr of the study suggest that these relationships are largely independent of seasonal climatic variation, and are primarily genetically controlled. Timing of N fertilization had no effect on any N use efficiency parameter, with the exception of reduced NUpE associated with split N application in 1999. This suggests that under rain-fed potato production in Atlantic Canada, timing of N fertilization has no significant effect on N use efficiency of Russet Burbank potato in years of adequate soil moisture, but NUpE may be decreased by split application of N in dry years. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, soil inorganic N, apparent fertilizer N recovery

scholarly journals Enhancing the Urea-N Use Efficiency in Maize (Zea mays) Cultivation on Acid Soils Amended with Zeolite and TSP

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osumanu H. Ahmed ◽  
Aminuddin Hussin ◽  
Husni M. H. Ahmad ◽  
Anuar A. Rahim ◽  
Nik Muhamad Abd. Majid
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Ammonia Loss ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
N Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

Ammonia loss significantly reduces the urea-N use efficiency in crop production. Efforts to reduce this problem are mostly laboratory oriented. This paper reports the effects of urea amended with triple superphosphate (TSP) and zeolite (Clinoptilolite) on soil pH, nitrate, exchangeable ammonium, dry matter production, N uptake, fresh cob production, and urea-N uptake efficiency in maize (Zea mays) cultivation on an acid soil in actual field conditions. Urea-amended TSP and zeolite treatments and urea only (urea without additives) did not have long-term effect on soil pH and accumulation of soil exchangeable ammonium and nitrate. Treatments with higher amounts of TSP and zeolite significantly increased the dry matter (stem and leaf) production of Swan (test crop). All the treatments had no significant effect on urea-N concentration in the leaf and stem of the test crop. In terms of urea-N uptake in the leaf and stem tissues of Swan, only the treatment with the highest amount of TSP and zeolite significantly increased urea-N uptake in the leaf of the test crop. Irrespective of treatment, fresh cob production was statistically not different. However, all the treatments with additives improved urea-N uptake efficiency compared to urea without additives or amendment. This suggests that urea amended with TSP and zeolite has a potential of reducing ammonia loss from surface-applied urea.

Nitrogen use efficiency characteristics of commercial potato cultivars

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
G. Tai ◽  
R. Tarn ◽  
H. de Jong ◽  
P. H. Milburn
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Commercial Potato ◽  
Use Efficiency

One approach for reducing the contribution of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production to nitrate contamination of groundwater is to develop cultivars which utilize N more efficiently. In this study, variation in N use efficiency (NUE; dry matter production per unit crop N supply) characteristics of 20 commercial potato cultivars of North American and European origin were evaluated in 2 yr. Cultivars were grown with or without application of 100 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate banded at planting. The recommended within-row spacing was used for each cultivar and no irrigation was applied. Plant dry matter and N accumulation were determined prior to significant leaf senescence. Crop N supply was estimated as fertilizer N applied plus soil inorganic N measured at planting plus apparent net soil N mineralization. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased curvilinearly with increasing crop N supply. Nitrogen use efficiency was lower for early-maturing cultivars compared to mid-season and late-maturing cultivars. A curvilinear relationship was obtained between plant dry matter accumulation and plant N accumulation using data for all cultivars. Deviations from this relationship were interpreted as variation in N utilization efficiency (NUtE; dry matter accumulation per unit N accumulation). Significant differences in NUtE were measured among cultivars of similar maturity. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE; plant N content per unit crop N supply) and soil nitrate concentration measured at plant harvest were uniformly low for all cultivars when crop N supply was limited, but varied among cultivars when N was more abundant. This suggests that potato cultivars vary more in terms of N uptake capacity (plant N accumulation in the presence of an abundant N supply) than in terms of NUpE. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, N mineralization, dry matter accumulation, N accumulation, N utilization efficiency

N uptake, N partitioning, and photosynthetic N-use efficiency of an old and a new maize hybrid

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. McCullough ◽  
A. Aguilera ◽  
M. Tollenaar
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Partitioning ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use ◽  
Leaf N

An old maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid (Pride 5) has been shown to be less tolerant to N stress than a new maize hybrid (Pioneer 3902) during early phases of development. The objective of this study was to quantify the response of the two hybids to N supply in terms of N uptake, N partitioning, and photosynthetic N–use efficiency. Plants were grown under controlled-environment conditions until the 12-leaf stage at three levels of N supply (i.e., 15 mM N, 2.5 mM N, and 0.5 mM N) and were sampled at the 4-, 8-, and 12-leaf stages. Rates of N uptake per unit ground area were higher for Pioneer 3902 than for Pride 5 under maximum N stress during the 8- to 12-leaf phase, but rates were higher for Pride 5 at high N. Rates of N uptake per unit root weight were higher for Pioneer 3902 than for Pride 5 under both medium and low N supply. The old hybrid (Pride 5) partitioned more dry matter and N to leaves than the new hybrid under low N supply, but leaf N per unit leaf area was higher for the new hybrid. The new hybrid (Pioneer 3902) maintained greater rates of leaf photosynthesis per unit leaf N regardless of N supply. Consequently, results indicate that the higher N-use efficiency of Pioneer 3902 under low N supply is associated with higher N uptake and a higher leaf N per unit leaf area. Key words:Zea mays L., dry matter accumulation, photosynthesis, leaf N

scholarly journals The Rhizosphere Effect of Plant Kin Recognition: Morphological Responses Combined with Soil Nitrogen Cycling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Weilin Li ◽  
Xingliang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Rhizosphere Effect ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
C And N ◽  
N Use

Abstract Aims Kin recognition has been used to explain plant interactions among siblings, but the morphological-based conclusions are various and the mechanism is still fuzzy. Here, we tested the rhizosphere effect of plant kin recognition based on soil nitrogen (N) cycling resulted from root exudates, combined with plant fitness, morphological and physiological performances to examine how plants respond to kin neighbors. Methods One factorial experimental design of relatedness including either sibling or strangers of Glycine max was constructed. After growing about three months, plant morphological traits including plant height, specific leaf area (SLA) and root length as well as plant biomass; physiological traits including root activity, nitrate reductase (NR) activity and contents of chlorophyll; plant N use efficiency of each individuals were measured. Moreover, the production rate of root exudates carbon (C) and N, soil microbial biomass C and N, as well as genes amoA-AOAs, amoA-AOBs, nifH, nirK, nirS and nosZ genes related with soil N were assayed. Finally, the abundances of soil archaea, bacteria and fungi were quantified. Results Our study showed significant higher plant fitness and physiological growth and N use efficiency in siblings than strangers. The root secreted C rather than secreted N was sensitive to kin identity of G. max. Moreover, higher root secreted C quantity of sibling also ignited increasing of soil microbial biomass especially the abundance of Archaea community, and the abundance of amoa-AOAs gene compared to stranger soils. Finally, siblings increased the supply of soil available N and N use efficiency compared to strangers. Conclusions The rhizosphere changes induced by root exudation resulted in increased fitness and greater resource use efficiency among siblings compared to strangers. These findings suggest that the rhizosphere effect of soil microbial changes and soil N cycling and transformation triggered by the root-exuded C, could be a potential underground feedback mechanism for multiple kin recognition responses.

Nitrogen Utilization of Selected Cropping Systems in the U.S. Northeast: I. Dry Matter Yield, N Uptake, Apparent N Recovery, and N Use Efficiency

1995 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Guillard ◽  
Gary F. Griffin ◽  
Derek W. Allinson ◽  
M. Moosa Rafey ◽  
William R. Yamartino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Apparent N Recovery ◽  
N Use ◽  
The U.S

Responses of Subterranean Clover Communities to Temperature. II. Effects of Temperature on Dark Respiration Rate

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Fukai ◽  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Growth Equation ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Dark Respiration Rate ◽  
High Respiration Rate

The rates of dark respiration of subterranean clover communities, grown at 12, 16, 20 and 24°C in naturally lit temperature-controlled glasshouses, were measured several times during growth. The dark respiration rate, measured at growth temperature, increased linearly with increase in plant dry matter for each temperature and it increased approximately linearly with increase in temperature at a given dry matter. A low crop growth rate shown by communities with dry matter greater than 300 g m-2 at a temperature of 24°C was largely accounted for by a high respiration rate. The temperature coefficient of dark respiration (Q10) was inversely related to growth temperature. Dark respiration rate at 28°C was lower for communities grown at 24°C than for communities grown at 12 or 16°C when the comparison was made at the same dry matter. Calculated dark respiration rate from shoot dry matter, growth temperature and current measured temperature was close to the measured rate, indicating the dark respiration rate of subterranean clover communities to be largely accounted for by these factors. Use of an integrated form of a growth equation and allowing for dark efflux shows, on a 12 hour day, the rate of dry matter accumulation at 24°C to be the same as that at 12°C.

N AND P FERTILIZATION OF BROMEGRASS IN THE DARK BROWN SOIL ZONE OF SASKATCHEWAN

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. UKRAINETZ ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
First Year ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Source ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

A 5–yr study was conducted on a Dark Brown loam at Scott, Saskatchewan to determine the effect of rate of ammonium nitrate-N (34–0–0) and urea-N (46–0–0) on bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) production and quality, N recovery and N use efficiency when the N was applied either annually or as a single application at the start of the experiment. The effect of phosphorus (P) on the above listed parameters was also assessed. Each N source was applied at once-only rates of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 kg ha−1 and annual rates were 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha−1. Phosphorus was applied in 1976, 1979 and 1981 at 100 kg ha−1 P2O5. Forage dry matter was positively related to precipitation received in April–June (r = 0.91**) and in April of the crop year plus the previous September (r = 0.80**). Dry matter response to N rates generally increased at a decreasing rate in early years but linearly in later years. Over the first 4 yr, annual applications of N resulted in up to 37% more dry matter than the single applications. Dry matter production was generally greater when ammonium nitrate was applied than when urea was used; these differences were more consistent at medium N rates. Dry matter was increased by P only when N was applied. Nitrogen concentration in forage was directly related to N rate in years of good precipitation, was greater in dry than wet years, and when N was applied annually, but was unaffected by N source. Phosphorus fertilization increased P concentration of forage but heavy dry matter production reduced P concentration. Annual N applications increased P concentration in forage only in the first year and N source had no effect. Toxic concentrations of NO3–N in the forage occurred in the first year only at N rates [Formula: see text] and were directly related to the amount of N applied. Except for the 800 kg ha−1 N rate in the second year, there were no further indications of NO3–N toxicity. Accumulated N use efficiency decreased linearly with increasing N rate and was greater for ammonium nitrate than for urea except at very high N rates. Accumulated N recovery was inversely related to N rate for the single method of application but unaffected by N rate applied annually. Over the first 4 yr, accumulated N recovery was greater for the single application at low N rates, but was greater for annual applications of N at high N rates. P fertilization increased N recovery.Key words: N source, bromegrass, N recovery, yield, quality, application method

WATER UPTAKE AND USE BY MORPHOLOGICALLY CONTRASTING MAIZE/PEA CULTIVARS IN SOLE AND INTERCROPS IN TEMPERATE CONDITIONS

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. L. KANTON ◽  
M. D. DENNETT
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use Efficiencies

Growth and water use of sole crops and intercrops of morphologically contrasting maize and pea cultivars were measured in two years. The maize cultivars were Nancis with erectophile and Sophy with planophile leaves and the pea cultivars Maro a leafy pea and Princess a semi-leafless pea. In the first part of the season water use was lower for sole maize but intercrops and sole pea used similar amounts of water. By 90 days after sowing, when peas had matured, all crops had used similar amounts of water. Maize had slightly greater water use efficiency than peas. Cultivars Nancis and Princess tended to have greater water use efficiency than Sophy and Maro respectively. Intercrops produced more dry matter than sole crops and therefore had consistently greater water use efficiencies.

scholarly journals Nitrate Uptake and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Two Sweetpotato Genotypes during Early Stages of Storage Root Formation

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita R. Villagarcia ◽  
Wanda W. Collins ◽  
C. David Raper
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Total N ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution ◽  
N Use

Soil N availability is an important component in storage root production of sweetpotato [Ipomoea batata (L.) Lam.]. A controlled-environment experiment was conducted to characterize effects of N availability on patterns of dry matter, nonstructural carbohydrates, and N accumulation, and to determine possible components of N use efficiency that vary between two genotypes of sweetpotato. Rooted cuttings of `Jewel' and MD810 were transplanted into pots filled with sand and kept in a growth chamber for 72 days. Plants were watered during the first 30 days with a complete nutrient solution that contained 14 mm NO3- and then for the next 42 days with one of three complete nutrient solution that contained either 2, 8, or 14 mm NO3-. At 30, 44, 58, and 72 days after transplanting, three plants from each cultivar and treatment combination were sampled and separated into leaves, stems plus petioles, fibrous roots, and storage roots. Each plant fraction was freeze-dried, weighed, ground, and analyzed for total N, soluble sugars, and starch. Availability of N in the substrate, which limited dry matter accumulation at 2 mm NO3-, was nonlimiting at 8 and 14 mm NO3-. In both genotypes, net assimilation rate, efficiency of N use (i.e., increments of dry matter accumulated per increment of N taken up), and proportion of dry matter allocated to storage roots were greater for N-stressed (2 mm NO3-) than N-replete (8 and 14 mm NO3-) plants. For the N-stressed plants, however, efficiency of N use was greater in MD810 than in `Jewel'. Although rate of NO3- uptake per unit fibrous root mass was similar in the two genotypes under the N stress treatment, MD810 had greater uptake rate than `Jewel' under nonlimiting availability of NO3- in the substrate. The increased rate of uptake under nonlimiting NO3- supplies apparently was related to enhanced rates of carbohydrate transport from shoots to roots. As tissue concentration of N declined in response to the lowest application of NO3-, shoot growth was limited prior to, and to a greater extent than, the photosynthetic rate. The resulting relative decline in sink activity of shoots thus presumably increased the availability of carbohydrates for transport to roots.

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