scholarly journals Quantitative and qualitative damage caused by mammals and birds to the planting and natural seeding

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saniga
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Clethrionomys Glareolus ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Microtus Arvalis ◽  
Sciurus Vulgaris

In the years 1999–2000, I studied damage to transplants in the planting and wildlings in the natural seeding at the locality Zamrlô in the Starohorské vrchy Mts. (750–1,000 m a.s.l., NE exposure, forest type Abieto-Fagetum). Damage to the woody plants by the mammals and birds in the planting was much higher (14%) than in the natural seeding (7%). All woody plant species were also more damaged in the planting (spruce 16%, larch 9%, fir 24%, beech 10%, and sycamore 10%) than in the natural seeding (spruce 7%, larch 6%, fir 10%, beech 7%, and sycamore 9%). There were found 8 mammals that damaged woody plants both in the planting and natural seeding (Apodemus sp., Capreolus capreolus L., Cervus elaphus L., Clethrionomys glareolus SCHREB., Lepus europaeus L., Microtus agrestis L., Microtus arvalis PALL., Sciurus vulgaris L.). Only one bird species was found to damage woody plants in the planting and natural seeding (Tetrao urogallus L.).

scholarly journals Woody Plants Affected by Ungulates in Winter Period, Impacts and Bark Renewal

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Nevřelová ◽  
Jana Ružičková
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Bark Stripping ◽  
Acer Campestre ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

AbstractDue to biotope fragmentation and changes in landscape structure, opportunities for forest animals to migrate and obtain food are diminishing, especially during extreme winter conditions. The main objective of this research was an assessment of ungulates, impact on woody species, evaluation of damage forms and bark renewal phases of affected woody plants. The study area is located in western Slovakia in the southeast part of Male Karpaty Mts. After the very cold and long winter of 2012/2013, 34% of woody plants were damaged by bark stripping and biting on the forest locality and 53% of evaluated trees and shrubs were damaged by biting off shoots in the non-forest locality. Together, 262 woody plants belonging to 15 species were evaluated; the girth of tree trunks and stripped bark patches were measured. The most severely affected tree species, suffering from bark stripping and bitten-off sprouts, was Fraxinus excelsior; Acer campestre was also significantly affected. Results showed that woody plants provide a significant part of hoofed mammal nutrition (especially Capreolus capreolus and Cervus elaphus). The stripped bark dendromass per forested area of 625 m2 reached 3 m2. After the mild winter in 2014, the majority (93.7%) of previously affected Fraxinus excelsior trees in the forest locality had only old damages with renewed bark in different phases of regeneration. In the non-forest locality, 96% of young Fraxinus excelsior, damaged in the winter of 2013, shot up new sprouts. The mortality of affected trees was minimal (4−5%).

scholarly journals Winter Food Availability for Wild Herbivores Depending on the Type of Forest Regeneration

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Vlastimil Skoták ◽  
Kamil Turek ◽  
Jiří Kamler ◽  
Jiří Kloz ◽  
Petra Novotná
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Cutting Method ◽  
Clear Cutting

This study compares the amount of available biomass for wild herbivores (red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.), and hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas)) depending on three different types of forest silvicultural systems—presented using the example of beech and spruce stands in wintertime. During the winter period, spruce provided ten times more biomass for herbivores than beech. However, beech provided more metabolizable energy, 7.38 MJ/kg on average, whereas spruce only provided 6.57 MJ/kg. From the point of view of “risk of damage by herbivores”, artificial regeneration suffered the worst damage after using the Clear Cutting method of forest regeneration, as there was the least amount of biomass available, and thus, herbivores caused the greatest damage. On average, 12% of shoots were damaged in clearings. Most at risk was young forest vegetation up to 1 m tall. In summer, the area was overgrown with available plants, but in winter, the herbivores focused mainly on eating woody shoots. Damage to the natural regeneration when using the Shelterwood Cutting and Strip Cutting regeneration methods ranged up to 3%. At the same time, a high amount of available biomass was measured there, most likely due to its frequent natural regeneration. Thus, both types of trees regenerated in this way were not as susceptible to damage by herbivores as when regenerated using the Clear Cutting method.

scholarly journals Research into the mammal fauna of the Sviatoshynsko-Bilychansky forest within the Holosiivsky National Nature Park

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Tsvelykh
Keyword(s):  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Clethrionomys Glareolus ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Martes Foina ◽  
Mammal Fauna ◽  
Talpa Europaea ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
Sorex Minutus ◽  
Neomys Fodiens

In 2017–2019, a survey of the mammal faune of the Sviatoshynsko-Bilychansky forest, which is located nearby to the northwestern outskirts of Kyiv, was carried out. The following species of mammals were recorded: Neomys fodiens, Neomys anomalus, Sorex araneus, Sorex minutus, Talpa europaea, Erinaceus concolor, Alces alces, Capreolus capreolus, Sus scrofa, Lepus europaeus, Sciurus vulgaris, Castor fiber, Ondatra zibeticus, Muscardinus avellanarius, Apodemus agrarius, Sylvaemus flavicollis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, Micromys minutus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Vulpes vulpes, Lutra lutra, Meles meles, Mustela vison, Martes martes, and Martes foina.

scholarly journals Functionality of the Ecological Network Elements from the Point of View of Mammal Migrations in the Contact Zone of the Forest and Agricultural Landscape

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Marta Nevřelová ◽  
Martin Novota
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lepus Europaeus ◽  
Ecological Network ◽  
Migration Barriers ◽  
Migration Potential ◽  
Almost All

AbstractThe aim of the research was to verify the functionality of the ecological network elements from the point of view of wildlife mammal migrations in the observed territory. Theoretical basis defines fragmentation of the landscape, the migrations of forest animals, ecological networks, and their connectivity. In the research territory, species such as Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus, Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes, Castor fiber and Lepus europaeus were recognized. The result of the issue is the confirmation or reversal of the functionality of the ecological network elements of the forest animal migrations and the actual status in the observed area. In the contact areas of the Small Carpathians forests and the lowland areas, the research was carried out during 2015, 2016, and 2017. The results have shown that the game tends to migrate between the Small Carpathian forests and the adjacent lowland, but the migration potential is very limited because of the presence of strong migration barriers. Biocenters located in the monitored area provide a variety of conditions and are widely used by almost all species, and we consider them to be functional in terms of game migration. Biocorridors are problematic, whose functionality with regard to the migration of wildlife is considerably limited because of the location of the D2 highway and first- and second-class roads.

scholarly journals Woody plants and the prediction of climate-change impacts on bird diversity

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1549) ◽  
pp. 2035-2045 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Kissling ◽  
R. Field ◽  
H. Korntheuer ◽  
U. Heyder ◽  
K. Böhning-Gaese
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Bird Species Richness

Current methods of assessing climate-induced shifts of species distributions rarely account for species interactions and usually ignore potential differences in response times of interacting taxa to climate change. Here, we used species-richness data from 1005 breeding bird and 1417 woody plant species in Kenya and employed model-averaged coefficients from regression models and median climatic forecasts assembled across 15 climate-change scenarios to predict bird species richness under climate change. Forecasts assuming an instantaneous response of woody plants and birds to climate change suggested increases in future bird species richness across most of Kenya whereas forecasts assuming strongly lagged woody plant responses to climate change indicated a reversed trend, i.e. reduced bird species richness. Uncertainties in predictions of future bird species richness were geographically structured, mainly owing to uncertainties in projected precipitation changes. We conclude that assessments of future species responses to climate change are very sensitive to current uncertainties in regional climate-change projections, and to the inclusion or not of time-lagged interacting taxa. We expect even stronger effects for more specialized plant–animal associations. Given the slow response time of woody plant distributions to climate change, current estimates of future biodiversity of many animal taxa may be both biased and too optimistic.

Conservation and Restoration of Grasslands

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Wilsey
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Priority Effects ◽  
Woody Plant Encroachment ◽  
Humpty Dumpty ◽  
Alternate States ◽  
Density And Biomass ◽  
Acid Test ◽  
Stocking Rates

Conservation programs alter herbivore stocking rates and find and protect the remaining areas that have not been plowed or converted to crops. Restoration is an ‘Acid Test’ for ecology. If we fully understand how grassland systems function and assemble after disturbance, then it should be easy to restore them after they have been degraded or destroyed. Alternatively, the idea that restorations will not be equivalent to remnants has been termed the ‘Humpty Dumpty’ hypothesis—once lost, it cannot be put back together again. Community assembly may follow rules, and if these rules are uncovered, then we may be able to accurately predict final species composition after assembly. Priority effects are sometimes found depending on species arrival orders, and they can result in alternate states. Woody plant encroachment is the increase in density and biomass of woody plants, and it is strongly affecting grassland C and water cycles.

scholarly journals Metabolic engineering in woody plants: challenges, advances, and opportunities

aBIOTECH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Yu ◽  
Cody S. Bekkering ◽  
Li Tian
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Plant Transformation ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
High Biomass ◽  
Generation Times ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biochemical Diversity

AbstractWoody plant species represent an invaluable reserve of biochemical diversity to which metabolic engineering can be applied to satisfy the need for commodity and specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy. Woody plants are particularly promising for this application due to their low input needs, high biomass, and immeasurable ecosystem services. However, existing challenges have hindered their widespread adoption in metabolic engineering efforts, such as long generation times, large and highly heterozygous genomes, and difficulties in transformation and regeneration. Recent advances in omics approaches, systems biology modeling, and plant transformation and regeneration methods provide effective approaches in overcoming these outstanding challenges. Promises brought by developments in this space are steadily opening the door to widespread metabolic engineering of woody plants to meet the global need for a wide range of sustainably sourced chemicals and materials.

Characterization of Rhodococcus equi isolates from submaxillary lymph nodes of wild boars (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 172 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Rzewuska ◽  
Lucjan Witkowski ◽  
Agata A. Cisek ◽  
Ilona Stefańska ◽  
Dorota Chrobak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Rhodococcus Equi ◽  
Wild Boars

Bioserotypes and virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bancerz-Kisiel ◽  
A. Szczerba-Turek ◽  
A. Platt-Samoraj ◽  
P. Socha ◽  
W. Szweda
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Virulence Markers ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Environmental Reservoir ◽  
Enterocolitica Infection

AbstractFree-living animals are an important environmental reservoir of pathogens dangerous for other animal species and humans. One of those is Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, the causative agent of yersiniosis - foodborne, enzootic disease, significant for public health. The purpose of the study was to identify bioserotypes and virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) obtained during the 2010/2011 hunting season in north-eastern Poland. From among 48 rectal swabs obtained from 24 roe deer, two strains of Y. enterocolitica from one animal were isolated. Although both belonged to biotype 1A they were identified as different serotypes. The strain obtained from cold culture (PSB) belonged to serotype O:5, while the strain isolated from warm culture (ITC) was regarded as nonidentified (NI), what may suggest mixed infection in that animal. The presence of ystB gene, coding for YstB enterotoxin, directly related to Y. enterocolitica pathogenicity was detected in both strains using triplex PCR. The effect of the examination of 32 swabs obtained from 16 red deer was the isolation of two Y. enterocolitica strains from two different animals. Both belonged to biotype 1A with NI serotype, but were originated from different types of culture. They gave positive results in case of products of a size corresponding to the ystB gene. No amplicons corresponding to ail and ystA genes were found. Roe deer and red deer may carry and shed Y. enterocolitica, what seems to be important in aspect of an environmental reservoir of this pathogen. The Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from wild ruminants had the amplicons of the ystB gene, what suggest they can be potential source of Y. enterocolitica infection for humans

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