scholarly journals Development of air pollutant deposition, soil water chemistry and soil on Šerlich research plots, and water chemistry in a surface water source

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 263-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lochman ◽  
V. Mareš ◽  
V. Fadrhonsová
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
Beech Stand

&nbsp; In 1986 (1987) research plots were established in a forest stands on the south-western slope of &Scaron;erlich Mt., Orlick&eacute; hory Mts. (Kristina Colloredo-Mansfeld &ndash; Forest Administration Opočno), at the altitude of 950 to 970 m, to study deposition, chemistry of precipitation and soil water and development of soil chemistry. The plots were established on a clear-cut area, in a young stand and a mature stand of spruce, in a mature beech stand, and in an advanced growth of spruce and European mountain ash. The content of solutes in creek water was studied at the same time. Since 1993 the concentration of substances in precipitation water intercepted in the summit part of &Scaron;erlich Mt. has been measured. Research on water chemistry in the stands terminated in 1997. Soil analyses were done in 1986 (1987), 1993 and 1999. The load of acid air pollutants in these forest ecosystems was high in the eighties. After 1991 the deposition of H<sup>+</sup>, S/SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&ndash;</sup>, N/NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&ndash; </sup>+ NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Mn, Zn, Al decreased. Similarly, an increase in pH was observed in soil water, and the concentrations of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&ndash;</sup>, and N, Al compounds decreased. But in 1993 the concentrations of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&ndash;</sup> and Al increased again under the spruce stand for several months. The concentrations of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&ndash;</sup>, Mn, Zn and Al in the stream water also gradually decreased in the nineties. On the contrary, the average values of S-ions increased compared to those of 1987 to 1991. Strongly acid soil reaction developed in deeper layers until 1993. In the second half of the nineties the pH/H<sub>2</sub>O value somewhat increased again, however the reserve of K, Mg, Ca available cations in the mineral soil constantly decreased. The saturation of sorption complex by basic cations in the lower layer of rhizosphere did not reach even 10% in 1999. The forest ecosystems of &Scaron;erlich Mt. were also loaded by a high fall-out of Pb, and increased fall-out of Cu. The lack of balance of N-compound transformations and consumption in the soil and increased leaching of N in the form of nitrates contribute to soil acidification on the investigated plots.

Long-term effects on soil-water chemistry of wood-ash and nitrogen application in a conifer forest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ring ◽  
Gunnar Jansson ◽  
Lars Hogbom ◽  
Staffan Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Water Chemistry ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Soil Site ◽  
And Control

Wood-ash application to forest land has been proposed as a means to compensate for increased nutrient removal at high harvest intensity. A study-plot experiment was established on a mineral soil site in Sweden to study how this measure affects soil-water chemistry. In 1995, ten treatments were applied. Here we present results from years nine to seventeen after application for eight of the treatments: control, 3×10<sup>3</sup>, 6×10<sup>3</sup> and 9×10<sup>3</sup> kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of self-hardened and crushed wood ash (WA), 150 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> supplied as ammonium nitrate, 3×10<sup>3</sup> kg WA and 150 kg N ha-1 applied simultaneously, 3×10<sup>3</sup> kg WA with 150 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> applied one month before the ash, and 3×10<sup>3</sup> kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of pelleted ash. Soil-water samples were collected from a depth of 50 cm. Treatment effects (<i>p</i><0.05) were detected in the electrical conductivity, pH and concentrations of K<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Al, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-S and B. Elevation of K<sup>+</sup> and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>-S concentrations tended to cease towards the end of the study period. Effects were generally more pronounced with increasing ash dosage. No difference between the treatment 150 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> and control was detected. Despite the high solubility of the ash, effects on the soil-water chemistry could still be detected nine to seventeen years after application.

The influence of basswood (Tilia americana) and soil chemistry on soil nitrate concentrations in a northern hardwood forest

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blair D. Page ◽  
Myron J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Overstory Tree

In the Arbutus Lake Watershed in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, two nearly adjacent catchments (14 and 15) varied significantly in volume-weighted stream water nitrate (NO3) export (54 and 17 μequiv.·L–1, respectively; P < 0.001). The most notable differences between the catchments were that Catchment 14 had significantly higher soil Ca concentrations and patches of basswood ( Tilia americana L.). We evaluated the possible contributions of basswood and soil Ca concentrations to soil water NO3 concentrations. Among the major overstory tree species, basswood leaf litter had the lowest C:N ratios, highest Ca concentrations, and among the lowest lignin:N ratios. Basswood basal area was significantly related to soil water NO3 concentrations (R = 0.46, P = 0.01). Forest floor and mineral soil Ca concentrations were positively correlated with basswood basal area and negatively correlated with American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) basal area. Our results suggest that a relatively low-density, calciphilic species such as basswood may create, given the proper soil conditions, hotspots with elevated soil water NO3 concentrations. These hotspots result from the convergence of high soil Ca concentrations, due mostly to soil geology, with relatively labile litter substrate available for N mineralization and nitrification.

Spatial variation of stream water chemistry in the Shimanto River Basin in southwestern Japan: A comparison of results in 1999 and 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyuki Inagaki ◽  
Masahiro Inagaki ◽  
Koji Shichi ◽  
Shuichiro Yoshinaga ◽  
Tsuyoshi Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Sulfate Concentration ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

&lt;p&gt;Acidic deposition derived from human activities causes negative effects on nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.&amp;#160; However, nutrient cycling of forest ecosystems is expected to recover because the emission of pollutants is generally decreasing in recent years. &amp;#160;However, the extent of recovery would be differed between forest ecosystems in different climatic conditions.&amp;#160; The study investigated changes of stream water chemistry of forest ecosystems in Shimanto River Basin in southwestern Japan.&amp;#160; The 92 samples of stream water were collected from forested watersheds in summer of 1999 and 2020 and chemistry of the samples was compared.&amp;#160; The mean pH value of the stream water in 2020 (7.60) was higher than that in 1999 (7.29).&amp;#160; The mean concentration of potassium ion increased by 2.1% whereas that of sodium, calcium, and magnesium ions decreased by 2.5%, 10.3%, and 8.6%, respectively.&amp;#160; The mean concentration of chloride, nitrate and sulfate ions decreased by 24.8%, 9.4% and 22.5%, respectively whereas that of bicarbonate increased by 0.7%. &amp;#12288;The relationship between mean annual temperature and the ratio of ion concentration in 2020 to that in 1999 was analyzed.&amp;#160; The ratio of calcium and manganese concentration was lower at warmer sites.&amp;#160; The ratio of sulfate concentration was lower at warmer sites whereas the ratio of chloride concentration was not related with mean annual temperature.&amp;#160; The results suggest that the runoff of sulfate and chloride from forest ecosystems in the Shimanto River Basin have decreased presumably due to the reduced input of these elements and that the residence time of sulfur in forest ecosystems is shorter in warmer sites as indicated by the greater reduction of sulfate concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Technical Note: Linking soil – and stream-water chemistry based on a riparian flow-concentration integration model

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 5603-5629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Seibert ◽  
T. Grabs ◽  
S. Köhler ◽  
H. Laudon ◽  
M. Winterdahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Riparian Zone ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry ◽  
Soil Water Chemistry ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Key Aspects

Abstract. The riparian zone, the last few meters of soil through which water flows before entering the stream, has been identified as a first order control on key aspects of stream water chemistry dynamics. We propose that the vertical distribution of lateral water flow across the profile of soil water chemistry in the riparian zone provides a conceptual explanation of how this control functions in catchments where matrix flow predominates. This paper presents a mathematical implementation of this concept as well as the model assumptions. We also present an analytical solution, which provides a physical basis for the commonly used power-law flow-load equation. This approach quantifies the concept of riparian control on stream-water chemistry providing a basis for testing the concept of riparian control. By backward calculation of soil-water-chemistry profiles and comparing those with observed profiles we demonstrate that the simple juxtaposition of water fluxes and soil water chemistry provides a plausible explanation for observed stream-water-chemistry variations of several major stream components such as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), magnesium, calcium and chloride. The "static" implementation of the model structure presented here provides a basis for further development to account for seasonal influences and hydrological hysteresis.

Water chemistry profiles in an early- and a mid-successional forest in coastal British Columbia

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Binkley ◽  
J. P. Kimmins ◽  
M. C. Feller
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Saturated Zone ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Zone Water

Water chemistry profiles of an 18-year-old forest ecosystem are compared with those of a 70- to 90-year-old forest ecosystem for a 9-month period. The younger ecosystem was dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) whereas western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir, and western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn.) dominated the older ecosystem. Concentrations of nutrients and other chemicals were measured in throughfall, forest floor and mineral soil lecachates, saturated-zone water, and stream water. Concentrations of dissolved chemicals were much greater in the younger ecosystem than in the older ecosystem at intermediate stages in the profiles. However, stream water concentrations differed less between the two ecosystems for most of the chemicals investigated. Nitrate and silica were exceptional; stream water nitrate concentrations in the younger ecosystem averaged 16 times greater than those in the older ecosystem. This was probably a result of biological nitrogen fixation by red alder in the younger ecosystem, a process which would more than compensate for the higher nitrate losses. Silica concentrations in the younger ecosystem consistently exceeded levels in the older ecosystem by 40 to 100%. suggesting a possibility of a greater rate of mineral weathering in the younger ecosystem.Although nutrient concentrations were higher in the soil leachates of the younger ecosystem, these higher levels failed to persist through the saturated-zone water and stream water stages of the water chemistry profile. Consequently, the younger ecosystem appeared relatively more efficient at retaining dissolved nutrients than the older ecosystem. Stream water chemistry was relatively insensitive to the magnitudes of the differences in biogeochemical process rates of the two ecosystems.

scholarly journals Linking soil- and stream-water chemistry based on a Riparian Flow-Concentration Integration Model

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2287-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Seibert ◽  
T. Grabs ◽  
S. Köhler ◽  
H. Laudon ◽  
M. Winterdahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Riparian Zone ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry ◽  
Soil Water Chemistry ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Key Aspects

Abstract. The riparian zone, the last few metres of soil through which water flows before entering a gaining stream, has been identified as a first order control on key aspects of stream water chemistry dynamics. We propose that the distribution of lateral flow of water across the vertical profile of soil water chemistry in the riparian zone provides a conceptual explanation of how this control functions in catchments where matrix flow predominates. This paper presents a mathematical implementation of this concept as well as the model assumptions. We also present an analytical solution, which provides a physical basis for the commonly used power-law flow-load equation. This approach quantifies the concept of riparian control on stream-water chemistry providing a basis for testing the concept of riparian control. By backward calculation of soil-water-chemistry profiles, and comparing those with observed profiles we demonstrate that the simple juxtaposition of the vertical profiles of water flux and soil water chemistry provides a plausible explanation for observed variations in stream water chemistry of several major stream components such as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), magnesium, calcium and chloride. The "static" implementation of the model structure presented here provides a basis for further development to account for seasonal influences and hydrological hysteresis in the representation of hyporheic, riparian, and hillslope processes.

Effects of whole-tree harvest on soil-water chemistry at five conifer sites in Sweden

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ring ◽  
Staffan Jacobson ◽  
Gunnar Jansson ◽  
Lars Högbom
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Soil Water Chemistry ◽  
Whole Tree

Logging residues, such as tops and branches, can provide a useful biofuel for large-scale energy production. However, increasing the harvest intensity may affect the soil nutrient stores and water quality. Here, effects on soil-water chemistry after stem-only and whole-tree harvesting were investigated using data from five experimental sites in Sweden, representing medium- to high-fertility sites. They were located in recharge areas on mineral soil and harvested between the years 1995 and 2001. Soil-water samples had previously been collected from below the main part of the root zone in study plots subjected to stem-only or whole-tree harvest. Soil-water chemistry data from the five sites were jointly analyzed by ANOVA using seasonal mean concentrations from the first six seasons after clear-cutting. The concentrations of NO3–-N, K+, and Mg2+were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the two harvest regimes, indicating lower levels after whole-tree harvest than after stem-only harvest. No significant differences were detected for electrical conductivity, pH, or the concentrations of NH4+-N, Al, Ca2+, SO42–-S, and Cl–. Measurements at one site suggested that the logging residues left on the ground increased the influx of Cl–to the soil. Simple budget calculations indicated that the nutrient export by logging-residue harvest was greater than the export by leaching during the regeneration phase.

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