Water chemistry profiles in an early- and a mid-successional forest in coastal British Columbia

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Binkley ◽  
J. P. Kimmins ◽  
M. C. Feller
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Saturated Zone ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Zone Water

Water chemistry profiles of an 18-year-old forest ecosystem are compared with those of a 70- to 90-year-old forest ecosystem for a 9-month period. The younger ecosystem was dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) whereas western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Douglas-fir, and western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn.) dominated the older ecosystem. Concentrations of nutrients and other chemicals were measured in throughfall, forest floor and mineral soil lecachates, saturated-zone water, and stream water. Concentrations of dissolved chemicals were much greater in the younger ecosystem than in the older ecosystem at intermediate stages in the profiles. However, stream water concentrations differed less between the two ecosystems for most of the chemicals investigated. Nitrate and silica were exceptional; stream water nitrate concentrations in the younger ecosystem averaged 16 times greater than those in the older ecosystem. This was probably a result of biological nitrogen fixation by red alder in the younger ecosystem, a process which would more than compensate for the higher nitrate losses. Silica concentrations in the younger ecosystem consistently exceeded levels in the older ecosystem by 40 to 100%. suggesting a possibility of a greater rate of mineral weathering in the younger ecosystem.Although nutrient concentrations were higher in the soil leachates of the younger ecosystem, these higher levels failed to persist through the saturated-zone water and stream water stages of the water chemistry profile. Consequently, the younger ecosystem appeared relatively more efficient at retaining dissolved nutrients than the older ecosystem. Stream water chemistry was relatively insensitive to the magnitudes of the differences in biogeochemical process rates of the two ecosystems.

scholarly journals Development of air pollutant deposition, soil water chemistry and soil on Šerlich research plots, and water chemistry in a surface water source

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 263-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lochman ◽  
V. Mareš ◽  
V. Fadrhonsová
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
Beech Stand

&nbsp; In 1986 (1987) research plots were established in a forest stands on the south-western slope of &Scaron;erlich Mt., Orlick&eacute; hory Mts. (Kristina Colloredo-Mansfeld &ndash; Forest Administration Opočno), at the altitude of 950 to 970 m, to study deposition, chemistry of precipitation and soil water and development of soil chemistry. The plots were established on a clear-cut area, in a young stand and a mature stand of spruce, in a mature beech stand, and in an advanced growth of spruce and European mountain ash. The content of solutes in creek water was studied at the same time. Since 1993 the concentration of substances in precipitation water intercepted in the summit part of &Scaron;erlich Mt. has been measured. Research on water chemistry in the stands terminated in 1997. Soil analyses were done in 1986 (1987), 1993 and 1999. The load of acid air pollutants in these forest ecosystems was high in the eighties. After 1991 the deposition of H<sup>+</sup>, S/SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&ndash;</sup>, N/NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&ndash; </sup>+ NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Mn, Zn, Al decreased. Similarly, an increase in pH was observed in soil water, and the concentrations of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&ndash;</sup>, and N, Al compounds decreased. But in 1993 the concentrations of SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&ndash;</sup> and Al increased again under the spruce stand for several months. The concentrations of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&ndash;</sup>, Mn, Zn and Al in the stream water also gradually decreased in the nineties. On the contrary, the average values of S-ions increased compared to those of 1987 to 1991. Strongly acid soil reaction developed in deeper layers until 1993. In the second half of the nineties the pH/H<sub>2</sub>O value somewhat increased again, however the reserve of K, Mg, Ca available cations in the mineral soil constantly decreased. The saturation of sorption complex by basic cations in the lower layer of rhizosphere did not reach even 10% in 1999. The forest ecosystems of &Scaron;erlich Mt. were also loaded by a high fall-out of Pb, and increased fall-out of Cu. The lack of balance of N-compound transformations and consumption in the soil and increased leaching of N in the form of nitrates contribute to soil acidification on the investigated plots.

Effects on stream water chemistry and forest vitality after whole-catchment application of dolomite to a forest ecosystem in southern Norway

2003 ◽  
Vol 180 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 509-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atle Hindar ◽  
Richard F Wright ◽  
Petter Nilsen ◽  
Thorjørn Larssen ◽  
Rolf Høgberget
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
Forest Vitality

Effect of the light environment on seed germination of red alder (Alnusrubra)

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1487-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Haeussler ◽  
John C. Tappeiner II
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Disturbed Habitats

Red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) seed showing strong phytochrome activity in the laboratory was tested to determine whether the phytochrome effect could influence germination under light conditions experienced in the field. Seeds in sealed Petri dishes were placed beneath three types of overstory cover (clearcut (no overstory); Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) (coniferous evergreen overstory); and red alder (broad-leaved deciduous overstory)) and seven types of understory cover (control (complete darkness); uncovered; 1-cm mineral soil; leaf litter; moss; swordfern; and non-evergreen herbs). Germination was highest in clearcuts (68.6%), intermediate in Douglas-fir stands (47.4%), and lowest in red alder stands (11.7%). Covers of understory vegetation, leaf litter, and mineral soil significantly reduced germination, with the greatest reduction occurring where understory vegetation was dense enough to significantly reduce the ratio of red:far-red light. These findings concur with field studies of red alder seedling establishment and suggest that the phytochrome sensitivity of red alder seed plays an important role in this species' success on disturbed habitats.

Distribution and cycling of elements in a Pinus resinosa plantation ecosystem, Wisconsin

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bockheim ◽  
S. W. Lee ◽  
J. E. Leide
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Atmospheric Inputs ◽  
Turn Over

Biomass in 34-year-old planted red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) on a Typic Udipsamment soil was 127 t ha−1. Aboveground net primary production was 10.2 t ha−1 year−1. Nutrient concentrations in the trees varied by (i) tissue, (ii) position in tree, and (iii) age of foliage. In the aboveground tree concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, and S were greatest in foliage followed by bolebark, live branches, and bolewood. Concentrations of N and S in foliage, bolebark, and live branches and concentrations of K, Mg, and P in the bolebark and live branches increased toward the apex of the tree. Whereas concentrations of Ca, Mg, and S increased with foliar age, concentrations of K and P decreased with foliar age. Total elements in the aboveground and belowground biomass were ranked: N > Ca > K > Mg > S > P. The forest floor contained greater quantities of N (254 kg ha−1) than the vegetation (222 kg ha−1). The upper 100 cm of mineral soil contained from 8.2% (N) to 89% (Mg) of the readily available nutrients in the ecosystem: Atmospheric inputs were the major source of N and S. Output of a given element by leaching beyond the rooting zone (55 cm) was less than 7 kg ha−1 year−1, except for S which was 12 kg ha−1 year−1. Litterfall returned the greatest amounts of each of the elements to the soil surface, followed by throughfall and stemflow. Because of foliar leaching, the net loading of each of the elements exceeded that of the precipitation. With the exception of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and H, loading of elements in the forest floor leachate exceeded that of the throughfall + stemflow. Nitrogen mineralization was estimated to be 44 kg ha−1 year−1. Whereas N, S, and P in the forest floor required approximately 10 years to turn over, Ca, Mg, and K turned over in about 5 years. Mineral weathering provided 22, 6.9, and 5.0 kg ha−1 year−1 of Ca, K, and Mg, respectively. These estimates, determined from the mass balance approach, are considered to be too high. Elements were taken up by the vegetation in the following order: Ca (56 kg ha−1 year−1), N (54), K (18), S (13), and Mg (10 kg ha−1 year−1). Elemental retention, which ranged from 30% for S to 50% for K, was lower than for comparable ecosystems.

Cation distribution, cycling, and removal from mineral soil in Douglas-fir and red alder forests

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Homann ◽  
Helga van Miegroet ◽  
Dale W. Cole ◽  
Gordon V. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Cation Distribution ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Red Alder

Growth and ectomycorrhiza formation of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from pioneering hardwoods in southwest Oregon clear-cuts

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Borchers ◽  
David A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Pacific Madrone

A greenhouse bioassay was used to compare the growth, ectomycorrhiza formation, and foliar nutrient concentrations of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in soils collected at different distances from hardwood species. Soil nutrient concentrations and bulk densities were also determined. The soils were collected from two southwestern Oregon sites that had been clear-cut and broadcast burned 5 years previously. The sites, poorly stocked with conifer reproduction, were occupied primarily by grasses, forbs, and scattered individuals of tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd.), Pacific madrone (Arbutusmenziesii Pursh), and canyon line oak (Quercuschrysolepis Liebm.). Five-month-old seedlings grown in media containing mineral soil collected beneath hardwood crowns had on average 60% greater height, 2.2 times greater weight (roots plus shoots), and almost 2 times more total and ectomycorrhizal short roots than seedlings grown in media containing soil collected more than 4 m from a hardwood. Rhizopogon sp. and Cenococcumgeophilum dominated on seedlings grown in hardwood soils, and an unidentified brown ectomycorrhiza dominated on seedlings grown in open area soils. The effect of hardwoods did not vary among the three hardwood species or between the two sites. A study of soils collected at various distances from hardwoods indicated that the effect extended between 2 and 3 m. Average foliar nitrogen was higher for seedlings grown in hardwood area than in open area soils, but differences were not statistically significant. Differences in other foliar nutrients of seedlings grown on soils from beneath the three hardwood species were inconsistent. Differences in soil nutrient concentrations were also inconsistent; however, rates of mineralizable nitrogen (anaerobic) were from 2 to nearly 6 times higher in hardwood area than open area soils, and soil pH was higher. Results suggest that the pioneering hardwoods strongly influence soil biological activity in these clear-cuts and impose one or more soil patterns that favor establishment and growth of conifer seedlings.

Modelling the long-term response of stream water chemistry to forestry in Galloway, Southwest Scotland

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 396-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Helliwell ◽  
J. Aherne ◽  
T.R. Nisbet ◽  
G. MacDougall ◽  
S. Broadmeadow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stream Water Chemistry ◽  
Term Response
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