scholarly journals Dead wood and mycoflora in Nature Reserve Polom, Protected Landscape Area Železné hory

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 118-134
Author(s):  
L. Jankovský ◽  
J. Beránek ◽  
AVágner
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Fomes Fomentarius ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Dominant Component ◽  
The Dead

Activity of fungi participating in the dead wood decomposition was studied in the Velk&yacute; Polom Nature Reserve, Protected Landscape Area Železn&eacute; hory. Two game-proof fences of an area of 0.30 ha (570 m alt.) and 0.19 ha (620 m alt.) were <br />used as permanent sample plots. In both the plots, activities were monitored of wood-destroying fungi in 126.82 m<sup>3</sup> dead wood, 104.05 m<sup>3 </sup>of which were in beech. After conversion to an area, the volume amounts to 258.82 m<sup>3</sup> per ha. In the whole reserve, almost 220 species of macromycetes were recorded in the course of a mycological survey. Wood-destroying fungi are the dominant component of mycoflora representing more than 50% identified taxa of in the period under study. The proportion of mycorrhizal fungi amounted to 14%. A series of macromycetes considered to be saprophytes is bound to products of wood decomposition. Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., Fomitopsis pinicola (Sowerby) P. Karst., Ustulina deusta (Fr.) Petrak, Hypoxylon fragiforme (Pers.) Kickx, Ganoderma lipsiense (Batsch) Atk. and the genus Armillaria were the predominant species of wood-decaying fungi. As for rare macro-fungi, it is possible to mention Ascotremella faginea (Peck) Seaver, Stropharia albocrenulata (Peck) Kreisel and Tricholomopsis decora (Fr.) Singer.

scholarly journals Quantitative and qualitative attributes of dead wood in dominated by Carpinus betulus L. forests in Kaniv Nature Reserve

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
O. Chornobrov ◽  
V. Shevchik ◽  
I. Solomakha
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Carpinus Betulus ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Fallen Dead Wood

The article presents the quantitative and qualitative attributes of dead wood in forests dominated by Carpinus betulus L. in Kaniv Nature Reserve. The study was conducted in 130–140-year natural common hornbeam forests on two permanent sample plots of 0.24 ha each by identifying and measuring all components of standing and lying (fallen) dead wood. It was found that wood detritus has an average volume of 39.8 m3/ha consists of standing dead trees (23.1%) and fallen dead wood (76.9%). The species composition is dominated by common hornbeam (96.5%), and the share of Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) is low (3.5%). Wood of II (13.2 m3/ha, 33.1%) and III (12.2 m3/ha, 30.7%) classes of destruction predominates. Standing dead wood is formed by only one tree species — common hornbeam and has an average volume of 9.2 m3/ha. It is represented mainly by standing broken trees. The volume of standing dead wood is dominated by wood detritus of the II stage of decomposition (95.7%). Fallen dead wood is formed by two tree species — common hornbeam (95.4%) and Norway maple (4.6%), has an average volume of 30.6 m3/ha. It is represented by whole uprooted and broken fallen trees (trunks), fragments of fallen trees (trunks) and rough branches. Lying dead wood is represented by detritus of all five classes of decomposition, but wood of III (12.2 m3/ha, 39.9%) and IV (9.6 m3/ha, 31.4%) classes predominates. The volume of fallen dead wood is mainly formed by components with an average diameter of 10.1–30.0 cm (75.7%). The diversity of fractions and components, structural features, sizes and stages of decomposition of dead wood can be important in the formation of potential habitats and substrates for a number of species of living organisms.

scholarly journals On Ecology of Eurythrophic Wood-Destroying Fungi Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. and Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. in the City of Krasnoyarsk and Surroundings (Russia, East Siberia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 34-50
Author(s):  
O. E. Kryuchkova ◽  
◽  
S. G. Yaskova ◽  
E. F. Tropina ◽  
N. N. Golovnina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Anthropogenic Load ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Fomes Fomentarius ◽  
Trophic Preferences ◽  
State Nature Reserve ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The City

This paper is devoted to the review of the environmental and trophic characteristic features of eurytrophic wood-destroying fungi in Krasnoyarsk and its nearest suburbs in habitat conditions with various anthropogenic loads. The research covered forest stand within the green areas of the city (including islands of the Yenisei River), forest areas at the outskirts of the city and in «Stolby» state nature reserve. The research included two species of tinder fungus widely spread in the Northern hemisphere: Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. (confined to various hardwoods, mostly birch) and Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. (confined to trees of various species). Both species of fungi are facultative parasites. The research showed that these species of fungi use quite a restricted set of host substrates showing a pretty narrow range of trophic preferences, despite the presence of numerous species of trees suitable for them at the surveyed area. F. fomentarius uses birch, poplar and aspen as a substrate within the researched area. It is very rarely found at other wood species. The trophic range of the highly eurytrophic species F. pinicola is represented here mostly by a few coniferous species, such as pine, fir and spruce tree. This fungus is present at birch trees and aspen much more rarely. These species of tinder fungi were not found at other wood species of the surveyed area. F. fomentarius is very often found at birches in the areas with minimal anthropogenic load (in «Stolby» nature reserve) and becomes less numerous with the increasing manthropogenic load. The situation is the contrary with poplar: F. fomentarius is rarely found at poplar in the areas with low or medium anthropogenic load, but often destroys poplar wood in the areas with the increased anthropogenic load (within the green space of urban areas). Moreover, F. fomentarius is often found in parklands, rather than along the roadside lanes. F. pinicola is typical for ecosystems with low anthropogenic load and prefers coniferous wood species. It is mostly found in ecosystems of “Stolby” natural reserve, mainly on fir and pine species.

scholarly journals The decomposition of wood mass under conditions of climax spruce stands and related mycoflora in the Krkonoše Mountains

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Janovský ◽  
A. Vágner ◽  
J. Apltauer
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Spruce Stands

The mycoflora was investigated under the conditions of climax spruce stands in the Krkonoše Mountains in relation to wood decomposition. The areas under observation have been affected more or less by air pollution since the eighties. The average mass of deadwood found on the plots is 124 m<sup>3</sup> per ha – the mass of fallen trunks is about 32 m3 per ha, mean value from total average. About 128 species of macrofungi were identified that besides others included 43 species of wood-decaying fungi. Also 54 mycorrhizal species were identified. Among the mycorrhizal fungi about 10 species were dominant, such as Laccaria laccata (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke, Lactarius helvus Fr., Lactarius mitissimus Fr., Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr., Russula emetica (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers. and Russula ochroleuca Pers. etc. Concerning the volume of decomposed wood on monitored plots in climax spruce stands, the prevalent wood-decaying fungi are brown rot fungi. The proportion of brown rot fungi in wood decomposition is 60–95% of deadwood mass on the plots of climax spruce stands. A dominant species is Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.: Fr.) P. Karst. causing the brown rot. Concerning the group of white rot fungi, the most important is Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. &amp; Schw.: Fr.) Fr., participating by 17% in wood decomposition on plots damaged by deer.

Lxxix: Conrad's Revision of “the Lighthouse” in Nostromo

PMLA ◽  
1937 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1183-1190
Author(s):  
George W. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Dead Wood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
The Dead ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
Consummate Skill

To the student of writing and literature few inquiries are more interesting and valuable than that into an author's practices in revising his own work. To observe the various stages in the evolution of the final version, to note carefully an artist at his work of pruning the dead wood, adding fresh material, smoothing away harsh phrases, selecting just words, and letting light into obscure places—to do this is to come somewhat nearer to an understanding of what in spite of all analysis will remain essentially a mystery. Especially fascinating and instructive is the study of Conrad's revision, for here one sees a supreme artist at work. In his vigorous hewing and rebuilding there is conclusive proof of the artist's untiring industry and consummate skill. Conrad's revision of Nostromo is of particular interest, for this novel occupies a critical place in the evolution of Conrad's prose. Mr. Richard Curie has justly characterized the change that came over Conrad's prose—a change perceptible in the “Amy Foster” of Typhoon and fully marked in from Under Western Eyes onward. This evolution has smoothed away the cadence, has concentrated the manner, has toned down the style of Conrad's former exuberance. At first glance the later and the earlier Conrad appear two totally different men. The unruly splendor of the one has given way to the subtle and elastic suavity of the other … His earlier prose is sometimes uncertain, sometimes exaggerated, but his later prose has the uniform temper of absolute mastery.

scholarly journals Fungal diseases of tree stands under urbanized conditions of Moscow

2013 ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
Oksana Smirnova ◽  
Aleksej Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Support System ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Phellinus Igniarius ◽  
Fomes Fomentarius ◽  
Experimental Station

Phytosanitary and ecological estimation of tree-stands has been con?ducted at the Forest Experimental Station of Moscow Agricultural Academy and parks of Northeast of Moscow in 2007-2011. Fomes fomentarius was proved to be a very serious pathogen of trees under conditions of Moscow, Piptoporus betulinus, Phellinus igniarius, and Fomitopsis pinicola also occurred and caused damage to trees. This rather bad phytosanitary situation depends on alarming ecological situation in Moscow. At the Forest Experimental Station of Moscow Agricultural Academy a number and cover of lichens decreased. In general, all trees in Moscow are in dynamic equilibrium with the urbanized environment. In connection with this, the following classification of tree-stands was proposed for the urbanized environment: 1 - healthy trees, 2 - affected trees which can be managed, 3 - dry woods, 3a - very diseased. Many tree-stands in investigated regions of Moscow are found to belong to the groups 2 and 3c. All tree-stands must be carefully monitored and managed in order to provide a well-timed decision on the support system for preservation of trees as ?lungs of city? and avoid unpredictable tree falling which put people and traffic at risk.

Dead branches on living trees constitute a large part of the dead wood in managed boreal forests, but are not important for wood-dependent lichens

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Måns Svensson ◽  
Anders Dahlberg ◽  
Thomas Ranius ◽  
Göran Thor
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
The Dead

scholarly journals ACCOUNT OF A RECENT SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAK IN THE LAURENTIDE PARK REGION OF QUEBEC AND MEASURES FOR REDUCING DAMAGE IN FUTURE OUTBREAKS

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Temporary Reduction ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Apparent Reasons

Pulpwood stands in the Laurentide Park region of Quebec were subjected to defoliation by the spruce budworm between 1946 and 1958. Progress of the outbreak was traced from survey records and from radial growth data from 102 localities. The apparent reasons for the temporary reduction in population level from 1951 to 1953, and for the collapse of the infestation in 1958 are discussed. Estimates based on information provided by the various operators in the area place the total amount of merchantable softwoods destroyed at 5.4 million cords, while calculations based on radial growth studies reveal that approximately 1.8 million cords were lost through reductions in increment. About 1.6 million cords were salvaged before the dead wood was rendered unusable by sapwood rots. Measures that would reduce losses from future outbreaks are proposed and discussed.

scholarly journals Contribution of regeneration on dead wood to the spontaneous regeneration of a mountain forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ježek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Mountain Forests ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Vegetation Zone ◽  
Spontaneous Regeneration

In the Moravian-Silesian Beskids in the beech/spruce forest vegetation zone, the amount of dead wood was determined (pieces of wood and stumps) in five sample plots in a managed forest and in three plots in the National Nature Reserve (NNR) Kněhyně-Čertův Ml&yacute;n. In plots situated in the managed forest, 22 to 50 m<sup>3</sup>/haof lying wood was found. In the reserve, the volume of fallen wood ranged from 29 to 144 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. The number of stumps in sample plots in the managed forest ranged from 530 to 980 per ha. In the reserve, the number of new stumps did not increase any more and only stumps from the period before the NNR declaration occurred. On the dead wood, spruce is regenerated nearly exclusively. In the managed forest and in the NNR, the number of regenerated spruce plants ranged from 5,000 to 16,000 and from 600 to 4,500 per ha, respectively. In plots where the sufficient amount of dead lying wood and stumps occurred, the proportion of spruce plants regenerated on the substrates amounted to even 75%. Other species (beech and silver fir) regenerated only on the soil surface. A sufficient amount of dead wood for the germination of seedlings can significantly ensure the natural regeneration of spruce in mountain forests.

The dead forest on Trindade Island was not monospecific, says the wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-S3
Author(s):  
Luciana Witovisk ◽  
Ruy J.V. Alves ◽  
Alessandra R. Guimarães ◽  
Nilber G. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Wood Colour ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Trindade Island ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The 1960S

The first reports of a dead forest on Trindade Island are from the 18th century. Since then, the tentative identifications of the trees with red wood included Caesalpinia, Acacia, Rapanea, Pisonia, Eugenia and Colubrina, the latter having been confirmed by three independent wood anatomists familiar with Brazilian woods. In the 1960s Johann Becker was the last to sample a live Colubrina glandulosa Perkins var. reitzii on Trindade, which was presumed to be a remnant of the extinct forest. Based on this information, along with the eradication of feral goats from the island in 2005, thousands of C. glandulosa seedlings were reintroduced to Trindade. These trees, which grew well at first, are now collectively dying, less than two decades after planting. Their wood colour is much lighter than that of the dead trees, raising doubts about the latter’s correct identification. Herein we report the first detailed descriptions of two wood types from the extinct forest of Trindade, confirming the presence of C. glandulosa and reporting the presence of Paratecoma peroba (Bignoniaceae), a novel occurrence for the island. Radiocarbon dating of a dead C. glandulosa tree confirms that it belongs to the forest which died three centuries ago. The preserved wood proves that the extinct forest was not monospecific and suggests that further sampling of the remaining dead wood may enhance the floristic knowledge of the forest which once covered most of the island with additional species.

5 Return to Parliament: May to October 1940

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 197-224
Keyword(s):  
Dead Wood ◽  
The Dead

Friday 10 May 1940 Neville Chamberlain announced his resignation on the wireless tonight: a dignified effort — Winston is to rule in his stead — so at last that man has gained his ambition: I never thought he would — well — let us hope that he makes good. I have never believed in him: I only hope that my judgement of the man will be proved wrong. He certainly possesses courage, imagination and drive[,] and age and experience and responsibility may give him judgement — then all should be well. One is sorry for Neville but I should imagine that he has only himself (and David Margesson) to blame for his fall: he should long ago have cut the dead wood out of his administration. The Germans invaded Holland and Belgium early this morning — troops dropped from the air appeared to be very busy in both countries. … No doubt we were ready for this coup. The war has now really begun and we are in for a period of strain and tension.

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