scholarly journals The variability of Venturia inaequalis CKE. races in the Czech republic and the accumulation of resistance genes in apple germplasm

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 416-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Melounová ◽  
P. Vejl ◽  
P. Sedlák ◽  
A. Reznerová ◽  
M. Tesařová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Pcr Markers ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Vf Gene ◽  
Apple Varieties ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

The growing of resistant apple varieties against the scab, impacts the Venturia inaequalis CKE. races development that can overcome the resistance. For this reason the main breeders object is to cumulate the different genetic mechanisms of resistance against this disease. Presented in this paper is the first genetic study of monosporic isolates in the Czech Republic. By means of RAPD and UPGMA methods which characterised the variability of 10 monosporic isolates from different localities and apple varieties. The monosporic isolate derived from the resistant genotype (Vf gene) proved a 79% genetic similarity with the isolate derived from sensitive variety Top Red. The genetic similarity of other isolates did not prove the dependence either on a locality or a host variety. The Vf and Vm genes accumulation in apple germplasm by means of specific PCR markers was studied. It was confirmed that Vf gene donors are always heterozygous. Concurrently it was statistically confirmed that the donor of Vm gene (OR-45-T-132) is heterozygous, too. The accumulation of Vf and Vm major genes against the scab was validated in 25% of seedlings of the cross.  

scholarly journals Effect of late summer treatments by strobilurines on storage diseases of apples

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Minář
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Biological Efficacy ◽  
Weight Decrease

Biological efficacy of strobilurines (trifloxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl) was evaluated to compare the effect of late treatments of apples against post-harvest diseases with the effect of widely used reference products (captan, tolylfluanid, dithianone, dodine). One treatment 3–4 weeks before the harvest was applied (1000 l/ha water). Tested and reference products were used in doses authorised in the Czech Republic against the apple scab (Venturia inaequalis). Strobilurines effectiveness overcame all the products compared and showed an effect on reduction of weight decrease during the storage. In total 8 field tests were performed in 2000–2004 were efficacy, effect on fruit quality and weight decrease during storage was assessed.

scholarly journals Occurrence and distribution of mating types A1 and A2 of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in the Czech Republic

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mazáková ◽  
V. Táborský ◽  
M. Zouhar ◽  
P. Ryšánek ◽  
E. Hausvater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Pcr Markers ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
First Report

A total of 199 <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> isolates were obtained from leaves, tubers and fruits of infected crops of potato and tomato in different regions of the Czech Republic in 2003, 2004 and 2005. They were analysed for mating type using the conventional pairing assay and PCR markers; 107 isolates were of A1 and 92 of A2 mating type. No self-fertile isolate was found. Our study is the first report of the presence and distribution of the A2 mating type of <i>P. infestans</i> in the Czech Republic. The co-existence of the two mating types may enable the pathogen to reproduce sexually, thus enhancing the diversity of its population countrywide.

scholarly journals Influence of Prenatal Methamphetamine Abuse on the Brain

Epigenomes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Anežka Tomášková ◽  
Romana Šlamberová ◽  
Marie Černá
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

Methamphetamine (MA), a psychostimulant, has become a serious problem in recent years. It is one of the most widely abused psychostimulants in the world. In the Czech Republic, ecstasy is the most commonly used non-cannabis drug, followed by hallucinogenic fungi, LSD, MA, cocaine, and finally heroin. The prevalence of the usage of all addictive substances is highest in the age category of 15–34. Approximately 17.2% of registered drug addicts, both male and female, in the Czech Republic use MA as their first-choice drug. This group consists mostly of women who are unemployed and addicted to MA (85%). Almost half of the addicted women switched to MA from other drugs in the course of pregnancy. Psychostimulants such as amphetamine and its synthetic derivate MA induce feelings of calm and happiness by suppressing anxiety and depression. When MA is abused for longer periods, it mimics symptoms of mania and can lead to the development of psychosis. MA is often abused for its anorectic effect, its simple preparation, and compared to heroin and cocaine, its low price. There are significant differences in the susceptibility of users to the stimulant, with reactions to MA fluctuating from person to person. Molecular mechanisms related to the variable response among users might represent an explanation for increased addiction-associated bipolar disorder and psychosis. Currently, there is limited information regarding genetic mechanisms linked to these disorders and the transmission of drug addiction. As such, animal models of drug addiction represent significant sources of information and assets in the research of these issues. The aim of this review is to summarize the mechanism of action of methamphetamine and its effect on pregnant addicted women and their children, including a detailed description of the anatomical structures involved.

scholarly journals Identification of Phytophthora alni subspecies in riparian stands in the Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S3-S10 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Štěpánková ◽  
K. Černý ◽  
V. Strnadová ◽  
P. Hanáček ◽  
M. Tomšovský
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Related Taxon ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Allele Specific Pcr ◽  
Subspecific Level

In the Czech Republic, Phytophthora alni was first confirmed in 2001 and the pathogen has been quickly spreading and occupying almost the whole area of the country. The pathogen attacks Alnus glutinosa or A. incana to a lesser extent and causes considerable losses of alder trees along hundreds of kilometres of riverbanks. The aim of our work was to perform the identification of P. alni isolates at the subspecific level using PCR and to determine the frequencies and distribution of particular subspecies. The allele-specific PCR primers focused on allele diversity of orthologs of ASF-like, TRP1, RAS-Ypt, and GPA1 genes were selected for identification. Eighty-eight per cent of the 59 analysed isolates belonged to P. alni ssp. alni while 12% were P. alni ssp. uniformis. P. alni ssp. multiformis has not been recorded in the country till now. The two subspecies differed in distribution. P. alni ssp. alni dominated in riparian stands along broader rivers in lowlands and the results confirmed the more effective spreading of P. alni ssp. alni based on its higher aggressiveness and ecological advantage. P. alni ssp. uniformis was acquired rather from riparian stands of small watercourses at higher altitudes. The insular distribution of P. alni ssp. uniformis may represent the remains of its former occurrence. Therefore, P. alni ssp. uniformis may be an indigenous subspecies suppressed by the more aggressive related taxon.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Brachyspira spp. from Dogs in the Czech Republic

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Daniel Šperling ◽  
František Čada ◽  
Alois Čížek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Biochemical Activity ◽  
Animal Shelters ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Species Specific

The objectives of this study were to establish the prevalence of intestinal Spirochetes of the genusBrachyspirain Czech dogs and to determine the susceptibility of obtainedB. pilosicoliisolates to selected antibacterial substances. Spirochetes were diagnosed microscopically in 23 out of 1139 samples of dogs’ excrements, primarily intended for a parasitological testing. The cultivation of positive samples provided 10 brachyspira isolates, which were, on the basis of their biochemical activity and the results of the species-specific PCR, identified asB. pilosicoli(9 isolates) andB. hyodysenteriae(1 isolate). These dogs came from households. All the 7 tested isolatesB. pilosicoliwere sensitive to metronidazole and doxycycline, uniformly resistant to erythromycin, partly sensitive to cefazoline, lincomicine and ampicilline except for one isolate ofB. pilosicoli, which was resistant to ampicilline. The second part of study was focused on dogs with diarrhoea that came from animal shelters, where a high prevalence of 58% (10/17) ofB. pilosicoliwas found.

scholarly journals Necessity of Molecular Techniques To Distinguish between Neisseria meningitidis Strains Isolated from Patients with Meningococcal Disease and from Their Healthy Contacts

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2465-2470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Vogel ◽  
Giovanna Morelli ◽  
Kerstin Zurth ◽  
Heike Claus ◽  
Eugen Kriener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Blood Isolate ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
Sequence Types

Serogroup C strains of Neisseria meningitidis were isolated from a Germany patient with severe meningococcal disease after a trip to the Czech Republic. These strains (case isolates) were characterized by classical and molecular techniques, as were other strains (carrier isolates) isolated from healthy contacts. Five of 10 carrier isolates had switched off the expression of capsular polysaccharide, as demonstrated by a serogroup-specific PCR. The two case isolates were indistinguishable by multilocus sequence typing and belonged to the ET-37 complex. The carrier isolates belonged to four different sequence types, all unrelated to that of the case strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that the case isolates differed from reference ET-37 complex strains from the Czech Republic and Canada as well as from all the carrier isolates. The isolate from the patient’s nasopharynx was indistinguishable from the blood isolate except for a 40,000-bp chromosomal deletion that had occurred during systemic spread.

scholarly journals Alleles controlling apple skin colour and incompatibility in new Czech apple varieties with different degrees of resistance against Venturia inaequalis CKE.

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Melounová ◽  
P. Vejl ◽  
P. Sedlák ◽  
J. Blažek ◽  
J. Zoufalá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Vf Gene ◽  
Apple Varieties ◽  
New Findings ◽  
S Alleles ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
S Allele

The skin colour of 21 varieties was assessed on a molecular level. Four varieties had yellow skin colour with the genotype constitution a<sup>1</sup>a<sup>1</sup>, a<sup>1</sup>a<sup>2</sup> or a<sup>2</sup>a<sup>2</sup>. Seventeen varieties had dominant red colour. Homozygous A<sup>1</sup>A<sup>1</sup> constitution was present in 7 varieties, and heterozygous constitution A<sup>1</sup>a<sup>1</sup> or A<sup>1</sup>a<sup>2</sup> was found in the rest of the assessed varieties. The S-alleles controlled the incompatibility system of the pistil. Their detection is possible by means of the PCR method on the basis of allele specific primers. Six S-alleles (S1, S2, S3, S5, S7 and S9) were studied in the same collection of 21&nbsp;diploid Czech varieties. This paper brings new findings on S-allele characterization, because the Czech varieties have not yet been studied on a molecular level. Both types of S-allele were found in 12 varieties. Only one type of S-allele was described in 9 varieties. Simultaneously, the presence of the Vf gene was screened in the collection of 21&nbsp;Czech apple varieties. Ten varieties with a field resistance against the scab had a heterozygous constitution of the Vf gene. All 11 susceptible varieties were recessive homozygous vfvf.

scholarly journals Evaluation of susceptibility level of pear cultivars to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) in the Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Korba ◽  
J. Šillerová ◽  
F. Paprštein ◽  
J. Sedlák ◽  
E. Prokinová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Proof Nets ◽  
Breeding Selection ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Alexander Lucas

Thirty-three pear cultivars and selections of potential interest to pear producers and plant breeders in the Czech Republic were tested for relative field susceptibility to the fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) over five years. Level of fire blight susceptibility was evaluated according to the extent of lesion development on the shoot tips after artificial inoculation in experimental plots under insect proof nets. Old cvs Alexander Lucas (as resistant standard), Conference (as moderately resistant standard) and Beurr&eacute; Bosc (as susceptible standard) were included in the tests. The 33 pear cultivars and selections were tested, only one of them was highly resistant (3.0%), 3.0% were evaluated as resistant, 12.1% moderately resistant, 36.4% moderately susceptible, 18.2% susceptible and 27.3% highly susceptible. Breeding selection US 625-63-10 was the only highly resistant pear genotype (necrosis of shoots of 0&ndash;7.0%). Resistant genotype group (necrosis 7.1&ndash;13.0%) comprised US 625-63-4. Moderately resistant genotypes (necrosis 13.1&ndash;25.0%) included cvs Alexander Lucas, Alfa, Bohemica and HL 31-50-31. Highly susceptible genotypes (necrosis more than 80.1%) included cvs Vonka, Karina, Bona, Decora, Elektra, Milka, Regina, Alice and TE 4763. The remaining genotypes were moderately susceptible (necrosis 26.1&ndash;60.0%) and susceptible (necrosis 60.1&ndash;80.0%). &nbsp; &nbsp;

scholarly journals PCR markers of apple resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis CKE.) controlled by Vf gene in Czech apple breeding

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vejl ◽  
S. Skupinová ◽  
J. Blažek ◽  
P. Sedlák ◽  
M. Bardová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Pcr Markers ◽  
Vf Gene ◽  
Apple Breeding

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