scholarly journals A binary solvent for the simultaneous Calophyllum oil-resin extraction and purification

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Ika Amalia Kartika ◽  
Oky Tresia Ordian Bernia ◽  
Illah Sailah ◽  
Tirto Prakoso ◽  
Yohanes Aris Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Efficient Energy ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Extraction And Purification

Sustainable biodiesel production can be realised by the use of a low-cost feedstock, efficient energy and renewable raw materials. The simultaneous Calophyllum oil-resin extraction and its purification using a binary solvent (n-hexane mixed with alcohol) were examined to meet those aspects. The extraction conditions effect was investigated to determine the optimal oil yield and quality. n-Hexane mixed with alcohol was extracted and purified effectively the oil from Calophyllum seeds. The oil yield and its quality were mainly affected by the n-hexane-to-alcohol ratio. The oil yield enhanced as the n-hexane-to-alcohol ratio enlarged from 1:1 to 2.5:1. The acid value and density of the oil improved as the n-hexane-to-alcohol ratio declined from 2.5:1 to 1:1. The n-Hexane-to-alcohol ratio of 2.5:1 provided the best yield (59%) of the oil extracted at 40°C for 5 hours. The oil presented its best quality at 0.893 g·cm<sup>–3</sup> of density, 41.0 mPa·s of viscosity, 8.8 mg KOH·g<sup>–1</sup> of the acid value, 88.3 g per 100 g of the iodine value, &lt; 1% of moisture content and &lt; 0.04% of ash content. The oil also had an inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

scholarly journals A Review of Carbon Dots Produced from Biomass Wastes

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2316
Author(s):  
Chao Kang ◽  
Ying Huang ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Xiu Fang Yan ◽  
Zeng Ping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Low Cytotoxicity ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

The fluorescent carbon dot is a novel type of carbon nanomaterial. In comparison with semiconductor quantum dots and fluorescence organic agents, it possesses significant advantages such as excellent photostability and biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity and easy surface functionalization, which endow it a wide application prospect in fields of bioimaging, chemical sensing, environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis and photocatalysis as well. Biomass waste is a good choice for the production of carbon dots owing to its abundance, wide availability, eco-friendly nature and a source of low cost renewable raw materials such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, carbohydrates and proteins, etc. This paper reviews the main sources of biomass waste, the feasibility and superiority of adopting biomass waste as a carbon source for the synthesis of carbon dots, the synthetic approaches of carbon dots from biomass waste and their applications. The advantages and deficiencies of carbon dots from biomass waste and the major influencing factors on their photoluminescence characteristics are summarized and discussed. The challenges and perspectives in the synthesis of carbon dots from biomass wastes are also briefly outlined.

scholarly journals Chemical and Biological Investigation of Organic Wastes of Frying Oils and Beef Fats: Valorization for Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Souissi ◽  
Meha Alouini ◽  
Wissem Mnif
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biological Investigation ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Enzymatic Transesterification ◽  
Different Sources

The present study investigates the different approaches of biodiesel production by exploiting low cost feedstocks such as organic wastes of frying oils (WFO) and wastes of beef fats (WBF). The aim was to compare not only two different sources of waste raw materials but also different approaches of biodiesel production. Biodiesel which refers to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was produced by both chemical and enzymatic transesterification. The characterization of the biodiesel produced by both approaches was performed according to the European standard EN 14214. The results showed that the biological method gave a richer FAME biodiesel through the catalysis of whole-cell lipase. However, for the chemical method, better biodiesel physicochemical properties were observed for the two raw materials. Therefore, it would be interesting to compromise by optimizing the biological biodiesel production approach in order to obtain a better quality in coherence with EN 14214 requirements.

scholarly journals Effect of Potash addition on groundnut oil yield and quality of kulikuli (fried groundnut cake)

Agrosearch ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
M.A. Balogun ◽  
O.R. Karim ◽  
O.A. Akintayo ◽  
A.T. Oyeyinka ◽  
F.L. Kolawole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Information ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Groundnut Oil ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Fried groundnut cake, popularly called kulikuli, is obtained by frying the cake obtained from groundnut oil extraction. Addition of potash during defatting of groundnut is believed to increase oil yield and improve kulikuli quality, but there is little or no scientific information explaining this. This study investigated the yield, physical and chemical properties of oil extracted from groundnut with the addition of potash at 0.16, 0.32, 0.48 and 0.64%. The proximate and sensory attributes of the kulikuli produced were also determined. Groundnut yield increased from 14% to 27% with increasing addition of potash, presumably due to the emulsifying properties of potash. Potash addition significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the refractive indices, percentage impurity and colour of the oil samples. Oil extracted without potash had the lowest iodine value (85.12 mg/100 g), saponification value (202.2 mg KOH/g), acid value (6.46 mgKOH/g) and peroxide value (5.66 meq/Kg). The kulikuli had moisture in the range of 1.45 - 3.00%; carbohydrate, 20.6 - 40.4%; protein, 30.5 - 40.8%; ash, 4.45 - 5.05%; and fat, 23.5 - 30.6%. Kulikuli sample without potash was the most preferred based on taste and aroma while sample with 0.64% potash was the most preferred based on crunchiness, colour, breakability and overall acceptability. The study confirmed the hypothesis that potash addition during extraction of oil and production of kulikuli increases oil yield and some of the quality attributes of the kulikuli. Keywords: Groundnut, potash, oil yield, kulikuli, quality attributes

scholarly journals A Green and Simple Protocol for Extraction and Application of a Peroxidase-Rich Enzymatic Extract

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Gonçalo P. Rosa ◽  
Maria do Carmo Barreto ◽  
Diana C. G. A. Pinto ◽  
Ana M. L. Seca
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Enzymatic Extract ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Social Expectation ◽  
Simple Protocol ◽  
Working Parameters

Recently there is a great social expectation that scientists should produce more sustainable and environmentally friendly chemical processes. Within this necessity, biocatalysis presents many attractive features because reactions are often performed in water, under mild conditions, the catalyst is biodegradable and can be obtained from renewable raw materials. In this work, we propose a simple, rapid and low-cost method for the preparation and application of an enzymatic extract from turnip root. The protocol described includes (1) the preparation of the enzymatic extract, (2) the procedure for the assessment of the more favorable working parameters (temperature, pH) and (3) the methodology for the application of the extract as the catalyst for biotransformation reactions. We anticipate that the protocol in this research will provide a simple way for obtaining an enzymatic extract which can operate efficiently under mild conditions and can effectively catalyze the biotransformation of simple phenols.

Low-cost biodiesel production using waste oil and catalyst

2020 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2093517
Author(s):  
Raheleh Talavari ◽  
Shokoufe Hosseini ◽  
GR Moradi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
X Ray

With the production of renewable biofuels, concerns about the end of fossil fuels have been partially eliminated. On the other hand, the utilization of low-cost and waste materials to provide the raw essential substances to manufacture these fuels is of paramount importance. Biodiesel is one of these fuels and the required raw materials for the reaction are oil (triglycerides), alcohol and catalyst. In this work, travertine stone powder (as waste in the manufacture of building materials) was used as a catalyst and waste frying oil as a source of triglyceride for biodiesel production. Using thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction analysis, optimum temperature for catalyst calcination was selected at 900°C. Furthermore, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed. Using the design of experiments Response Surface Methodology, the optimum reaction conditions for biodiesel production yield of 97.74% were: reaction temperature 59.52°C (~60°C), time 3.8 h (228 min), catalyst concentration 1.36 wt.% and the methanol to oil molar ratio of 11:6. After reusing four times, the catalyst efficiency was reduced a little, and the biodiesel yield was 89.84%, indicating high strength and stability of the catalyst.

Study on Synthesis and Paper-Plastic Composite Property of Maleic Rosin Modified Acrylic Resin

2010 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 462-465
Author(s):  
Jin Yan ◽  
Guang Xue Chen ◽  
Shuang Shuang Wen ◽  
Xiao Meng Cui ◽  
Zhen Cai Qu
Keyword(s):  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Peel Strength ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Adsorption Effect ◽  
Plastic Composite ◽  
Rosin Ester

In this paper, allyl maleated rosin ester was synthesized by the esterification of maleic rosin and allyl alcohol with catalyst. And then a new waterborne paper-plastic composite adhesive was prepared through the semi-continuous emulsion polymerization method with allyl maleated rosin ester, butyl acrylate, vinyl acetate and acrylic acid as raw materials. The product of esterification was analyzed by IR spectra, and its acid value was determined too. Polymer was analyzed by DSC and IR spectra and its T-style peel strength was determined. The adsorption effect of adhesives to ink was also tested. The results showed that this paper-plastic composite adhesive had good adhesive properties: excellent compatibility with the ink, longer stability period, and low cost.

scholarly journals Characterization of Biodiesel from Alkaline Refinement of Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Aliru Olajide Mustapha ◽  
Amina Abiola Adebisi ◽  
Bukola Opeyemi Olanipekun
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
American Standard

The waste cooking oil (WCO) is a low cost and prospective feedstock with no competitive food uses for biodiesel production, but the yield and quality have been greatly affected by impurities.  This study examined the chemical and fuel quality of biodiesel of both WCO and alkaline treated WCO.  The transesterification process using the alkaline treated cooking oil (ACO) methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst followed the Association of Officials of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) techniques. The pH values between 7.27 and 8.65 were found for alkaline treated cooking methyl ester (ACME), alkaline treated cooking oil (ACO) and WCO. Density of ACME, ACO and WCO varied between 0.89 and 0.93 (g/cm3). The fatty acids found were benzoic acid (3.77%), octanoic acid (8.35%), and palmitic acid (75.02%) – most abundant. Comparison of results with the American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) values showed quality enhancements of ACO in physicochemical and fuel properties over WCO. The biodiesels from ACO have enhanced emulsification, fuel and free fatty acids qualities over the WCO, showing the refinement methodology of WCO has overall improvement in the biodiesel purity and quality against the previous conflicting reports.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE USE OF GLYCERIN AND SODIUM SILICATE IN WATER-BASED DRILLING FLUID

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Francisco de A. Ribeiro Filho ◽  
Fernando B. Mainier ◽  
Luciane P. Costa Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Better Than

Glycerin is a by-product of the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil to produce biodiesel. Glycerin production has increased as the number of biodiesel industries has grown. With features such as water solubility, low cost, and non-toxicity, it is a good substance for water-based drilling fluid formulations with less environmental contamination. The experiments were conducted using a drilling fluid commonly used in Brazil and were compared with glycerin additions at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20% by volume. Considering that as a result of the raw materials used, the biodiesel production routes produce a contaminated glycerin, it was decided to use a bi-distilled glycerin. In addition, sodium silicate, which uses industrial water or seawater, was added as a corrosion inhibitor due to its good performance and environmental non-toxicity. The sodium silicate was effective in combating corrosion without interfering with the fluid properties. The values of plastic viscosity, yield point, L3 (reading 3 rpm), and gel strength, mostly presented results equal to or better than the original formulation of the fluid used as a comparison.

scholarly journals Utilization of Waste Grooved Razor Shell (GRS) as a Catalyst in Biodiesel Production from Refined and Waste Cooking Oils

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdellah Aitlaalim ◽  
Fatiha Ouanji ◽  
Abdellah Benzaouak ◽  
Mohammed El Mahi ◽  
El Mostapha Lotfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Cooking Oils

Biodiesel is a potential alternative for fossil fuel. However, its large-scale application is held up by the disadvantage of a homogenous process, the scarce availability of raw materials and the production cost, which is higher than for fossil diesel. In this work, biodiesel production was carried out using both refined and used cooking oils. The process was investigated in a batch reactor, in the presence of CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst prepared by the calcination of the natural Waste Grooved Razor Shell (GRS). Characterizations by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravimetric (TG)/Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) showed that the as-received GRS consists of aragonite, (i.e., CaCO3) as the main component and of water and organic matter in a lower amount. After calcination at 900 °C, CaO was formed as the only crystalline phase. The effects of several experimental parameters in the transesterification reactions were studied, and their impact on the produced biodiesel properties was investigated. The studied variables were the methanol/oil molar ratio, the catalyst weight percentage (with respect to the oil mass), the calcination temperature of the parent GRS and the recycling and regeneration of the catalyst. The physico-chemical and fuel properties, i.e., viscosity, density and acid value of used oils and of the produced biodiesel, were determined by conventional methods (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods) and compared with the European standards of biodiesel. The optimal identified conditions were the following: the use of a 15:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 5 wt% of CaO with respect to the oil mass. After 3 h of reaction at 65 °C, the biodiesel yield was equal to 94% and 99% starting from waste and refined oils, respectively.

scholarly journals ASPECTS OF ESTERIFICATION PROCESS OF GLYCEROL-CONTAINING WASTE FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FOR OBTAINING OF PLASTICIZING COMPOSITIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Safronov ◽  
E. L. Krasnykh ◽  
S. V. Levanova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Phthalate Plasticizer ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Reaction Orders ◽  
Kinetics Of

Kinetics of catalytic esterification of glycerol with butanoic acid on model systems was studied. Reaction orders for the reactants (butanoic acid and glycerol) were determined. They are close to 1.It was shown that the reaction order with respect to the catalyst - orthophosphoric acid - in regions where its concentration is above 0.1 mol/l is equal to zero. The estimated value of activation energy is 51.9± 8.0 kJ/mol. The results of the experiment can be used to create an industrial technological process for the synthesis of glycerol tributyrate. This compound can be used as an alternative non-phthalate plasticizer for articles made of PVC. The obtained kinetic model was validated on glycerol-containing waste of the biodiesel synthesis from renewable raw materials. The recycling of the by-product in the biofuel production with obtaining plasticizing compositions for the polymer industry can be developed on the basis of the studies.

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