scholarly journals   The impact of post-anthesis nitrogen and water availability on yield formation of winter wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Madani ◽  
A.H. Makarem ◽  
F. Vazin ◽  
M. Joudi
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Plant Respiration ◽  
The Impact

The effects of irrigation regimes (full irrigation and water-withholding at anthesis) and post-anthesis nitrogen supplies (LN: 0, MN: 20 and HN: 40 kg N/ha) on grain yield and its components in winter wheat were studied, with attention to biomass gain by assimilation and its loss by respiration. Fully-irrigated wheat responded to N fertilization with increased grain number (GN) and decreased grain weight (GW) and achieved similar grain yields (5.2 to 5.5 t/ha) at different N supplies. However, drought-stressed wheat responded to N with higher GN without significant changes in GW, and achieved higher grain yields (2.7 vs. 3.3 t/ha) with HN compared to LN. Net assimilation rates during grain filling (NARg) increased with increasing post-anthesis N fertilization for drought-stressed wheat (NARg: 3.8 and 4.5 g/m/day for LN and HN). Apparent whole-plant respiration (R<sub>A</sub>) was not influenced by increased post-anthesis N fertilizer. Thus, in drought-stressed wheat, the total biomass and straw yield at maturity were increased by increasing N supply. These results suggest that high N supply at anthesis satisfied the grains&rsquo; increased demand for N by increasing post-floral assimilation, and the surplus assimilates not only compensated for the low-N-induced biomass loss by respiration but may also have increased the

Estimating Yield Losses Due to Barley Yellow Dwarf on Winter Wheat in Kansas Using Disease Phenotypic Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genna M. Gaunce ◽  
William W. Bockus
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Impact

Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the most important wheat diseases in the state of Kansas. Despite the development of cultivars with improved resistance to BYD, little is known about the impact that this resistance has on yield loss from the disease. The intent of this research was to estimate yield loss in winter wheat cultivars in Kansas due to BYD and quantify the reduction in losses associated with resistant cultivars. During seven years, BYD incidence was visually assessed on numerous winter wheat cultivars in replicated field nurseries. When grain yields were regressed against BYD incidence scores, negative linear relationships significantly fit the data for each year and for the combined dataset covering all seven years. The models showed that, depending upon the year, 19–48% (average 33%) of the relative yields was explained by BYD incidence. For the combined dataset, 29% of the relative yield was explained by BYD incidence. The models indicated that cultivars showing the highest disease incidence that year had 25–86% (average 49%) lower yield than a hypothetical cultivar that showed zero incidence. Using the models, the moderate level of resistance in the cultivar Everest was calculated to reduce yield loss from BYD by about 73%. Therefore, utilizing visual BYD symptom evaluations in Kansas coupled with grain yields is useful to estimate yield loss from the disease. Accepted for publication 1 December 2014. Published 9 January 2015.

scholarly journals Variation of 13C and 15N enrichments in different plant components of labeled winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7738
Author(s):  
Zhaoan Sun ◽  
Shuxia Wu ◽  
Biao Zhu ◽  
Yiwen Zhang ◽  
Roland Bol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Filling Stage ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Information on the homogeneity and distribution of 13carbon (13C) and nitrogen (15N) labeling in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is limited. We conducted a dual labeling experiment to evaluate the variability of 13C and 15N enrichment in aboveground parts of labeled winter wheat plants. Labeling with 13C and 15N was performed on non-nitrogen fertilized (−N) and nitrogen fertilized (+N, 250 kg N ha−1) plants at the elongation and grain filling stages. Aboveground parts of wheat were destructively sampled at 28 days after labeling. As winter wheat growth progressed, δ13C values of wheat ears increased significantly, whereas those of leaves and stems decreased significantly. At the elongation stage, N addition tended to reduce the aboveground δ13C values through dilution of C uptake. At the two stages, upper (newly developed) leaves were more highly enriched with 13C compared with that of lower (aged) leaves. Variability between individual wheat plants and among pots at the grain filling stage was smaller than that at the elongation stage, especially for the −N treatment. Compared with those of 13C labeling, differences in 15N excess between aboveground components (leaves and stems) under 15N labeling conditions were much smaller. We conclude that non-N fertilization and labeling at the grain filling stage may produce more uniformly 13C-labeled wheat materials, whereas the materials were more highly 13C-enriched at the elongation stage, although the δ13C values were more variable. The 15N-enriched straw tissues via urea fertilization were more uniformly labeled at the grain filling stage compared with that at the elongation stage.

scholarly journals Improved cyber-physical system captured post-flowering high night temperature impact on yield and quality of field grown wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Hein ◽  
Raju Bheemanahalli ◽  
Dan Wagner ◽  
Amaranatha R. Vennapusa ◽  
Carlos Bustamante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Differential Rate ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is essential to maintain food security for a large proportion of the world’s population. With increased risk from abiotic stresses due to climate variability, it is imperative to understand and minimize the negative impact of these stressors, including high night temperature (HNT). Both globally and at regional scales, a differential rate of increase in day and night temperature is observed, wherein night temperatures are increasing at a higher pace and the trend is projected to continue into the future. Previous studies using controlled environment facilities and small field-based removable chambers have shown that post-anthesis HNT stress can induce a significant reduction in wheat grain yield. A prototype was previously developed by utilizing field-based tents allowing for simultaneous phenotyping of popular winter wheat varieties from US Midwest and advanced breeding lines. Hence, the objectives of the study were to (i) design and build a new field-based infrastructure and test and validate the uniformity of HNT stress application on a scaled-up version of the prototype (ii) improve and develop a more sophisticated cyber-physical system to sense and impose post-anthesis HNT stress uniformly through physiological maturity within the scaled-up tents; and (iii) determine the impact of HNT stress during grain filling on the agronomic and grain quality parameters including starch and protein concentration. The system imposed a consistent post-anthesis HNT stress of + 3.8 °C until maturity and maintained uniform distribution of stress which was confirmed by (i) 0.23 °C temperature differential between an array of sensors within the tents and (ii) statistically similar performance of a common check replicated multiple times in each tent. On average, a reduction in grain-filling duration by 3.33 days, kernel weight by 1.25% per °C, grain number by 2.36% per °C and yield by 3.58% per °C increase in night temperature was documented. HNT stress induced a significant reduction in starch concentration indicating disturbed carbon balance. The pilot field-based facility integrated with a robust cyber-physical system provides a timely breakthrough for evaluating HNT stress impact on large diversity panels to enhance HNT stress tolerance across field crops. The flexibility of the cyber-physical system and movement capabilities of the field-based infrastructure allows this methodology to be adaptable to different crops.

Effects of variable nitrogen fertilization on growth, gas exchange, and biomass partitioning in black spruce and tamarack seedlings

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1574-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Anisul Islam ◽  
S. Ellen Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Net Assimilation

To compare the ability of black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and tamarack ( Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) to adjust to variable edaphic conditions, as found in natural peatlands, we varied N fertilization of seedlings in a growth chamber experiment over two growing seasons and examined growth, biomass partitioning, and gas exchange. Seedlings from both species received either high N (100 µg·L–1) or low N (10 µg·L–1) in consecutive growing seasons as follows: (i) low N and low N (LL), (ii) low N and high-N (LH), (iii) high N and low N (HL), and (iv) high N and high N (HH). Both species had greater shoot and total dry weight after 1 year in the high-N treatment as compared with seedlings grown for 1 year under low-N. For tamarack, these differences were larger and they also exhibited a positive effect of fertilization on net assimilation and water use efficiency. Only black spruce exhibited a positive growth response following the move to higher N fertilization in the second year (LL versus LH), whereas only tamarack exhibited a negative growth response following the move to lower N fertilization (HH versus HL). Still, tamarack had greater total biomass at the end of 2 years than did black spruce, irrespective of fertilizer treatment. Both species had greater total biomass in the HL treatment than in the LH treatment. Tamarack seems able to take advantage of favorable nutrient conditions, but it also experiences more dramatic growth declines under poor or deteriorating conditions. While black spruce grows more slowly than tamarack, it is somewhat buffered from declines in growth under poor or deteriorating conditions. Each species appears to be adapted in its own way to the edaphic heterogeneity that exists in natural boreal peatlands.

scholarly journals The Impact of Global Warming on the Winter Wheat Production of China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1845
Author(s):  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Xiaolei Qiu ◽  
Tingwei Yin ◽  
Zhiyi Liao ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Northern Winter ◽  
The Impact

The impact of global warming on crop growth periods and yields has been evaluated by using crop models, which need to provide various kinds of input datasets and estimate numerous parameters before simulation. Direct studies on the changes of climatic factors on the observed crop growth and yield could provide a more simple and intuitive way for assessing the impact of climate change on crop production. In this study, four cultivars which were planted over more than 15 years in eight test stations in the Northern Winter Wheat Region of China were selected to investigate the relationships between growth periods, grain yields, yield components and temperatures. It was found that average temperatures and heat degree-days (HDD) during the winter wheat growing seasons tended to increase over time series at most study sites. The length of growth period and growing degree days (GDD) were not fixed for a given cultivar among different years and locations, and the variation on the periods from sowing to jointing was relatively greater than in the other periods. The increasing temperature mainly shortened the periods from sowing to jointing and jointing to anthesis, which led to the decrease in entire growth periods. Positive relationships between spike number, grain number per spike, grain yields and average temperatures were identified in the Northern Winter Wheat Region of China. The grain yield in the study area increased by 406.3 kg ha−1 for each 1 °C increase in average temperature. Further, although the positive relationship between grain yield and HDD was found in our study, the heat stress did not lead to the wheat yield decline in the study region. Temperature is a major determinant of wheat growth and development, the average temperature and the frequency of heat stresses are projected to increase in the future, so understanding the effect of temperature on wheat production and adopting appropriate adaptation are required for the implementation of food security policies.

scholarly journals Impact of Nitrogen and Sulfur Supply on the Potential of Acrylamide Formation in Organically and Conventionally Grown Winter Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Falko Stockmann ◽  
Ernst Albrecht Weber ◽  
Pat Schreiter ◽  
Nikolaus Merkt ◽  
Wilhelm Claupein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Baking Quality ◽  
N Supply

In a two-year field trial, the effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization was investigated on grain yield, grain quality parameters, formation of acrylamide (AA), and the precursor free asparagine (Asn) in organically and conventionally produced winter wheat cultivars. In both production systems, different types, amounts, and temporal distributions of N were tested. The the effect of S fertilizer types and amounts on free Asn was only tested in the conventional farming system. Within both cropping systems, grain yield and baking quality were significantly influenced by N treatment while the effect on free Asn was only minor. Especially within the organic farming system, increasing N fertilization levels did not increase free Asn significantly. A slight trend of increasing free Asn levels with an intensified N supply was observed, especially in the presence of crude protein contents of 14% or higher. However, only N amounts of 180 kg N ha−1 or higher increased the probability of high free Asn contents considerably, while N supply below that amount led to free Asn values similar to the unfertilized controls. The results indicated that good baking quality can be achieved without significantly increasing free Asn levels. In addition, cultivars affected the levels of free Asn significantly. Compared to cv. Bussard and Naturastar, cv. Capo exhibited the lowest AA formation potential at an N supply of 180 kg N ha−1 while simultaneously reaching a crude protein content > 15% (conventional) and > 12% (organic). Thus, it seems that cultivars differ in their ability to store and incorporate free Asn into proteins. Over all trials, a relation of free Asn and AA was shown by R2 = 0.77, while a relation of free Asn and protein was only R2 = 0.36. Thus, lowering free Asn by adjusting N treatments should not necessarily affect baking quality. S fertilization within conventional farming did not change the free Asn amount or crude protein significantly, probably due to the fact that soil was not sulfate-deficient. In summary, it was evident that free Asn amounts in wheat varied widely both within cultivars and between cropping systems. In order to clearly unravel genotypic differences and their interaction with environmental factors and especially N fertilization, further research is needed.

Effects of differences in date of ear emergence and height on yield of winter wheat

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Innes ◽  
J. Hoogendoorn ◽  
R. D. Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Dwarfing Gene ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Plant Breeding Institute ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Crop Research ◽  
Winter Wheat Varieties

SUMMARYEarly and late, and short and tall lines were selected from a cross between the winter wheat varieties Norman and Talent. All short selections carried the Rht2 dwarfing gene while the tall ones did not. The selections were compared in field experiments at the Plant Breeding Institute in Trumpington and at The Murrays Experimental Farm of the Scottish Crop Research Institute near Pathhead. In one of the experiments at Trumpington the plots were automatically sheltered from rain and the effects of withholding water before anthesis and withholding water during grain filling were studied.In all trials the early selections gave grain yields equal to or greater than the late selections. There were no differences in number of ears/m2 or in number of grains per ear between the early and the late selections. Mean weight per grain of the early selections was greater than that of the late selections.The short selections gave grain yields equal to or greater than the tall selections, except when water was withheld during grain filling in the sheltered experiment. There were no differences in number of ears/m2 between the short and the tall selections. The number of grains per ear was greater and mean weight per grain was less for the short selections than for the tall selections.It is concluded that for general fitness to U.K. conditions, new varieties should be semi-dwarf, but earlier than current varieties.

scholarly journals The effect of soil and weather conditions on yields of winter wheat in multi-environmental trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzena Iwańska ◽  
Michał Stępień
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
The Impact

SummaryDrought reduces crop yields not only in areas of arid climate. The impact of droughts depends on the crop growth stage and soil properties. The frequency of droughts will increase due to climate change. It is important to determine the environmental variables that have the strongest effect on wheat yields in dry years. The effect of soil and weather on wheat yield was evaluated in 2018, which was considered a very dry year in Europe. The winter wheat yield data from 19 trial locations of the Research Center of Cultivar Testing (COBORU), Poland, were used. Soil data from the trial locations, mean air temperature (T) and precipitation (P) were considered as environmental factors, as well as the climatic water balance (CWB). The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC), which is based on P and T, was also used. The effect of these factors on winter wheat yield was related to the weather conditions at particular growth stages. The soil had a greater effect than the weather conditions. CWB, P, T and HTC showed a clear relationship with winter wheat yield. Soil data and HTC are the factors most recommended for models predicting crop yields. In the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes, the plants should be subjected to stress especially during the heading and grain filling growth stages.

Nitrogen Stress of Winter Wheat Changed the Determinants of Yield and the Distribution of Nitrogen and Total Dry Matter During Grain Filling

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Blacklow ◽  
LD Incoll
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Days After Anthesis

The yields of grain dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) of winter wheat (cv. Maris Huntsman) were decreased by 26% and 45% when no fertilizer-N was applied in the spring. Fewer ears per m� and less mass of N per grain were the major reasons for the decreased yields. The low-N treatment decreased the rate and duration of grain filling for N but not for DM. Net assimilation of DM and N by the shoots of the low-N crop ceased at 35 and 28 days after anthesis but both continued, at a declining rate, through to maturity for the high-N crop; rates of grain-filling of DM and N were sustained at a constant rate for 2 weeks more as vegetative DM and N were redistributed. From 28 days to maturity the potential contribution to grain yield of DM and N from mobilized sources was estimated at 65% for both for the high-N crop, and 96% and 87%, respectively, for the low-N crop.

scholarly journals Impact of Weather Conditions and Farming Systems on Size Distribution of Starch Granules and Flour Yield of Winter Wheat

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Keres ◽  
Alaru ◽  
Talgre ◽  
Luik ◽  
Eremeev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Grain Starch ◽  
Flour Yield ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
The Impact

The size distribution of wheat-grain starch granules has an impact on the yield of fine flour. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of conventional (mineral fertilizers, pesticides) and organic farming treatments (cover crops, composted cattle manure) on (i) the size distribution of starch granules, (ii) the level of the first break whole and fine flour yield. The grain samples of winter wheat cv Fredis were taken from a long-term field crop rotation experiment established in 2008 at the Estonian University of Life Sciences in Tartu County (58°22′ N, 26°40′ E) on Stagnic Luvisol soil. The weather conditions during the grain filling period of winter wheat had a strong impact (p < 0.001) on the grain starch granule size distribution. The proportion of starch granules with a smaller diameter (C-type granules) was higher in years with a longer grain filling period. The size distribution of starch granules was not influenced by farming system. The increased proportion of C-type granules increased the fine flour yield significantly. Fertilisation with organic manure and twice with mineral nitrogen increased significantly the mean diameter value of different starch granules.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document