Effects of variable nitrogen fertilization on growth, gas exchange, and biomass partitioning in black spruce and tamarack seedlings

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (12) ◽  
pp. 1574-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Anisul Islam ◽  
S. Ellen Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Net Assimilation

To compare the ability of black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and tamarack ( Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) to adjust to variable edaphic conditions, as found in natural peatlands, we varied N fertilization of seedlings in a growth chamber experiment over two growing seasons and examined growth, biomass partitioning, and gas exchange. Seedlings from both species received either high N (100 µg·L–1) or low N (10 µg·L–1) in consecutive growing seasons as follows: (i) low N and low N (LL), (ii) low N and high-N (LH), (iii) high N and low N (HL), and (iv) high N and high N (HH). Both species had greater shoot and total dry weight after 1 year in the high-N treatment as compared with seedlings grown for 1 year under low-N. For tamarack, these differences were larger and they also exhibited a positive effect of fertilization on net assimilation and water use efficiency. Only black spruce exhibited a positive growth response following the move to higher N fertilization in the second year (LL versus LH), whereas only tamarack exhibited a negative growth response following the move to lower N fertilization (HH versus HL). Still, tamarack had greater total biomass at the end of 2 years than did black spruce, irrespective of fertilizer treatment. Both species had greater total biomass in the HL treatment than in the LH treatment. Tamarack seems able to take advantage of favorable nutrient conditions, but it also experiences more dramatic growth declines under poor or deteriorating conditions. While black spruce grows more slowly than tamarack, it is somewhat buffered from declines in growth under poor or deteriorating conditions. Each species appears to be adapted in its own way to the edaphic heterogeneity that exists in natural boreal peatlands.

Natural variation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for root traitsand biomass partitioning under drought

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvaze A. Sofi ◽  
Iram Saba
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

The present study was undertaken to assess the response of common bean under drought in respect of root traits and biomass partitioning in fifteen common bean genotypes. The basal root whorl number and the number of basal roots was highest in case of WB-185 and lowest in case of SR-1, whereas, the basal root growth angle was highest in case of WB-258 and lowest in case of WB-249. Rooting depth measured as the length of longest root harvested was highest in case of WB-6 (66.2) while as lowest value was recorded for WB-112 (20.4). Dry root weight was highest in case of WB-216 (0.45) and lowest value was recorded for WB-341 (0.22). Similarly leaf biomass was highest in case of WB-6 (0.58) followed by WB-216 (0.58) and the lowest value recorded for WB-1186 (0.12). Shoot dry weight was highest for WB-6 (0.55) followed by WB-216 (0.44) and the lowest value recorded for WB-1186 (0.118). Pod dry weight was highest for WB-489 (2.28) followed by WB-216 (2.19) and the lowest value recorded for WB-83 (0.68).489. Root biomass proportion was highest for WB-195 (18.34) and lowest for WB-489 (10.00). Similarly leaf biomass to total biomass was highest in case of WB-83 (23.19) whereas lowest value was recorded for WB-1186 (7.60). Highest stem biomass proportion was recorded for Arka Anoop (19.19) and the lowest value was recorded for WB-1186 (7.591). Biomass allocation to pods was highest in case of WB-489 (69.92) followed by WB-1186 (68.69) whereas lowest value was recorded for WB-83 (45.40).

scholarly journals 918 PB 194 EFFECT OF FLORICANE NUMBER AND PRIMOCANE PRUNING ON PRIMOCANE GROWTH IN `MARION' BLACKBERRY

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 565f-565
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Cortell ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Set Up

Treatments consisting of 0, 4, 8, or 12 floricanes were established in March 1993. An additional treatment was set up with zero floricanes and early primocane pruning. Starting in April and continuing through early November, weekly primocane measurements were taken including: number of nodes, number of primocanes, number of branch canes, length of primocanes, and length of branch canes. Additional plants in each treatment were harvested in August to assess total biomass partitioning. The zero floricane treatment had a significant increase in the number and length of both primocanes and branches. Primocanes grown without competition from floricanes had a 65 % increase in primocane dry weight. Primocane pruning resulted in significantly shorter internodes, an increase in branch dry weight, and a decrease in total length of the primocanes. The increase in total primocane biomass with removal of the floricanes should contribute to higher yields the following season.

Growth and ecophysiological responses of black spruce seedlings to elevated CO2 under varied water and nutrient additions

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt H. Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Nutrient Additions ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Ecophysiological Responses

Two controlled-environment studies examined growth and ecophysiological responses of black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings to elevated CO2 under varied water and nutrient additions. Growth analyses were conducted followed by measurements of gas exchange, xylem pressure potential and foliar N concentrations. Growth under elevated CO2 (700 ppm) increased final seedling dry weights by 20–48% compared with seedling growth under ambient CO2 (350 ppm). Percent increases in seedling dry weight were greater under drought versus well-watered conditions and higher versus lower nutrient additions. Seedlings grown under elevated CO2 displayed higher water use efficiency than seedlings grown under ambient CO2. This was apparent based upon instantaneous gas exchange as well as xylem potential pressure measurements. Elevated CO2-induced stimulation of relative growth rate was greatest shortly after seedling emergence and decreased with increased seedling size. Acclimation of net photosynthesis was observed and was reversible. Analyses using allometric principles indicate net photosynthetic acclimation resulted from: (i) growth-induced nutrient dilution; (ii) a decrease in foliar N levels not owing to dilution; and (iii) a decrease in net photosynthetic activity.

scholarly journals Five-Year Performance of Three Conifer Stock Types on Fine Sandy Loam Soils Treated With Hexazinone

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Pitt ◽  
C. Stern Krishka ◽  
F. W. Bell ◽  
A. Lehela
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Thunder Bay ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Herbaceous Weed Control

Abstract In May 1987, hexazinone (Velpar® L) was applied by helicopter at 0, 1, 2, and 4 kg active ingredient (a.i.) in 45 L of total solution per ha to a sandy loam site approximately 74 km northwest of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Container (FH408 paper pot)jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and container (FH408 paper pot) and bareroot (1½ + 1½) black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were hot-planted 1 month and deferred-planted 12 months after herbicide application. Survival, height, and diameter growth were monitored annually, through the fall of 1991. Jack pine container stock planted 1 month after hexazinone treatment at 2 and 4 kg a.i./ha suffered 12% greater mortality than trees planted 1 yr later. However, the benefits of early establishment and herbaceous weed control offset these early losses and hot-planted areas supported equal volumes at age 4, and 2.3-fold more volume per ha than deferred-planted areas 5 growing seasons after herbicide treatment. Black spruce container and bareroot stock exhibited high tolerance to hexazinone throughout the range of rates tested. Overall, a 1 yr delay in planting resulted in stem and stand volumes that were less than half of those observed in hot-planted areas. Growth response was positively related to the level of herbaceous weed control achieved, with 4 kg treated areas supporting volumes 2- to 4-fold greater than those on untreated areas. The data illustrate significant growth advantages associated with early crop establishment and herbaceous weed control. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):72-81.

scholarly journals Growth Response and Production of Soybean (Glyicine max (L.) on Application of Phosphorous Fertilizer and Rhizobium Inoculation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294
Author(s):  
Dedy Susanto Manurung ◽  
Yaya Hasanah ◽  
Rosita Sipayung
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Rhizobium Inoculation ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Phosphorous Fertilizer ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

Increased soybean production both from quantity and quality continues to be pursued with extensification and intensification. During this time, fertilization is one of the cultivation techniques that is expected to contribute significantly in increasing soybean production. This study aims to determine the response of growth and production of soybean to Phosphorous (P) fertilizer and rhizobium inoculation. This research was conducted at Jl. Deli Serdang Sumatera Utara, from August-November 2017 with P fertilizer (SP-36) treatments (0, 50, 100, 150 kg/ha) and Rhizobium inoculation treatments (0, 5, 10 g/kg of seed). Variables observed were number of nodule root, number of filled pods, dry weight of seed per plant, dry weight of seed per plot and dry weight of 100 seeds. The results showed rhizobium inoculation significantly affected to the number of effective root nodules (nodules), filled pods, dry weight of seed per plant and dry weight of seed per plot with the best treatment was Rhizobium inoculation 5g/kg of seed) while the P fertilizer treatment and interaction between the two had no significant effect to all variables observed.

The effects of radiation and nitrogen on number of grains in wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Abbate ◽  
F. H. Andrade ◽  
J. P. Culot
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Intercepted Radiation ◽  
N Rates

SUMMARYThe possible interacting effects of shading and N supply on number of grains of Triticum aestivum L. (cv. Buck Ñandú) were investigated at Balcarce, Argentina, during the 1988/89 and 1989/90 growing seasons. Shading was imposed from c. 13 days before anthesis to 6 days after, and four rates of N fertilization were supplied within each shading treatment around the date of terminal spikelet formation. Water and other nutrients were not limiting.Total grain yield was strongly correlated with grain number/m2, regardless of shading or N supply. At the highest N rates, grain number and dry weight of spikes at anthesis were linearly related to a photothermal quotient, i.e. the ratio of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to mean temperature minus 4·5 °C, during the period from 20 days before anthesis to 10 days after. The response of grain number to the photothermal quotient was interpreted in terms of the supply of assimilates to the spike at anthesis, which determined flower survival. The response of dry weight of spikes to photothermal quotient was interpreted in terms of crop growth rate since there was a linear relationship between crop growth rate and intercepted radiation. The lowest N rates reduced the number of grains/m2, at any given photothermal quotient. Since the reduction in grain number also occurred at any given dry weight of spikes, it cannot be explained by a reduced supply of assimilates to the spikes. Grain number responded directly to the supply of N to the spike, probably through the survival of differentiated flowers. The relationship between spike growth rate and crop growth rate was not affected by N supply. Crop growth rate was reduced by reduced N supply, because less radiation was intercepted and because radiation-use efficiency was lowered. These results indicate that current models for determining yield and number of grains/m2, based on crop growth, are not adequate when N is deficient.

scholarly journals Impact of Level of Nitrogen Fertilization and Critical Period for Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Ali A. A. Mekdad ◽  
Moamen M. Abou El-Enin ◽  
Mostafa M. Rady ◽  
Fahmy A.S. Hassan ◽  
Esmat F. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

To avoid competing with economical plants, weed control must be implemented with a clean and appropriate strategy. Since the efficiency of leguminous crops in biological fixation of the atmospheric N2 is severely affected when grown under stressful conditions (the soil tested in this study was salt-affected; ECe = 8.99 dS m−1), an appropriate level of N fertilization should also be applied. Two field trials were performed in the 2018 and 2019 seasons to investigate the influences of soil-applied nitrogen (N) levels [48 (N1), 96 (N2), and 144 kg N ha−1 (N3)] and critical timing of weed removal (CTWR) on weed control efficiency, improving weed control, yield traits, and quality attributes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Each trial was conducted with three replicates and planned according to a split-plot in a completely randomized design. The results revealed that N levels had significant (p ≤ 0.01) variations for the dry weight of all weeds tested (narrow-leaved, broad-leaved, and total annual weeds), pods and seed weight and yields, N use efficiency, and oil and protein yields (t ha−1) in peanut in both seasons. N3 outperformed both N1 and N2 with respect to the above-mentioned traits, however, it decreased N use efficiency and seed oil content compared to N1 and N2, respectively. Dry weight of weeds and seed harvest index were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased, while seed oil and protein contents, N use efficiency, and yields of pods, seeds, and protein were decreased, with increased weed interference (with peanut plants) period in both seasons. In both seasons, the interaction effect of N × W (weed removal time) was significant (p ≤ 0.01) on the dry weight of weeds and peanut traits, including seed oil content, N use efficiency, and yields of pods, seeds, and protein, and their highest values were obtained with N3 × W6 (weed-free for the whole season). The CTWR had growing degree days (GDDs) of 221.4 and 189. These two GDDs each corresponded to 2 weeks after emergence (WAE) in both growing seasons. The critical weed-free period (CWFP) had GDDs of 1400 and 1380. These two GDDs corresponded to 9.5 and 10 WAE, respectively. The combination of CTWR and CWFP resulted in a critical period of weed control (CPWC) of 2–9.5 and 2–10 WAE in both growing seasons, respectively, for the peanut crop with an acceptable yield loss of 5%. A high positive (p ≤ 0.01) correlation was noted between oil yield and seed yield (r = 0.999 ** and 0.999 **). However, a high negative (p ≤ 0.01) correlation (r = −0.723 ** and −0.711 **) was found between dry total annual weeds and seed weight in the first and second seasons, respectively. The stepwise regression analysis revealed high significant participation of two traits (i.e., seed yield and oil content) and three traits (i.e., seed yield, oil content, and weight of seeds) in the variations in oil yield in the first and second seasons, respectively. These results recommend the use of N fertilization at a rate of 144 kg N ha−1 in conjunction with keeping the soil free of weeds throughout the season to maximize peanut productivity under saline (8.99 dS m−1) conditions.

An alternative method of measuring fertilizer effects in forest stands

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. O. Salonius ◽  
R. A. Fisher ◽  
M. K. Mahendrappa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Pretreatment Period ◽  
Variable Population ◽  
Alternative Methodology ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
And Control

In natural stands, variations in growth rates between plots before treatment due to variable stocking, variable population structure, and site differences often preclude the assessment of growth response to fertilizer treatment by conventional plot comparison. An alternative methodology is described, using growth for a black spruce stand in a pretreatment period as the standard against which growth following treatment is compared for each tree. The results of this comparison on treated and control plots are then related to each other to evaluate growth response to fertilizer treatment. Methods for extracting meaningful fertilizer response data are suggested for experiments which are in progress or are completed but not yet harvested.

scholarly journals   The impact of post-anthesis nitrogen and water availability on yield formation of winter wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Madani ◽  
A.H. Makarem ◽  
F. Vazin ◽  
M. Joudi
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Irrigated Wheat ◽  
Plant Respiration ◽  
The Impact

The effects of irrigation regimes (full irrigation and water-withholding at anthesis) and post-anthesis nitrogen supplies (LN: 0, MN: 20 and HN: 40 kg N/ha) on grain yield and its components in winter wheat were studied, with attention to biomass gain by assimilation and its loss by respiration. Fully-irrigated wheat responded to N fertilization with increased grain number (GN) and decreased grain weight (GW) and achieved similar grain yields (5.2 to 5.5 t/ha) at different N supplies. However, drought-stressed wheat responded to N with higher GN without significant changes in GW, and achieved higher grain yields (2.7 vs. 3.3 t/ha) with HN compared to LN. Net assimilation rates during grain filling (NARg) increased with increasing post-anthesis N fertilization for drought-stressed wheat (NARg: 3.8 and 4.5 g/m/day for LN and HN). Apparent whole-plant respiration (R<sub>A</sub>) was not influenced by increased post-anthesis N fertilizer. Thus, in drought-stressed wheat, the total biomass and straw yield at maturity were increased by increasing N supply. These results suggest that high N supply at anthesis satisfied the grains&rsquo; increased demand for N by increasing post-floral assimilation, and the surplus assimilates not only compensated for the low-N-induced biomass loss by respiration but may also have increased the

scholarly journals Ornamental Grass Growth Response to Three Shade Intensities

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
James T. Cole ◽  
Janet C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pennisetum Alopecuroides ◽  
Grass Growth

Abstract Growth of perennial quaking grass (Briza media L.), ‘Red Baron’ Japanese bloodgrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. ‘Red Baron’), river oats (Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates), ‘Hameln’ dwarf fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. ‘Hameln’), and ‘Big Blue’ monkeygrass (Lirope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bail. ‘Big Blue’) in 0%, 30%, or 60% shade was evaluated in container and in-ground experiments conducted over two growing seasons. Shade intensity did not affect plant height of any species grown in containers in 1997 or those grown in the ground that were planted and harvested in 1998. In 1997, width of containerized perennial quaking grass increased and width of containerized dwarf fountain grass decreased with increasing shade. In 1998, width of containerized Japanese bloodgrass increased and width of containerized dwarf fountain grass decreased with increased shade. Container-grown river oats shoot and root dry weight increased with shade intensity in 1998. Root to shoot (R/S) ratio decreased linearly with shade intensity for containerized river oats in 1997. Height of in-ground Japanese bloodgrass was not affected by shade intensity at any harvest time; however, height of perennial quaking grass increased and height of river oats and monkeygrass decreased as shade intensity increased regardless of harvest time. Few differences in plant width among shade treatments occurred for in-ground plants. Shoot dry weights for in-ground plants generally decreased with increasing shade intensity. Climatic differences may account for the variability in plant growth between the two years of the study.

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