scholarly journals Effects of NaCl on protein profiles of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat species and their diploid wild progenitors

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yıldız ◽  
H. Terzi
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Protein Profiles ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
2D Gel ◽  
Wild Progenitors

The soluble proteins extracted from the first leaf tissues of cultivated tetraploid (<I>Triticum durum</I> Desf., genome <I>AB</I>) and hexaploid (<I>T. aestivum</I> L., genome <I>ABD</I>) wheat species and their diploid wild progenitors [<I>T. monococcum</I> L. (<I>A), Aegilops speltoides</I> Tausch (<I>B</I>), and <I>Aegilops tauschi</I>i Cosson (<I>D</I>)] exposed to 100 mmol/l NaCl stress were separated by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. There was no newly synthesized protein in the NaCl treatment compared to the control treatment in all species. However, protein profiles showed some differences among species. Most of these proteins had acidic character; their isoelectric point (pI = pH − acidity of proteins) ranged between 5.1–6.9 and low-mol weight (LMW) between 20.3–30.6 kDa. Salt stress caused some proteins to increase or decrease. In the same MW and pI, 11 LMW and 3 intermediate-mol weight (IMW, 34.8–35.4 kDa) proteins increased and/or decreased in amounts were common between at least two species. The remarkable changes in <I>Ae. speltoides</I> were detected as decreases or losses in protein profiles. As a result of salt stress, all the remarkable changes in <I>T. durum</I> were detected as the increases in proteins. However, some proteins increased in <I>T. aestivum, T. monococcum</I> and <I>Ae. tauschii</I>. It is suggested that an increase in the amount of the proteins may lead to an increase in the tolerance mechanisms towards NaCl salinity of wheat species which has A and/or genome(s).

Screening wild progenitors of wheat for salinity stress at early stages of plant growth: insight into potential sources of variability for salinity adaptation in wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jafar Ahmadi ◽  
Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh ◽  
Sedigheh Fabriki-Ourang ◽  
Ali-Ashraf Mehrabi ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Oxidative Balance ◽  
Triticum Boeoticum ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
Wild Progenitors

Wild relatives of wheat have served as a pool of genetic variation for understanding salinity tolerance mechanisms. Two separate experiments were performed to evaluate the natural diversity in root and shoot Na+ exclusion and K+ accumulation, and the activity of four antioxidant enzymes within an extensive collection of ancestral wheat accessions. In the initial screening experiment, salinity stress (300 mm NaCl) significantly increased Na+ concentration in roots and leaves and led to a significant decline in root and shoot fresh weights, dry weights, and K+ contents. Principal component analysis of the 181 accessions and 12 species identified three first components accounted for 63.47% and 78.55% of the variation under salinity stress. We identified 12 accessions of each species with superior tolerance to salinity for further assessment of their antioxidant defence systems in response to salinity. Both mild (250 mm NaCl) and severe (350 mm NaCl) levels of salinity significantly increased activities of four enzymes, indicating an enhanced antioxidant-scavenging system for minimising the damaging effects of H2O2. Some of the wild relatives—Aegilops speltoides (putative B genome), Ae. caudata (C genome), Ae. cylindrica (DC genome) and Triticum boeoticum (Ab genome)—responded to salinity stress by increasing antioxidants as the dominant mechanism to retain oxidative balance in cells. Further evaluation of salt-tolerance mechanisms in these superior wild relatives will help us to understand the potential of wheat progenitors in the development of more salt-tolerant varieties.

Genetic Potential for Salt Tolerance During Germination in Lycopersicon Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Foolad ◽  
G.Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Wild Accession ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Stress Levels

Seed of 42 wild accessions (Plant Introductions) of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Jusl., 11 cultigens (cultivated accessions) of L. esculentum Mill., and three control genotypes [LA716 (a salt-tolerant wild accession of L. pennellii Corr.), PI 174263 (a salt-tolerant cultigen), and UCT5 (a salt-sensitive breeding line)] were evaluated for germination in either 0 mm (control) or 100 mm synthetic sea salt (SSS, Na+/Ca2+ molar ratio equal to 5). Germination time increased in response to salt-stress in all genotypes, however, genotypic variation was observed. One accession of L. pimpinellifolium, LA1578, germinated as rapidly as LA716, and both germinated more rapidly than any other genotype under salt-stress. Ten accessions of L. pimpinellifolium germinated more rapidly than PI 174263 and 35 accessions germinated more rapidly than UCT5 under salt-stress. The results indicate a strong genetic potential for salt tolerance during germination within L. pimpinellifolium. Across genotypes, germination under salt-stress was positively correlated (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) with germination in the control treatment. The stability of germination response at diverse salt-stress levels was determined by evaluating germination of a subset of wild, cultivated accessions and the three control genotypes at 75, 150, and 200 mm SSS. Seeds that germinated rapidly at 75 mm also germinated rapidly at 150 mm salt. A strong correlation (r = 0.90, P < 0.01) existed between the speed of germination at these two salt-stress levels. At 200 mm salt, most accessions (76%) did not reach 50% germination by 38 days, demonstrating limited genetic potential within Lycopersicon for salt tolerance during germination at this high salinity.

scholarly journals Thiourea and hydrogen peroxide priming improved K+ retention and source-sink relationship for mitigating salt stress in rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Pandey ◽  
Radha Krishna Paladi ◽  
Ashish Kumar Srivastava ◽  
Penna Suprasanna
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Redox Environment ◽  
Source Sink

AbstractPlant bioregulators (PBRs) represent low-cost chemicals for boosting plant defense, especially under stress conditions. In the present study, redox based PBRs such as thiourea (TU; a non-physiological thiol-based ROS scavenger) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; a prevalent biological ROS) were assessed for their ability to mitigate NaCl stress in rice variety IR 64. Despite their contrasting redox chemistry, TU or H2O2 supplementation under NaCl [NaCl + TU (NT) or NaCl + H2O2 (NH)] generated a reducing redox environment in planta, which improved the plant growth compared with those of NaCl alone treatment. This was concomitant with better K+ retention and upregulated expression of NaCl defense related genes including HAK21, LEA1, TSPO and EN20 in both NT and NH treated seedlings. Under field conditions, foliar applications of TU and H2O2, at vegetative growth, pre-flowering and grain filling stages, increased growth and yield attributes under both control and NaCl stress conditions. Principal component analysis revealed glutathione reductase dependent reduced ROS accumulation in source (flag leaves) and sucrose synthase mediated sucrose catabolism in sink (developing inflorescence), as the key variables associated with NT and NH mediated effects, respectively. In addition, photosystem-II efficiency, K+ retention and source-sink relationship were also improved in TU and H2O2 treated plants. Taken together, our study highlights that reducing redox environment acts as a central regulator of plant’s tolerance responses to salt stress. In addition, TU and H2O2 are proposed as potential redox-based PBRs for boosting rice productivity under the realistic field conditions.

scholarly journals The efficacy of different seed priming agents for promoting sorghum germination under salt stress

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245505
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Chen ◽  
Ruidong Zhang ◽  
Yifan Xing ◽  
Bing Jiang ◽  
Bang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Positive Effects

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seed germination is sensitive to salinity, and seed priming is an effective method for alleviating the negative effects of salt stress on seed germination. However, few studies have compared the effects of different priming agents on sorghum germination under salt stress. In this study, we quantified the effects of priming with distilled water (HP), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on sorghum seed germination under 150 mM NaCl stress. The germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vigor index, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight were significantly reduced by salt stress. Different priming treatments alleviated the germination inhibition caused by salt stress to varying degrees, and 50 mM CaCl2 was the most effective treatment. In addition, the mitigation effect of priming was stronger on root traits than on shoot traits. Mitigation efficacy was closely related to both the type of agent and the concentration of the solution. Principal component analysis showed that all concentrations of CaCl2 had higher scores and were clearly distinguished from other treatments based on their positive effects on all germination traits. The effects of the other agents varied with concentration. The priming treatments were divided into three categories based on their priming efficacy, and the 50, 100, and 150 mM CaCl2 treatments were placed in the first category. The 150 mM KCl, 10% PEG, HP, 150 mM NaCl, 30% PEG, and 50 mM KCl treatments were placed in the second category, and the 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM KCl, 20% PEG, and 50 mM NaCl treatments were least effective and were placed in the third category. Choosing appropriate priming agents and methods for future research and applications can ensure that crop seeds germinate healthily under saline conditions.

scholarly journals Molecular response of canola to salt stress: insights on tolerance mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Shokri-Gharelo ◽  
Pouya Motie-Noparvar
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Salt Response ◽  
The Many

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated around the world for the production of edible oils and biodiesel fuel. Despite many canola varieties being described as ‘salt-tolerant’, plant yield and growth decline drastically with increasing salinity. Although many studies have resulted in better understanding of the many important salt-response mechanisms that control salt signaling in plants, detoxification of ions, and synthesis of protective metabolites, the engineering of salt-tolerant crops has only progressed slowly. Genetic engineering has been considered as an efficient method for improving the salt tolerance of canola but there are many unknown or little-known aspects regarding canola response to salinity stress at the cellular and molecular level. In order to develop highly salt-tolerant canola, it is essential to improve knowledge of the salt-tolerance mechanisms, especially the key components of the plant salt-response network. In this review, we focus on studies of the molecular response of canola to salinity to unravel the different pieces of the salt response puzzle. The paper includes a comprehensive review of the latest studies, particularly of proteomic and transcriptomic analysis, including the most recently identified canola tolerance components under salt stress, and suggests where researchers should focus future studies.

Effect of Calcium on Salt Tolerance of Leaf Epidermal Cells of Ruppia maritima at High Salinity

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1174-1175
Author(s):  
A.D. Barnabas ◽  
R. Jagels ◽  
W.J. Przybylowicz ◽  
J. Mesjasz-Przybylowicz
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Transfer Cell ◽  
Ruppia Maritima ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Glands

Ruppia maritima L. is a submerged halophyte which occurs frequently in estuaries where sodium chloride is the dominant salt. Unlike terrestrial halophytes, R. maritima does not possess any specialised salt-secreting structures such as salt glands. Knowledge of salt tolerance mechanisms in this plant is important to our understanding of its biology. In a previous study it was shown that leaf epidermal cells of R. maritima, which possess transfer cell characteristics, are implicated in salt regulation. In the present investigation, the effect of calcium (Ca) on salt tolerance of leaf epidermal cells was studied since Ca has been found to be an important factor in resistance to salt stress in terrestrial plants.Plants were grown in artificial seawater of high salinity (33%) and at two different Ca concentrations : 400 ppm (high Ca) and 100 ppm (low Ca).

scholarly journals Melatonin-Mediated Regulation of Growth and Antioxidant Capacity in Salt-Tolerant Naked Oat under Salt Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenying Gao ◽  
Zheng Feng ◽  
Qingqing Bai ◽  
Jinjin He ◽  
Yingjuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Naked Oat ◽  
Exogenous Application ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

Melatonin (MT; N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that has been demonstrated to play an important role in plant growth, development, and regulation of environmental stress responses. Studies have been conducted on the role of the exogenous application of MT in a few species, but the potential mechanisms of MT-mediated stress tolerance under salt stress are still largely unknown. In this study, naked oat seedlings under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) were pretreated with two different concentrations of MT (50 and 100 μM), and the effects of MT on the growth and antioxidant capacity of naked oat seedlings were analyzed to explore the regulatory effect of MT on salt tolerance. The results showed that pretreating with different concentrations of MT promoted the growth of seedlings in response to 150 mM NaCl. Different concentrations of MT reduced hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and malondialdehyde contents. The exogenous application of MT also increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxide activities. Chlorophyll content, leaf area, leaf volume, and proline increased in the leaves of naked oat seedlings under 150 mM NaCl stress. MT upregulated the expression levels of the lipid peroxidase genes lipoxygenase and peroxygenase, a chlorophyll biosynthase gene (ChlG), the mitogen-activated protein kinase genes Asmap1 and Aspk11, and the transcription factor genes (except DREB2), NAC, WRKY1, WRKY3, and MYB in salt-exposed MT-pretreated seedlings when compared with seedlings exposed to salt stress alone. These results demonstrate an important role of MT in the relief of salt stress and, therefore, provide a reference for managing salinity in naked oat.

scholarly journals Overexpression of Tamarix hispida ThTrx5 Confers Salt Tolerance to Arabidopsis by Activating Stress Response Signals

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165
Author(s):  
Jiayu Luan ◽  
Jingxiang Dong ◽  
Xin Song ◽  
Jing Jiang ◽  
Huiyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Tamarix Hispida ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Transcriptome Comparison ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance ◽  
Cellular Water

Salt stress inhibits normal plant growth and development by disrupting cellular water absorption and metabolism. Therefore, understanding plant salt tolerance mechanisms should provide a theoretical basis for developing salt-resistant varieties. Here, we cloned ThTrx5 from Tamarix hispida, a salt-resistant woody shrub, and generated ThTrx5-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines. Under NaCl stress, the germination rate of overexpressing ThTrx5 lines was significantly increased relative to that of the nontransgenic line; under salt stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione levels and root length and fresh weight values of transgenic ThTrx5 plants were significantly greater than corresponding values for wild-type plants. Moreover, with regard to the transcriptome, comparison of differential gene expression of transgenic versus nontransgenic lines at 0 h and 3 h of salt stress exposure revealed 500 and 194 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively, that were mainly functionally linked to catalytic activity and binding process. Pull-down experiments showed that ThTrx bound 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1-like protein that influences stress response-associated redox, hormone signal transduction, and transcription factor functions. Therefore, this work provides important insights into ThTrx5 mechanisms that promote salt tolerance in plants.

Alleviation of salt stress using gibberellic acid in Chinese cabbage

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jamil ◽  
M. Ashraf ◽  
E. Rha
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Chinese Cabbage ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Membrane Injury

Salinity reduces plant growth and yield by affecting morphological and physiological processes. To alleviate the harmful effects of salt stress various approaches involving plant hormones are used. In this study several parameters involving the measurement of cell membrane injury were used to observe whether stress tolerance could be enhanced in Chinese cabbage (B. oleracea capitata L. Chinensis group) by soaking the seeds for 10 h in distilled water (control), or in 100, 150 or 200 mg l−1 gibberellic acid (GA3). The NaCl concentrations were 0 (control), 50, 100 and 150 mM. Seed treated with GA3 showed increased water uptake and decreased electrolyte leakage as compared to that of distilled water-primed seeds even 24 h after soaking under control conditions. Seed priming with GA3 increased the final germination and the germination rate (1/t50, where t50 is the time to 50% germination) under salt stress conditions. Seed priming also alleviated the harmful effect of salt stress on cabbage in terms of fresh and dry weights. Leaf area was higher in plants raised from seeds primed with the higher GA3 concentrations as compared with those raised from seeds treated with distilled water under control conditions (without NaCl) or at 50 mM NaCl stress. The chlorophyll content increased with the NaCl concentration, especially in plants grown from seeds primed with GA3. Plants grown from GA3-primed seeds also suffered lower cellular injury both under control conditions and under NaCl stress.

scholarly journals Seed Treatment with Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 Promotes Wheat Seedling Growth under NaCl Stress Through Activating the Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidant Defense Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuwu Zhang ◽  
Bingliang Xu ◽  
Yantai Gan
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Wheat Seedling ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes ◽  
Different Levels

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop growth and productivity worldwide. Species of Trichoderma are widely recognized for their bio-control abilities, but little information is regarding to the ability and mechanisms of their promoting plant growth and enhancing plant tolerance to different levels of salt stress. Hence, we determined (i) the role of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (TL-6) in promoting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and seedling growth under different levels of salt stress, and (ii) the mechanisms responsible for the enhanced tolerance of wheat to salt stress by TL-6. Wheat seeds treated with or without TL-6 were grown under different levels of salt stress in controlled environmental conditions. As such, the TL-6 treatments promoted seed germination and increased the shoot and root weights of wheat seedlings under both non-stress and salt-stress conditions. Wheat seedlings with TL-6 treatments under different levels of NaCl stress increased proline content by an average of 11%, ascorbate 15%, and glutathione 28%; and decreased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) by an average of 19% and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 13%. The TL-6 treatments induced the transcriptional level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, leading to the increases of glutathione s-transferase (GST) by an average of 17%, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 16%, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 17%, glutathione reductase (GR) 18%, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) 5%. Our results indicate that the beneficial strain of TL-6 effectively scavenged ROS under NaCl stress through modulating the activity of ROS scavenging enzymes, regulating the transcriptional levels of ROS scavenging enzyme gene expression, and enhancing the nonenzymatic antioxidants in wheat seedling in response to salt stress. Our present study provides a new insight into the mechanisms of TL-6 can activate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems and enhance wheat seedling tolerance to different levels of salt stress at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels.

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