scholarly journals Soil compaction as the possible cause of wilting and premature ripening of sunflower – Short Communication

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
K. Veverka ◽  
I. Křížková ◽  
J. Palicová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Uppermost Layer ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Poor Soil ◽  
Infective Agent

Brown patches of the size from several square metres to hectares or individual dying plants appeared in otherwise green stands. Affected plants wilt and ripen sooner than healthy ones, causing them to have smaller seeds or none at all in the central part of the heads. Under extreme conditions the plants wilt and die in early summer when they are less than 50 cm high. No infective agent was found as a causal organism. Disturbed plants root only in the upper 10 cm layer of the soil, or just below the surface. Poor soil structure and aeration are supposed to be responsible for limited root development. It prevents a sufficient supply of water to the plants during the hot and dry summer months and causes them to wilt. In contrast to cereals, winter rape and some other field crops that ripen during July, sunflower grows very intensively and needs a good supply of water even towards the end of August and in the first half of September. Thus, sunflower plants rooting only in the shallow uppermost layer of the soil suffer much more than other crops from hot and dry conditions.

The effect of raised beds on soil structure, waterlogging, and productivity on duplex soils in Western Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 575 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Bakker ◽  
G. J. Hamilton ◽  
D. J. Houlbrooke ◽  
C. Spann
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
No Till ◽  
Poor Soil

Waterlogging and poor soil structure in the root-zone of duplex soils in Western Australia has long been recognised as a major constraint to the production of agricultural crops and pastures. The effect of raised beds on waterlogging, soil structure, and productivity of duplex soils was investigated. Five experimental sites were established, monitored, and operated over 5 years as well as 3 larger scale demonstration sites which were operated over 4 or 3 years. Treatments consisted of raised beds and a normal no-till seed bed as the control. The beds were made with a bed former after the soil had been deep cultivated. Bulk density and steady-state infiltration rate observations indicated significant and lasting improvements in soil structure in the beds. The incidence of waterlogging in raised beds was reduced and this was accompanied by an increase in runoff from the raised beds. The average grain yield increase from the beds was 18% for a variety of crops across a range of climatic conditions and duplex soils. Seven years after the introduction of raised beds for broad-acre farming in Western Australia, more than an estimated 30 000 ha of crops is now grown on raised beds.

Effects of compaction on aeration and morphology of boreal forest soils in Alberta, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D Startsev ◽  
D H McNabb
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Soil Aeration ◽  
Poor Soil

Poor soil aeration is a factor limiting the productivity of boreal forests in western Canada. Soil compaction reduces air-filled porosity, which is hypothesized to further restrict soil aeration. Soil morphology at nine clearcut sites in west-central Alberta that had been significantly compacted by ground-based harvesting equipment and soil in an adjacent non-trafficked control were related to air-filled porosity and redox regimes. A warm-season air-filled porosity of about 0.1 m3 m-3 separated soils having adequate or restricted aeration, and was confirmed by redox < 200 mV. The values applied to both the undisturbed and compacted soil. Ratios of Feo:Fed and acid-soluble Fe:Mn in concretions were only associated with hydromorphism of undisturbed soil. Compaction reduced soil aeration for 3–4 yr after harvesting, and changed morphology of moderately well-drained soil to imperfectly drained soil at two of four sites; faster removal of water because of slope or vegetation probably prevented changes at the other two sites. Morphology of better and poorer drained soils was not altered by compaction because they either remain adequately aerated or aeration was naturally restricted. Sites with moderately well-drained soils are most at risk of detrimental soil compaction and in need of protective measures to maintain their productivity in these forests. Key words: Soil morphology, drainage class, air-filled porosity, soil aeration, redox potential, boreal forest soils, compaction

Soil compaction and cotton growth on a vertisol

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 869 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Mcgarry
Keyword(s):  
Pore Volume ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Specific Pore Volume ◽  
Structure Degradation ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

Differences in growth, yield and root systems of two adjoining cotton crops on a Vertisol near Dalby, Queensland, were explained in terms of soil profile morphology and soil shrinkage indices. The soil beneath the strongly inferior crop had platy structure in the 0.05-0.28 m layer and significantly less air-filled specific pore volume in the 0.2-0.4 m layer. This soil structure degradation was caused by seedbed preparation of wet soil, prior to sowing the cotton crop.

Corrigenda - Soil compaction and cotton growth on a vertisol

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
D Mcgarry
Keyword(s):  
Pore Volume ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Specific Pore Volume ◽  
Structure Degradation ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

Differences in growth, yield and root systems of two adjoining cotton crops on a Vertisol near Dalby, Queensland, were explained in terms of soil profile morphology and soil shrinkage indices. The soil beneath the strongly inferior crop had platy structure in the 0.05-0.28 m layer and significantly less air-filled specific pore volume in the 0.2-0.4 m layer. This soil structure degradation was caused by seedbed preparation of wet soil, prior to sowing the cotton crop.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOLIAR SYMPTOMS AND THE POSSIBLE CAUSE AND ORIGIN OF WHITE PINE NEEDLE BLIGHT

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Linzon
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Pine Needle ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Needle Blight

Needle blight of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is characterized by an orange-red discoloration of the distal portions of current year needles. At Chalk River, Ontario, 600 seedlings and saplings of white pine were examined repeatedly throughout the 1957 and 1958 growing seasons for the appearance and development of needle blight symptoms. The first of these were faint pinkish spots on the stomata-bearing faces of needles in semimature (about four-week-old) tissue. These developed rapidly into orange-red bands which within a few days spread to the needle tips. Mature tissue was not susceptible to attack, so lesions which developed subsequently were always proximal, on younger tissues derived from basal meristems. Attacks which occurred in the early summer killed only limited areas at the tips of needles, whereas those that occurred when the needles were nearly full-grown involved most of their length. Needle blight incidence was confined to a few major outbreaks during one season and in each of these many trees developed typical symptoms at essentially the same time. Each of these major outbreaks of the disease occurred after 1 or more days of wet weather which was followed suddenly by a continuous sunny period. No microorganisms were isolated from tissues displaying the initial needle blight symptoms.The data with respect to the nature and occurrence of needle blight are believed to suggest that susceptibility to the unfavorable conditions which incite it is inherent in the individual and that differences in response among members of a local population depend on variations in susceptibility, rather than on a varying local predisposition among uniformly susceptible individuals. The blight is initiated in semimature leaf tissues only but then spreads distally throughout adjacent, more mature tissues with a similar pattern of breakdown.

COMPARISON OF TILLAGE AND DIRECT DRILLING FOR ITALIAN RYEGRASS ON THE PROPERTIES OF A FINE SANDY LOAM SOIL

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
H. T. KUNELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Direct Drilling

The soil physical, biological, and chemical condition was assessed under cultivated and direct-drilled systems for the annual establishment of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on Prince Edward Island. After 3 yr, the degree of tillage-induced soil compaction and change in soil biological and chemical properties were determined over the 0- to 24-cm soil depth, and compared with the soil structure under a permanent timothy (Phleum pratense L.) pasture. The study was conducted at two sites on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam, an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (Haplorthod). Although the tillage comparisons produced significant changes in soil porosity, pore-size distribution, pore continuity, aggregation and soil strength, the range in physical properties was within the range considered optimum for soil structure. Soil strength was shown to exhibit marked temporal variation over the growing season. Changes in the distribution of soil microbial biomass C and N, percent organic C, pH and plant nutrients were evident between the establishment methods. Generally, soil chemical and biological conditions under direct-drilling were similar to those under permanent pasture. Comparison of the actual with the estimated maximum bulk density down the soil profile indicated that the propensity for soil consolidation or compaction was the same under the direct-drilling and cultivated systems and similar to that measured under permanent pasture. The annual establishment of Italian ryegrass, for 3 yr, by direct-drilling did not adversely affect soil structure or increase soil compaction. Key words: Direct-drilling, Italian ryegrass, soil structure, soil biological properties, tillage

scholarly journals SOIL DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE FOR SOIL COMPACTION IN FIVE SOIL CLASSES IN WESTERN BAHIA STATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 211-222
Author(s):  
Gustavo Tenório Araújo ◽  
Joaquim Pedro Soares Neto ◽  
Heliab Bomfim Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Natural Ecosystems

The transformation of natural ecosystems into agricultural environments modifies the soil structure and it may result in its compaction. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the optimum moisture for soil compaction (wot) and maximum soil compaction density (Dsmax) in different soil classes in western Bahia State. The samples were collected in five sites covering different soil classes: Orthic Quartzarenic Neosol (RQ), Orthic Ebanic Vertisol (VEo), Haplic Cambisol (CX) and two Red-Yellow Latosol, one already cropped (LVA) and another with native forest (LVA1).  Wot and Dsmax were determined according to ABNT NBR 7182 (1986) standards. Data were submitted to a regression analysis and also to the analysis of the principal components (PCA).  Wot presented a decreasing order: VEo> LVA> LVA1> CX> RQo, ranging between 8.20 and 15.00% and Dsmax showed the following order RQo> LVA> LVA1> CX> VE, ranging between 1.34 and 1,92 Mg.m-3. The wot was directly proportional to the clay content and the organic carbon and inversely proportional to the soil sand content. For Dsmax, the influence of the clay was inversely proportional whereas in wot, this variable promoted the growth.

scholarly journals Effects of soil compaction by trampling of animals in soil productivity. Remediations

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS MEDINA M.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Subsequent Crop ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Physical Degradation

  Among the problems of physical degradation, compaction and densification are the main ones, and they cause strong decreases in subsequent crop yields thereof. The degradation of soil structure is a worldwide problem that can occur in all soils and livestock production levels. Given the above, this paper aims to analyze the main changes in the internal structure of the soil as a result of compaction by trampling of animals. Soil compaction due to the collapse or decrease in pore spaces, is the most common cause of physical restraint to growth and root development. As an aggravating factor, degradation of soil structure is regarded as the type of land degradation more difficult to locate and retrain; the reason is that this degradation is a subsurface phenomenon. Finally it is to establish some possible solutions to this problem, including the main method of restoring the porosity of the boundary layers of root growth is to apply biological methods as used, for example, the roots of natural vegetation or crops coverage, planted to act as biological subsoilers that penetrate dense horizons.

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