COMPARISON OF TILLAGE AND DIRECT DRILLING FOR ITALIAN RYEGRASS ON THE PROPERTIES OF A FINE SANDY LOAM SOIL

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
H. T. KUNELIUS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Direct Drilling

The soil physical, biological, and chemical condition was assessed under cultivated and direct-drilled systems for the annual establishment of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on Prince Edward Island. After 3 yr, the degree of tillage-induced soil compaction and change in soil biological and chemical properties were determined over the 0- to 24-cm soil depth, and compared with the soil structure under a permanent timothy (Phleum pratense L.) pasture. The study was conducted at two sites on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam, an Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol (Haplorthod). Although the tillage comparisons produced significant changes in soil porosity, pore-size distribution, pore continuity, aggregation and soil strength, the range in physical properties was within the range considered optimum for soil structure. Soil strength was shown to exhibit marked temporal variation over the growing season. Changes in the distribution of soil microbial biomass C and N, percent organic C, pH and plant nutrients were evident between the establishment methods. Generally, soil chemical and biological conditions under direct-drilling were similar to those under permanent pasture. Comparison of the actual with the estimated maximum bulk density down the soil profile indicated that the propensity for soil consolidation or compaction was the same under the direct-drilling and cultivated systems and similar to that measured under permanent pasture. The annual establishment of Italian ryegrass, for 3 yr, by direct-drilling did not adversely affect soil structure or increase soil compaction. Key words: Direct-drilling, Italian ryegrass, soil structure, soil biological properties, tillage

PENETRATION RESISTANCE TO CHARACTERIZE THE DEPTH AND PERSISTENCE OF SOIL LOOSENING IN TILLAGE STUDIES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Induced Changes

Soil penetration resistance was used to characterize tillage-induced changes in soil strength, as a functon of soil depth and time, under three reduced tillage systems and a deep tillage study in loam to fine sandy loam, Podzolic and Luvisolic soils. The penetration resistance measurements quantified the depth, degree, and persistence of soil loosening, and potential soil rooting depth in regard to tillage system. Mouldboard ploughing provided a greater degree of soil loosening than chisel ploughing. The potential soil rooting depth of 33 – 36 cm under mouldboard ploughing was decreased to 26 cm under both direct drilling and shallow tillage. Use of a slant-legged subsoiler (i.e., “paraplow”) prior to direct drilling prevented the reduction in soil rooting depth. The depth of soil loosening gradually declined by 30 and 60%, over a 5-mo period, under mouldboard ploughing and the "paraplow" direct drilling system, respectively. Residual tillage effects and soil compaction after deep loosening were quantified by the penetration resistance measurements. The use of penetration resistance to rapidly screen soil depth to critical levels of soil strength demonstrated that under sequential direct drilled systems soil loosening should occur on a regular basis to maintain optimum soil structure on fine sandy loam soils. Key words: Soil strength, penetration resistance, reduced tillage, Podzolic soil, Luvisolic soil

Influence of 10 years of conservation tillage on some biological properties of a fine sandy loam in the potato phase of two crop rotations in Atlantic Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Carter ◽  
R D Peters ◽  
C Noronha ◽  
J Kimpinski
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Tillage Practice ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Potato Rotation

Conservation practices in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cropping systems can reduce excess tillage, provide crop residue cover, and maintain crop productivity; however, little is known about their long-term influence on soil biota and biological properties. Conservation tillage was evaluated in two potato rotations: a 2-yr barley-potato rotation and 3-yr clover-based (barley-red clover-potato) rotation initiated in 1994 on a fine sandy loam (Orthic Podzol) in Prince Edward Island, eastern Canada. Soil samples were obtained in 2003 from the 0- to 10-cm soil depth of the potato phase of both rotations to evaluate the influence of conservation, compared with conventional tillage, on changes in soil fertility, soil structural properties, soil C and N fractions, soil-borne pathogens, nematode communities, and micro-arthropod (Collembola and Acari) communities. The 3-yr conservation tillage practice improved soil structural stability, increased soil extractable P and K, increased soil organic C and total N and their particulate fractions, compared with the other treatments. Comparisons with earlier studies indicated that soil organic C had reached an equilibrium level at the 0- to 10-cm soil depth. Reduction of potato disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani was evident in the 3-yr rotation, compared with the 2-yr rotation, but was not influenced by tillage practice. Plant parasitic nematodes were not greatly influenced by rotation and tillage treatments; however, densities of the beneficial bacterial-feeding nematodes were increased under the 3-yr conservation tillage treatment. The abundance of micro-arthropods was increased by conservation tillage, while their diversity was mainly influenced by the rotation cycle rather than tillage practice. Overall, the 3-yr conservation tillage treatment provided a more beneficial soil biological condition than the other treatments, especially when compared with the 2-yr conventional tillage practice. Key words: Conservation systems, potato rotation, fine sandy loam, soil fertility, soil organic C and N fractions, soil structure, soil-borne pathogens, nematode, Collembola; Acari

RELATIVE MEASURES OF SOIL BULK DENSITY TO CHARACTERIZE COMPACTION IN TILLAGE STUDIES ON FINE SANDY LOAMS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Density Level ◽  
Soil Consolidation ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Relative Compaction

Field studies concerned with soil physical properties require methods to quantify and characterize soil compaction, especially for tillage experiments. The bulk densities of a Charlottetown and Gowanbrae fine sandy loam were related to a maximum or standard compaction state for each soil to obtain a measure of relative compaction. The two soils were both classified as Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols. Relative compaction was closely related to the volume of macropores (r2 = 0.85). Over a 3-yr period, mouldboard ploughing loosened the soil to give an average relative compaction of 77%. Subsequent soil consolidation and settling increased relative compaction to 84% over the growing season. Direct-drilling maintained relative compaction at a limited range of 88–91%. Relative grain yield of cereals was related (r2 = 0.69) using a polynomial curve to relative compaction. A range of 77–84% relative compaction was associated with a relative grain yield ≥ 95%. A relative compaction of 84–89% was considered the equilibrium soil density level for the two soils under study. This range was related to a macropore volume of 13.5–10% which is adequate for permeability but possibly inadequate for optimum soil aeration under a humid soil moisture regime. Overall, relative compaction provided a useful index or standard to assess changes in soil bulk density and proved to be a biologically meaningful soil physical parameter. Key words: Soil compaction indices, relative compaction, Podzolic soil, fine sandy loam, cereal yield

Characterizing the soil physical condition in reduced tillage systems for winter wheat on a fine sandy loam using small cores

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Direct Drilling

A tillage study was conducted in Prince Edward Island with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) over two seasons on a Gowanbrae light fine sandy loam, a Humo-Ferric Podzol. One-pass mouldboard ploughing, shallow tillage using a rotary harrow, and direct drilling were evaluated for their effects on crop productivity and soil physical properties. Direct drilling increased plant survival but not grain yield in the first year compared to the other tillage systems. Leaf diseases significantly reduced crop performance under shallow tillage and direct drilling in the second year. None of the tillage systems had adverse effects on soil strength at field capacity over the 0- to 350-mm soil profile depth, as penetrometer resistance values were < 1.5 MPa. Differences in soil macro-aggregation and organic carbon distribution between tillage systems were noted in the Ap horizon. Sequential measurements on soil cores equilibrated at 6 kPa tension for macropore volume, air permeability at low air pressure (0.25 kPa), oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) at 0.65 mV, and shear strength indicated that the soil physical condition was within the optimum range for root growth, over the 0- to 240-mm depth, in each tillage system. In addition, relative compaction was maintained at a low level in all systems. The quotient of air permeability and macropore volume, as an index of pore continuity, indicated that the relatively large macropore volumes under mouldboard ploughing were less efficient in conducting air than the macropores under direct drilling. These differences in pore continuity were most prevalent at the lower soil depth.Key words: Soil physical properties, soil compaction, Podzolic soil, winter cereals

Effect of Soil Type and Liming Rates on Rotational Forage Crop Injury Following Metsulfuron Methyl

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Holloway ◽  
A. Wayne Cole ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Metsulfuron Methyl ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Solution pH from 6.0 to 8.0 did not affect the germination of Italian ryegrass, ‘Pensacola bahiagrass,’ or common bermudagrass grown in petri dishes in growth chambers. Seeding intervals following metsulfuron methyl application varied from species to species and between soil types. Greenhouse studies indicated that in an Okolona silty clay, common bermudagrass should not be planted until 12 wk after metsulfuron methyl application. Italian ryegrass showed no metsulfuron methyl injury at the 6-wk sampling date when no lime was added, indicating reseeding was feasible at this time; however, a 12-wk time interval was not sufficient when lime was applied. Pensacola bahiagrass was injured when reseeded at 12 wk, regardless of liming rate. In a Prentiss fine sandy loam soil, common bermudagrass could be reseeded 12 wk after application when no lime was added, but not when lime was added. Italian ryegrass and Pensacola bahiagrass should not be reseeded for at least 12 wk, regardless of lime rate. Field experiments, where metsulfuron methyl was applied to the field and seeding was carried out in the greenhouse, indicated on the Okolona silty clay that common bermudagrass reseeding could occur at all liming rates after 3 wk, and Italian ryegrass and Pensacola bahiagrass after 6 wk. In the Prentiss fine sandy loam, common bermudagrass reseeding could occur at 3 wk, regardless of lime rate. Italian ryegrass emergence was not affected when reseeded immediately after metsulfuron methyl application, but height was reduced for longer periods, and increased lime rate lengthened this interval. Pensacola bahiagrass reseeding was feasible at 3 wk.

Influence of non-inversion loosening on permanent pasture productivity

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Carter ◽  
H. T. Kunelius
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Root Injury

Non-inversion tillage can have significant benefits over inversion tillage in loosening soils under permanent pasture. A suite of attributes was used to characterize the degree of compaction at the 0- to 20-cm depth of a Charlottetown fine sandy loam under a 10-yr pasture in Prince Edward Island. Non-inversion tillage, using a paraplow, a slant-legged cultivator loosened the soil at the 10- to 20-cm depth. Penetrometer resistance profiles showed that the loosened soil condition persisted for 3 to 4 yr. Non-inversion soil loosening caused a negative yield response, which was possibly related to root injury. Key words: Podzol, penetration resistance, Kentucky bluegrass, white clover

THE EFFECT OF ANTECEDENT FREEZE-THAW FREQUENCY ON RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS FROM FROZEN SOIL WITH AND WITHOUT SUBSOIL COMPACTION AND GROUND COVER

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINNELL M. EDWARDS ◽  
J. R. BURNEY
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Freezing Period ◽  
Subsoil Compaction

Three soils from Prince Edward Island (a loam, a fine sandy loam, and a sandy loam) were tested under a laboratory rainfall simulator to examine the effects of frequency of freezing and thawing, winter rye cover, incorporated cereal residue, and subsoil compaction on runoff volume and sediment loss. Wooden soil boxes were subjected to simulated rain (i) at the end of a 10-d freezing period, and (ii) at the end of the 5th 24-h freezing period of a 10-d alternating freeze-thaw cycle (freeze/thaw). Where the soil was continuously frozen for 10 d, there was 178% greater sediment loss and 160% greater runoff than with daily freeze/thaw over the same period, but there was no difference in sediment concentration. Incorporated cereal residue decreased sediment loss to 50% and runoff to 77% of that from bare soil. Winter rye cover decreased sediment loss to 73% of that from bare soil. Simulated soil compaction caused a 45% increase in sediment loss. The loam soil showed 16.5% greater loss of fine sediment fractions <0.075 mm than the fine sandy loam which showed 23.4% greater loss than the sandy loam. Key words: Freeze-thaw, erosion, compaction, winter rye, cereal residue, rainfall simulator, Prince Edward Island soils

scholarly journals Soil physico-chemical characterization in the different soil layers of National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-44
Author(s):  
Dinesh Khadka ◽  
Sushil Lamichhane ◽  
Amit P Timilsina ◽  
Bandhu R Baral ◽  
Kamal Sah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical

Soil pit digging and their precise study is a decision making tool to assess history and future of soil management of a particular area. Thus, the present study was carried out to differentiate soil physico-chemical properties in the different layers of excavated pit of the National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Eight pits were dug randomly from three blocks at a depth of 0 to 100 cm. The soil parameters were determined in-situ, and in laboratory for texture, pH, OM, N, P (as P2O5), K (as K2O), Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn of collected soils samples of different layers following standard analytical methods at Soil Science Division, Khumaltar. The result revealed that soil structure was sub-angular in majority of the layers, whereas bottom layer was single grained. The value and chrome of colour was increasing in order from surface to bottom in the majority pits. Similarly, the texture was sandy loam in majority layers of the pits. Moreover, four types of consistence (loose to firm) were observed. Furthermore, mottles and gravels were absent in the majority layers. Likewise, soil was very to moderately acidic in observed layers of majority pits, except bottom layer of agronomy block was slightly acidic. Regarding fertility parameters (OM, macro and micronutrients), some were increasing and vice-versa, while others were intermittent also. Therefore, a single layer is not dominant for particular soil physico-chemical parameters in the farm. In overall, surface layer is more fertile than rest of the layers in all the pits.     

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