scholarly journals Water demands and biomass production of sorghum and maize plants in areas with insufficient precipitation in Central Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 367-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Škeříková Michaela ◽  
Brant Václav ◽  
Kroulík Milan ◽  
Pivec Jan ◽  
Zábranský Petr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Bowen Ratio ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Crop Water Demand ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Maize Plants

Evapotranspiration and transpiration measurements represent a tool for the assessment of crop water demand. The aim of this study was to compare sorghum and maize with respect to its potential for forage production in areas with insufficient precipitation in Central Europe. The values of the actual evapotranspiration (ET<sub>a</sub>, Bowen ratio balance method), transpiration (sap flow method), leaf area index (LAI) and biomass production of sorghum and maize were measured continuously in years 2010–2012. Sorghum stand provided higher ET<sub>a</sub> in comparison with maize in dry year 2012. Maize produced consistently more above-ground biomass yield and lower LAI over all evaluated years than sorghum. The sorghum provided similar or higher water use efficiency (WUE) than maize during the period of intensive prolongation growth, however, the higher WUE did not result in higher biomass production.

Contrasting yield formation characteristics in two super-rice hybrids that differ in growth duration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Huang ◽  
Zui Tao ◽  
Tao Lei ◽  
Fangbo Cao ◽  
Jiana Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rice Hybrid ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Formation

Summary The development of high-yielding, short-duration super-rice hybrids is important for ensuring food security in China where multiple cropping is widely practiced and large-scale farming has gradually emerged. In this study, field experiments were conducted over 3 years to identify the yield formation characteristics in the shorter-duration (∼120 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Guiliangyou 2’ (G2) by comparing it with the longer-duration (∼130 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Y-liangyou 1’ (Y1). The results showed that G2 had a shorter pre-heading growth duration and consequently a shorter total growth duration compared to Y1. Compared to Y1, G2 had lower total biomass production that resulted from lower daily solar radiation, apparent radiation use efficiency (RUE), crop growth rate (CGR), and biomass production during the pre-heading period, but the grain yield was not significantly lower than that of Y1 because it was compensated for by the higher harvest index that resulted from slower leaf senescence (i.e., slower decline in leaf area index during the post-heading period) and higher RUE, CGR, and biomass production during the post-heading period. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to reduce the dependence of yield formation on growth duration to a certain extent in rice by increasing the use efficiency of solar radiation through crop improvement and also highlight the need for a greater fundamental understanding of the physiological processes involved in the higher use efficiency of solar radiation in super-rice hybrids.

scholarly journals Solar radiation use efficiency by soybean under field conditions in the Amazon region

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1211-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Jorge de Oliveira Ponte de Souza ◽  
Aristides Ribeiro ◽  
Edson José Paulino da Rocha ◽  
José Renato Bouça Farias ◽  
Renata Silva Loureiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Natural Field ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of soybean (Glycine max) in intercepting and using solar radiation under natural field conditions, in the Amazon region, Brazil. The meteorological data and the values of soybean growth and leaf area were obtained from an agrometeorological experiment carried out in Paragominas, Pará state, during 2007 and 2008. The radiation use efficiency (RUE) was obtained from the ratio between the above-ground biomass production and the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) accumulated to 99 and 95 days after sowing, in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Climatic conditions during the experiment were very distinct, with reduction in rainfall in 2007, which began during the soybean mid-cycle, due to the El Niño phenomenon. An important reduction in the leaf area index and biomass production was observed during 2007. Under natural field conditions in the Amazon region, the values of RUE were 1.46 and 1.99 g MJ-1 PAR in the 2007 and 2008 experiments, respectively. The probable reason for the differences found between these years might be associated to the water restriction in 2007 coupled with the higher air temperature and vapor pressure deficit, and also to the increase in the fraction of diffuse radiation that reached the land surface in 2008.

scholarly journals Radiation dimming induced modifications in radiation utilization of wheat (Triticumaestivum) crop

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-338
Author(s):  
JOYDEEP MUKHERJEE ◽  
BRIJESH YADAV ◽  
V.K. SEHGAL ◽  
PRAMEELA KRISHNAN ◽  
RAJ KUMAR DHAKAR
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Indian Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

Global dimming has many environmental and climatic implications. India has also experienced a steady and continuous radiation dimming since 1960s due to increasing load of dust and aerosol in the atmosphere. Radiation interception, temperature, humidity and wind profile are altered under reduced light condition which are determining factor for crop phenology, leaf area index, biomass production, grain yield and radiation use efficiency of crops.In this experiment, three wheat cultivars (HD 2967, WR 544 and PBW 502) were grown under five solar radiation treatments i.e. R1 (no shading), R2 (20% shading), R3 (35% shading), R4 (50% shading) and R5 (75% shading) during rabi season of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at research farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-IARI), New Delhi to study the effect of radiation dimming on performance of selected wheat cultivars.In both the years the canopy temperature of wheat from crop vegetative stage to maturity was decreased with increase of shading level. The effect of reduced solar radiation significantly decreased the biomass production and yield.The radiation use efficiency (RUE) for biomass was increased due to shading treatments whereas the RUE for yield decreased with radiation reduction.The RUE for yield was the highest for no shading treatment (0.85 and 0.75 g MJ-1 in 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively). Among the cultivars, the radiation use efficiency for biomass as well as yield was the highest in HD 2967 followed by WR 544 and PBW 502,respectively.

scholarly journals Pearl Millet Forage Water Use Efficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1672
Author(s):  
Bradley Crookston ◽  
Brock Blaser ◽  
Murali Darapuneni ◽  
Marty Rhoades
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
No Till ◽  
Use Efficiency

Pearl millet (Pennisitum glaucum L.) is a warm season C4 grass well adapted to semiarid climates where concerns over scarce and depleting water resources continually prompt the search for water efficient crop management to improve water use efficiency (WUE). A two-year study was conducted in the Southern Great Plains, USA, semi-arid region, to determine optimum levels of irrigation, row spacing, and tillage to maximize WUE and maintain forage production in pearl millet. Pearl millet was planted in a strip-split-plot factorial design at two row widths, 76 and 19 cm, in tilled and no-till soil under three irrigation levels (high, moderate, and limited). The results were consistent between production years. Both WUE and forage yield were impacted by tillage; however, irrigation level had the greatest effect on forage production. Row spacing had no effect on either WUE or forage yield. The pearl millet water use-yield production function was y = 6.68 × x (mm) − 837 kg ha−1; however, a low coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.31) suggests that factors other than water use (WU), such as a low leaf area index (LAI), had greater influence on dry matter (DM) production. Highest WUE (6.13 Mg ha−1 mm−1) was achieved in tilled soil due to greater LAI and DM production than in no-till.

scholarly journals Biomass accumulation, extraction and nutrient use efficiency by cover crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e9969109433
Author(s):  
Valdevan Rosendo dos Santos ◽  
Leonardo Correia Costa ◽  
Antonio Márcio Souza Rocha ◽  
Cícero Gomes dos Santos ◽  
Márcio Aurélio Lins dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Mass Accumulation

The high biomass production of certain cover crops species is due to their high absorption capacity and nutrients use efficiency. Its potential for biomass production it is important to obtain productive plants using nutritional information especially in environments with low nutrient apport. The objective was to evaluate the biomass accumulation, extraction and nutrient use efficiency by cover crops growing in a soil of low fertility. The treatments were arranged in four randomized blocks, composed of seven cover crops: sunn hemp, spectabilis, pigeon pea forage, pigeon pea arbore, lab lab, jack bean and mucuna. To evaluate dry mass accumulation, crop growth rate and leaf area index, six plants were used in different times: 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after sowing. The cover crops differed in vegetative cycle, dry mass accumulation, yield, extraction and nutrient use efficiency, with better performance presented by pigeon pea arbore. The cover crops are good recyclers of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, potassium and calcium and have potential for use in the cultivation systems in the Northeast of Brazil.

scholarly journals Optimizing Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency Based on the Relationship between Leaf Area Index and Evapotranspiration

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Zhang ◽  
Bo Ming ◽  
Dongping Shen ◽  
Ruizhi Xie ◽  
Peng Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
The Relationship

Achieving optimal balance between maize yield and water use efficiency is an important challenge for irrigation maize production in arid areas. In this study, we conducted an experiment in Xinjiang China in 2016 and 2017 to quantify the response of maize yield and water use to plant density and irrigation schedules. The treatments included four irrigation levels: 360 (W1), 480 (W2), 600 (W3), and 720 mm (W4), and five plant densities: 7.5 (D1), 9.0 (D2), 10.5 (D3), 12.0 (D4), and 13.5 plants m−2 (D5). The results showed that increasing the plant density and the irrigation level could both significantly increase the leaf area index (LAI). However, LAI expansion significantly increased evapotranspiration (ETa) under irrigation. The combination of irrigation level 600 mm (W3) and plant density 12.0 plants m−2 (D4) produced the highest maize yield (21.0–21.2 t ha−1), ETa (784.1–797.8 mm), and water use efficiency (WUE) (2.64–2.70 kg m−3), with an LAI of 8.5–8.7 at the silking stage. The relationship between LAI and grain yield and evapotranspiration were quantified, and, based on this, the relationship between water use and maize productivity was analyzed. Moreover, the optimal LAI was established to determine the reasonable irrigation level and coordinate the relationship between the increase in grain yield and the decrease in water use efficiency.

scholarly journals A STELLA-Based Model to Simultaneously Predict Hydrological Processes, N Uptake and Biomass Production in a Eucalyptus Plantation

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
Ying Ouyang ◽  
Gary Feng ◽  
Heidi Renninger ◽  
Theodor D. Leininger ◽  
Prem Parajuli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Simulation Scenario ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

Eucalyptus is one of the fastest growing hardwoods for bioenergy production. Currently, few modeling tools exist to simultaneously estimate soil hydrological processes, nitrogen (N) uptake, and biomass production in a eucalyptus plantation. In this study, a STELLA (Structural Thinking and Experiential Learning Laboratory with Animation)-based model was developed to meet this need. After the model calibration and validation, a simulation scenario was developed to assess eucalyptus (E. grandis × urophylla) annual net primary production (ANPP), woody biomass production (WBP), water use efficiency (WUE), and N use efficiency (NUE) for a simulation period of 20 years. Simulation results showed that a typical annual variation pattern was predicted for water use, N uptake, and ANPP, increasing from spring to fall and decreasing from fall to the following winter. Overall, the average NUE during the growth stage was 700 kg/kg. To produce 1000 kg eucalyptus biomass, it required 114.84 m3 of water and 0.92 kg of N. This study suggests that the STELLA-based model is a useful tool to estimate ANPP, WBP, WUE, and NUE in a eucalyptus plantation.

Future Climatic Patterns and Sustainability of Current Cropping Patterns in a Water-Scarce River Basin of Eastern India 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smaranika Mahapatra ◽  
Madan Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Monsoon Rainfall ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Crop Water Demand ◽  
Water Scarce

&lt;p&gt;Agricultural sector, being the largest consumer of water is greatly affected by climatic variability and disasters. Most parts of the world already face an enormous challenge in meeting competitive and conflicting multi-sector water demands. Climate change has further exacerbated this challenge by putting the sustainability of current cropping patterns and irrigation practices in question. For ensuring climate-resilient food production, it is crucial to examine the patterns of the projected climate and potential impacts on the agricultural sector at a basin scale. Hence, this study was carried out for an already water-scarce basin, Rushikulya River basin (RRB), located in the coastal region of eastern India. The bias-corrected NorESM2-MM general circulation model of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-6 (CMIP6) was used in this study under four shared socioeconomic pathway (SSPs) scenarios, namely SSP126, SSP245, SSP370 and SSP585. The projected climatic parameters and crop water demands of the basin were analyzed assuming existing cropping pattern in the future. Analysis of the results reveals a significant and rapid increase in the temperature at a rate of 0.02-0.5&amp;#186;C/year during 2026-2100 under all SSPs except SSP126, whereas the rainfall is expected to increase slightly during 2026-2100 as compared to the baseline period (1990-2016), especially in the far future (2076-2100) under all the SSPs. In contrast, monsoon rainfall is predicted to decrease under SSP245 and SSP370, while a slight increase in the monsoon rainfall is evident under SSP126 and SSP585. Although the rainy days will decrease slightly in the future 25-year time window, the number of heavy rainfall events is predicted to increase by two to three times. Also, retrospective analysis of rainfall and evapotranspiration suggested an existence of rainfall deficit (rainfall-evapotranspiration) in the basin throughout the year, except during July to September. The rainfall deficit in the basin during 2026-2100 is found to remain more or less same in the non-monsoon season, except for the month of October under SSP245, SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios where deficit increases by two folds. Rainfall is expected to be in surplus by 4 to 5 times higher under all SSPs except for SSP245. As to the evapotranspiration, an insignificant increasing trend is observed under future climatic condition with only 2 to 4% rise in the crop water demand compared to the baseline period. As the basin is already water stressed during most months in a year under baseline and future climatic conditions, continuing the current practice of monsoon paddy dominant cultivation in the basin will further aggravate this situation. The results of this study will be helpful in formulating sustainable irrigation plans and adaptation measures to address climate-induced water stress in the basin.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt; Climate change; CMIP6; SSP; Monsoon rainfall; Temperature; Crop water demand.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FORAGE CACTUS VARIETIES

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIPE LIMA DE AMORIM ◽  
JANAINA AZEVEDO MARTUSCELLO ◽  
JOSÉ TEODORICO DE ARAÚJO FILHO ◽  
DANIEL DE NORONHA FIGUEIREDO VIEIRA DA CUNHA ◽  
LIANA JANK
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT: Cultivars of the genus Nopalea are known in Brazil for being tolerant to cochineal carmine attacks, thus making the cultivation of this genus a promising alternative for mitigating the negative effects of this insect on the production of biomass. With the objectives of characterizing morphologically spineless forage cactus varieties and identify morphological characteristics that may be the focus in spineless forage cactus breeding programs, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 11 treatments and four replications. The variety Alagoas showed the highest values of weight, area and volume of cladodes. The varieties Negro Michoacan F7 and V7, Tamazunchale V12 showed the highest values of the cladode area index, the total volume of cladodes and total fresh mass production. The varieties Negro Michoacan V7 and F7 presented the highest water use efficiency and dry mass yield. Cladode volume showed the highest correlation coefficients with the fresh weight of cladodes. Aiming the release of varieties for biomass production, varieties Negro Michoacan F7, V7 and Tamazunchale V12 may substitute the Miúda variety. The number and cladode area index may be used as criteria for selection of superior varieties in breeding programs.

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