scholarly journals Mortality of Metopolophium dirhodum (Homoptera: Aphididae) caused by strains of Erynia neoaphidis (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) from Slovakia and Greece

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eliašová ◽  
B. Papierok ◽  
Ľ. Cagáň
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Erynia Neoaphidis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Length Of Life

The aim of the study was to test isolates of <I>Erynia neoaphidis</I> originating from Slovakia and Greece for infectivity to <I>Metopolophium dirhodum</I>, and evaluate selected strains for their infectivity at different temperatures. For alatae, an LC<SUB>50</SUB> (number of spores/mm<SUP>2</SUP>) from 109.97 to 230.90 was calculated for the Slovakian strain and of 218.9 for the Greek strain. For apterae, the LC<SUB>50</SUB> was 82.2–194.5 for the Slovakian strain and 367.2 for the Greek strain. The temperature during the incubation period influenced mortality and length of life cycle of the fungus. Lower temperature decreased the mortality and extended the incubation time. With the Slovakian strain and at 22°C, the highest proportion of individuals killed by the fungus was recorded on the third day of incubation (47.8% of the alatae and 49.9% of the apterae), while at 11°C most individuals died on the seventh day (55% and 37.5% of alatae or apterae, respectively). With the Greek strain and at 22°C, the highest proportion of individuals killed was recorded on the fourth day of incubation (40.6% of alatae and 57.9% of apterae). A lower incubation temperature (11°C) prolonged the life cycle and most apterae killed by this strain were recorded on the ninth day (35%), while the highest proportion of killed alatae was recorded on the tenth day (42.8%).

Ability of Inactivated Yeast Powder To Adsorb Patulin from Apple Juice

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAIXIA GUO ◽  
TIANLI YUE ◽  
SHAIMAA HATAB ◽  
YAHONG YUAN
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Absolute Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Yeast Powder ◽  
Commercial Yeast ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

This study aimed to investigate the adsorption of patulin from apple juice, using two types of inactivated yeast powder: laboratory-prepared yeast powder (LYP) and commercial yeast powder (CYP). The effects of incubation time, pH, incubation temperature, adsorbent amount, and initial concentration of patulin and the stability of the yeast-mycotoxin complex were assessed. The results showed that the efficiencies of the two yeast types in adsorbing patulin were similar. The ability of the powders to remove patulin increased with longer incubation times, and patulin concentration was below detectable levels with LYP and CYP at approximately 36 and 30 h, respectively. The highest removal of patulin was achieved at pH 5.0 for both powder types, and there were no significant differences in patulin decrease at different temperatures (4, 29, and 37°C). Additionally, the adsorption percentage of patulin increased significantly with the increase of absorbent amount and decrease of initial concentration of patulin. Stability of the yeast-patulin complex was assessed, and patulin was more stable when washed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 4.0) than in absolute ethyl alcohol. These results suggest that inactivated yeast powder has potential as a novel and promising adsorbent to bind patulin effectively.

THE EFFECT OF THE INCUBATION TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON THE DETERMINATION OF PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA IN MILK BY THE AGAR PLATE METHOD1*

1954 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 365-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Boyd ◽  
C. K. Smith ◽  
G. M. Trout
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Psychrophilic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

A study has been made of the effect of incubation time and temperature on the determination of psychrophilic bacteria in milk. The incubation of agar plates at 10° C resulted in the detection of a group of thermoduric organisms which was not found when agar plates were incubated at 5° C. These organisms are not considered to be true psychrophiles. Bacterial counts on milk obtained using the 5° C and 10° C incubation temperatures did not coincide regardless of the incubation period. The counts obtained using the 10° C incubation temperature were always higher than those obtained at 5° C for a similar period. Maximum bacterial counts on milk samples stored at 5° C for 10 days or less were not obtained in less than 20 days when the agar plates were incubated at 5° C.

scholarly journals Biology of triatominae (Reduviidade, Hemiptera) from north of Formosa county (Goiás - Brazil). III: length of life cycle of Psammolestes tertius Lent and Jurberg 1965

1977 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva A. Mello
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Overall Mortality

In the present work the life cycle of Psammolestes tertius was studied. The mean length, in days, fromeach stage was: 26.3 (± 1.7) (1st), 28.6 (± 1.8) (2nd), 28.4 (± 1.8) (3rd), 32.2 (± 1.9) (4th) and 33.5 (± 5.8) (5th). The mean egg incubation period was 15.7 days (± 1.7). Overall mortality was 48.9% and egg viability was 65.7%.

scholarly journals PLANNING ON HATCHING TIME OF GROUPER EGGS THROUGH DIFFERENT INCUBATION TEMPERATURES

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Melianawati ◽  
Philip Teguh Imanto ◽  
Made Suastika
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Tiger Grouper ◽  
Lower Temperature

Groupers were known as a high economically marine commodity and in order to support groupers production, the seed availability was the most important. Eggs are still as limited factor in hatchery production, for this reason the success of eggs transportation is one as base of successful production of seed. Planning on hatching time of eggs through different incubation temperature was an option to solve that problem. This experiment was aimed to find out the optimum temperature for groupers eggs and the minimum temperature to arrange incubation time and to plan the hatching time. Fertilized eggs were incubated into three beaker glasses of 1 liter in volume with the density of ± 250 eggs/liter. The incubation was done under laboratory condition at controlled temperature, i.e. (A) 21-22 ºC, (B) 24-25 ºC, (C) 27-28 ºC and (D) 30-31 ºC. The eggs that used were including orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coiodes), brown marbled grouper (E. microdon), tiger grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) and humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis). Investigated variables were embryonic development pattern, incubation time and hatching rate. The result showed that the eggs incubated in temperature range of 24-31°C had the normal sequence of embryonic development pattern, but in temperature of 21-22°C performed irregular sequence and the embryonic development stopped at blastula or gastrula stage or even the eggs could still develop but the body of hatched larvae were abnormal. In lower temperature incubation, the incubation time was longer and the hatching rate of eggs was lower than those in higher temperature. Therefore the optimum temperature for incubation of orange spotted grouper, marbled grouper, tiger grouper and humpback grouper eggs ranged between 24-31 ºC, while the lowest possible temperature was 24 ºC.Keywords: incubation temperature, embryonic development pattern, grouper eggs, hatching rate

scholarly journals Biology of Triatominae (Reduviidae Hemiptera) from North of Formosa County (Goiás-Brazil) I. Length of life cycle of Triatoma sordida (Stal. 1859)

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalva A. Mello
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Egg Incubation ◽  
Triatoma Sordida ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
Overall Mortality

In the present paper the life cycle of Triatoma sordida was studied. The mean length from egg to adult was 213 days. The mean length in days from each stage was: 24.3 (± 1.30) for the first. 32.8 (± 1.45) (2nd), 36.1 (± 1.50) (3rd), 44.6 (± 1.85) (4th) and 52.0 (± 1.92) (5th). The mean egg incubation períod was 23.2 (± 1.40). Overall mortality was 18.8% and egg viability was 82.5%.

scholarly journals Incubation Temperature Affects Duckling Body Size and Food Consumption Despite No Effect on Associated Feeding Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S F Hope ◽  
R A Kennamer ◽  
A T Grimaudo ◽  
J J Hallagan ◽  
W A Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Structural Size ◽  
Avian Incubation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Developmental Conditions ◽  
And Behavior

Synopsis Developmental conditions can have consequences for offspring fitness. For example, small changes (&lt;1°C) in average avian incubation temperature have large effects on important post-hatch offspring phenotypes, including growth rate, thermoregulation, and behavior. Furthermore, average incubation temperatures differ among eggs within the same nest, to the extent (i.e., &gt;1°C) that differences in offspring phenotypes within broods should result. A potential consequence of within-nest incubation temperature variation is inequality in behaviors that could cause differences in resource acquisition within broods. To investigate this, we incubated wood duck (Aix sponsa) eggs at one of two ecologically-relevant incubation temperatures (35°C or 36°C), formed mixed-incubation temperature broods after ducklings hatched, and conducted trials to measure duckling behaviors associated with acquisition of heat (one trial) or food (three trials). Contrary to our predictions, we found no effect of incubation temperature on duckling behaviors (e.g., time spent occupying heat source, frequency of feeding bouts). However, we found evidence that ducklings incubated at the higher temperature consumed more food during the 1-h feeding trials, and grew faster in body mass and structural size (culmen and tarsus) throughout the study, than those incubated at the lower temperature. Apparent food consumption during the trials was positively related to culmen length, suggesting that differences in food consumption may be driven by structural size. This could result in positive feedback, which would amplify size differences between offspring incubated at different temperatures. Thus, our study identifies incubation temperature as a mechanism by which fitness-related phenotypic differences can be generated and even amplified within avian broods.

scholarly journals PLANNING ON HATCHING TIME OF GROUPER EGGS THROUGH DIFFERENT INCUBATION TEMPERATURES

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Melianawati ◽  
Philip Teguh Imanto ◽  
Made Suastika
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Development Pattern ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Tiger Grouper ◽  
Lower Temperature

<p>Groupers were known as a high economically marine commodity and in order to support groupers production, the seed availability was the most important. Eggs are still as limited factor in hatchery production, for this reason the success of eggs transportation is one as base of successful production of seed. Planning on hatching time of eggs through different incubation temperature was an option to solve that problem. This experiment was aimed to find out the optimum temperature for groupers eggs and the minimum temperature to arrange incubation time and to plan the hatching time. Fertilized eggs were incubated into three beaker glasses of 1 liter in volume with the density of ± 250 eggs/liter. The incubation was done under laboratory condition at controlled temperature, i.e. (A) 21-22 ºC, (B) 24-25 ºC, (C) 27-28 ºC and (D) 30-31 ºC. The eggs that used were including orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coiodes), brown marbled grouper (E. microdon), tiger grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) and humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis). Investigated variables were embryonic development pattern, incubation time and hatching rate. The result showed that the eggs incubated in temperature range of 24-31°C had the normal sequence of embryonic development pattern, but in temperature of 21-22°C performed irregular sequence and the embryonic development stopped at blastula or gastrula stage or even the eggs could still develop but the body of hatched larvae were abnormal. In lower temperature incubation, the incubation time was longer and the hatching rate of eggs was lower than those in higher temperature. Therefore the optimum temperature for incubation of orange spotted grouper, marbled grouper, tiger grouper and humpback grouper eggs ranged between 24-31 ºC, while the lowest possible temperature was 24 ºC.</p><p>Keywords: incubation temperature, embryonic development pattern, grouper eggs, hatching rate</p>

scholarly journals Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: a review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed I. Osman ◽  
Neha Mehta ◽  
Ahmed M. Elgarahy ◽  
Amer Al-Hinai ◽  
Ala’a H. Al-Muhtaseb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractThe global energy demand is projected to rise by almost 28% by 2040 compared to current levels. Biomass is a promising energy source for producing either solid or liquid fuels. Biofuels are alternatives to fossil fuels to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Nonetheless, policy decisions for biofuels should be based on evidence that biofuels are produced in a sustainable manner. To this end, life cycle assessment (LCA) provides information on environmental impacts associated with biofuel production chains. Here, we review advances in biomass conversion to biofuels and their environmental impact by life cycle assessment. Processes are gasification, combustion, pyrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis routes and fermentation. Thermochemical processes are classified into low temperature, below 300 °C, and high temperature, higher than 300 °C, i.e. gasification, combustion and pyrolysis. Pyrolysis is promising because it operates at a relatively lower temperature of up to 500 °C, compared to gasification, which operates at 800–1300 °C. We focus on 1) the drawbacks and advantages of the thermochemical and biochemical conversion routes of biomass into various fuels and the possibility of integrating these routes for better process efficiency; 2) methodological approaches and key findings from 40 LCA studies on biomass to biofuel conversion pathways published from 2019 to 2021; and 3) bibliometric trends and knowledge gaps in biomass conversion into biofuels using thermochemical and biochemical routes. The integration of hydrothermal and biochemical routes is promising for the circular economy.

scholarly journals Biological aspects of Hylesia metapyrrha (Lepidoptera; Saturniidae; Hemileucinae), in laboratory

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Specht ◽  
AC. Formentini ◽  
E. Corseuil
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Average Period ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Behavioral Aspects ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Guava Leaves

The aim of this work was to study biological aspects and the life cycle of Hylesia Metapyrrha in a laboratory. Laboratorial breeding was made at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% UR and 14 hours of photophase, feeding the larvae with guava leaves (Psidium guayava L. - Myrtaceae). Time was evaluated on the days of all the development stages; morphometry was evaluated in millimeters and the pupa’s mass in grams. The eggs were disposed in groups and covered by urticating abdominal hair. The incubation period lasted 52 days. The larvae, with gregarious habits, presented background black coloration, yellowish scoli and two orange longitudinal lines above and below the spiracles, during the development which lasted an average period of 74.59 days and went through seven instars. The pre-pupa and the pupa stages lasted on average 8.82 and 50.56 days, respectively; the female pupae presented a duration, weight and size which was significantly bigger. The adult stage lasted on average 5.50 days with periods of pre, post and oviposition of 2.30, 1.90 and 1.00 days, respectively. This study broadens the knowledge of the immature stages, biological, morphological and behavioral aspects, until then restricted to the morphology and to registers of the occurrence of the adult forms.

The cattle lice of Great Britain Part I. Biology, with special reference to Haematopinus eurysternus

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Craufurd-Benson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Threshold Of Development ◽  
Minimum Air Temperature

1. The geographical distribution of cattle lice in Britain is recorded in detail. Bovicola bovis is the commonest and most widely distributed species in Britain.2. The incubation period for the eggs was found to be: Haematopinus eurysternus, 9–19 days (av. 12); Bovicola bovis, 7–10 days (av. 8); Linognathus vitula, 10–13 days; Solenopotes capillatus, 10–13 days. With eggs of H. eurysternus it was found that the higher the minimum air temperature the shorter was the incubation period.3. In H. eurysternus the average length of the instars was: 1st, 4 days; 2nd, 4 days; 3rd, 4 days; pre-oviposition period, 3–4 days. The average time for the complete life cycle, egg to egg, was 28 days.4. The maximum longevity of H. eurysternus on the host was: males, 10 days; females, 16 days. No males or females of H. eurysternus survived a starvation period of 72 hr. at 20° C. and R.H. 70 or 0–10° C. and R.H. 70–85; but some nymphs survived this period at 20° C. and R.H. 70, but none survived 96 hr. starvation.5. The maximum number of eggs recorded for one female was 24; and eggs were laid at the rate of 1–4 a day.6. The threshold of development of the eggs of H. eurysternus appears to be about 27·5° C.

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