scholarly journals Soil hydrolase activities and kinetic properties as affected by wheat cropping systems of Northeastern China

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 526-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.L. Zhang ◽  
L.J. Chen ◽  
C.X. Sun ◽  
Z.J. Wu ◽  
Z.H. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Total N ◽  
Alpha Galactosidase ◽  
Beta Glucosidase ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Beta Galactosidase ◽  
Sequential Cropping

Agricultural practices that reduce soil degradation and improve agriculture sustainability are important particularly for dry hilly land of Chaoyang County in the Liaoning Province, North-east China, where cinnamon soils are widely distributed and mainly for wheat production. The impacts of 10-year cropping systems (wheat-cabbage sequential cropping, wheat-corn intercrop, wheat-sunflower rotation, wheat-soybean rotation) on soil enzyme properties of surface-soil (0&ndash;20 cm) were studied. Total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, and nine soil hydrolases related to nutrient availabilities (&beta;-galactosidase, &alpha;-galactosidase, &beta;-glucosidase, &alpha;-glucosidase, urease, protease, phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, arylsulphatase) and five enzymes kinetic characters were examined. Wheat-corn intercrop systems had higher total C, total N, total P and total S concentrations than wheat-soybean and wheat-sunflower rotation systems. Most test enzyme activities (&alpha;-galactosidase, &beta;-galactosidase, &alpha;-glucosidase, &beta;-glucosidase, urease, protease, phosphomonoesterase and arylsulphatase) showed the highest activities under wheat-corn intercropping system. Urease, protease and phosphodiesterase activities of wheat-cabbage sequential cropping system were significantly higher than two rotation systems. The maximum reaction rates of enzymes (V<sub>max</sub>) were higher than apparent enzyme activity, which suggests larger potential activity of enzymes, while not all kinetic parameters were adaptive as soil quality indicators in dry hilly cinnamon soil.

scholarly journals Functional lysosomal hydrolase size as determined by radiation inactivation analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 226 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Dawson ◽  
J C Ellory
Keyword(s):  
Target Size ◽  
Lysosomal Hydrolase ◽  
Lysosomal Hydrolases ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Arylsulphatase A ◽  
Alpha Galactosidase ◽  
Beta Glucosidase ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

Electron inactivation analysis with 16 MeV electrons was used to determine the functional target size of a number of commonly studied lysosomal hydrolases. Observed values ranged from a low of 62 000 +/- 4000 Da for beta-galactosidase to a high of 200 000 +/- 17 500 Da (mouse beta-glucuronidase). One group of lysosomal hydrolases (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-beta-galactosaminidase, alpha-galactosidase, beta-mannosidase, beta-glucosidase, arylsulphatase A and sphingomyelinase) had target sizes in the range 100 000-120 000 Da, whereas alpha-glucosidase and alpha-fucosidase exist as complex multimers in the 150 000-160 000 Da range. Analysis of freeze-dried cell material showed little evidence of species (mouse versus human) variation in the functional size of most lysosomal hydrolases with the exception of beta-glucuronidase. Our findings suggest the potential usefulness of lysosomal hydrolases as endogenous marker enzymes in studies where the target size of proteins of unknown molecular mass is to be determined.

scholarly journals Subcellular distribution of glycosidases in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes

1978 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
R F Rest ◽  
M H Cooney ◽  
J K Spitznagel
Keyword(s):  
Subcellular Distribution ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Density Gradients ◽  
Glucosidase Activity ◽  
Mitochondrial Fractions ◽  
Specific Granules ◽  
Azurophil Granule ◽  
Alpha Galactosidase ◽  
Beta Glucosidase ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase

The subcellular distribution of nine glycosidases were studied in fractions of homogenized human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (neutrophils) obtained by isopycnic centrifugation through linear sucrose density gradients. The substrates were 4-methylumbelliferyl glycosides. All nine glycosides were hydrolysed by enzymes in neutrophil cytosol fractions, and by enzymes in at least one granule population. alpha-Glucosidase activity sedimented in sucrose density gradients to a point (p = 1.180 g/ml) just above the specific granules, possibly the ‘tertiary’ granule population. The peak corresponding to alpha-glucosidase did not co-sediment with, but considerably overlapped, the peak corresponding to lactoferrin, a marker for specific granules (p = 1.187 g/ml). alpha-Galactosidase activity was found primarily in heavy azurophil granules (p = 1.222 g/ml). alpha-Mannosidase activity was found primarily in light azurophil granules (p = 1.206 g/ml), following the distribution of myeloperoxidase, the commonly used azurophil granule marker. beta-Glucosidase activity was concentrated in mitochondrial fractions (p = 1.160 g/ml). All other glycosidases presented complex distributions, with activities not restricted to one granule class. Granule-associated glycosidase activities were increased 2–38 times when measured in the presence of 0.05% Triton X-100, indicating latency of the enzymes within granules.

scholarly journals Effects of a probiotic in combination with prebiotics on intestinal lactobacilli and coliforms and activities of bacterial enzymes in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine exposed rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Strojný ◽  
A. Bo ◽  
E. Hijová ◽  
A. Chmelárová ◽  
G. Mojžišová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Beta Glucosidase ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Beta Galactosidase ◽  
Group 1

Effects of the probiotic (PRO) Lactobacillus plantarum and of the combination of PRO and the prebiotic (PRE) inulin enriched with oligofructose (2%), and PRO with Lini oleum virginale (O) on counts of lactobacilli and coliforms and enzymatic activities in faeces of rats were studied. The rats (n = 60) were divided into 5 groups of 12 subjects. The animals were fed on a high fat diet (10%) for 8 weeks of experiment. Colon cancer was induced by the application of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) twice a week in a dose of 20 mg/kg s.c. in groups G2-G5. The rats in group 1 (control 1) received a diet without any supplements. The rats in group 2 (control 2) received 1,2 DMH without any supplements. The rats in group 3 received PRO, group 4 PRO and PRE, and group 5 received PRO and O. A significant decrease (P &lt; 0.05) of coliforms was found out after the application of PRO, PRO-O, and PRO-PRE in comparison with control group G2. Significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) counts of lactobacilli were determined after the application of PRO-O and PRO-PRE. Significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) activities of &beta;-galactosidase, &beta;-glucuronidase and &alpha;-glucosidase were observed in PRO, PRO-PRE and PRO-O, while in the case of the enzyme &beta;-glucosidase the activity was lower only after the addition of PRO-O. The protective effect of lactobacilli was observed in the order PRO-O, PRO-PRE, and PRO. It was shown that combinations of PRO-O and PRO-PRE had a synergistic effect which was higher than the effect of administering only PRO.

scholarly journals Specific inactivation of lysosomal glycosidases in living fibroblasts by the corresponding glycosylmethyl-p-nitrophenyltriazenes

1980 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
O P Van Diggelen ◽  
H Galjaard ◽  
M L Sinnott ◽  
P J Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Zero Order ◽  
Fibroblast Cultures ◽  
Beta Glucosidase ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase ◽  
Beta Galactosidase ◽  
Lysosomal Glycosidases

1. beta-D-Galactopyranosylmethyl-p-nitrophenyltriazene can specificag detectable changes in cell viability or the activities of other hydrolases. 2. beta-D-Glucopyranosylmethyl-p-nitrophenyltriazene behaves similarly towards lysosomal beta-glucosidase, but also inactivates some alpha-glucosidase. 3. Both beta-galactosidase and beta-glucosidase activities in triazene-treated confluent fibroblast cultures recover exponentially; if zero-order enzyme production is assumed, turnover times of 10 and 5 days respectively can be estimated.

scholarly journals  α-Glucosidase and β-glucosidase from psychrotrophic strain arthrobacter sp. C2-2

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Benešová ◽  
M. Marková ◽  
B. Králová
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation ◽  
Donor And Acceptor ◽  
Alpha Galactosidase ◽  
Beta Glucosidase ◽  
Psychrotrophic Strain ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase

In this work six psychophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial strains were screened for the presence of different glycosidase activities (&alpha;-galactosidase, &alpha;-glucosidase, &beta;-glucosidase, &alpha;-mannosidase and &beta;-glucuronidase). Nine enzymes were found and their elementary characteristics were measured (t<sub>optimum</sub>, pH<sub>optimum</sub>, K<sub>m</sub>, V<sub>lim</sub>).Two enzymes with the highest activities at low temperatures were chosen for the next study, i.e. &alpha;-glucosidase and &beta;-glucosidase from the psychrotrophic strain Arthrobacter sp. C2-2. These enzymes were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, by chromatography with hydrophobic interaction, and by ion-exchange chromatography. Their molecular weights (&alpha;-glucosidase &ndash; 76 kDa, &beta;-glucosidase &ndash; 93 kDa) were determined by gel chromatography. In addition to this, it was verified that both of these enzymes are able to catalyse the transglycosylation reaction with the saccharidic donor and acceptor.

Predicting nitrogen mineralisation in Australian irrigated cotton cropping systems

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Brackin ◽  
Scott Buckley ◽  
Rhys Pirie ◽  
Francois Visser
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Agricultural Industries ◽  
Mineralisation Potential

Cotton cropping systems in Australia have poor nitrogen (N) use efficiency, largely due to over-application of N fertiliser. The N mineralisation from soil organic N reserves is often overlooked, or underestimated despite recent studies indicating that it may contribute the majority of N exported with the crop. Predicting N mineralisation is a major challenge for agricultural industries worldwide, as direct measurements are time-consuming and expensive, but there is considerable debate as to the most reliable methods for indirect estimation. Additionally, laboratory incubations assess potential (rather than actual) mineralisation, and may not be representative of N cycling rates in the field. We collected 177 samples from most major Australian cotton growing regions, and assessed their mineralisation potential using ex situ laboratory incubations, along with an assessment of potential indicators routinely measured in soil nutrient tests. Additionally, at three unfertilised sites we conducted in situ assessment of mineralisation by quantifying soil N at the beginning of the growing season, and soil and crop N at the end of the season. We found that Australian cotton cropping soils had substantial mineralisation potential, and that soil total N and total carbon were correlated with mineralisation, and have potential to be used for prediction. Other potential indicators such as carbon dioxide production and ammonium and nitrate concentrations were not correlated with mineralisation. In parallel studies of ex situ and in situ mineralisation, we found ex situ laboratory incubations overestimated mineralisation by 1.7 times on average. We discuss findings in terms of management implications for Australian cotton farming systems.

scholarly journals Acid hydrolases in leukocytes and platelets of normal subjects and in patients with Gaucher's and Fabry's disease.

1976 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Beutler ◽  
W Kuhl ◽  
F Matsumoto ◽  
G Pangalis
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Acid Hydrolases ◽  
Gaucher's Disease ◽  
Gaucher’S Disease ◽  
Fabry’S Disease ◽  
Fabry's Disease ◽  
Alpha Galactosidase ◽  
Beta Glucosidase ◽  
Alpha Glucosidase

Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophilic granulocytes and platelets were each separated to greater than 95% purity from six normal subjects, three patients with Gaucher's disease, two heterozygotes for Gaucher's disease, and one patient with Fabry's disease. Activities of the following acid hydrolases were determined: "acid" (pH 4.0) beta-glucosidase, pH 5.0 beta-glucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-arabinosidase, alpha-mannosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-hexosaminidase, and acid phosphatase. Enzymatic activity varied greatly with cell type and the enzyme being measured; the importance of assaying pure preparations especially for heterozygote detection is emphasized. Gaucher's disease patients' cells were found to be deficient in the pH 4.0 acid beta-glucosidase, variable in the pH 5.0 beta-glucosidase, and normal in all other acid hydrolases tested, including acid phosphatase, the activity of which is known to be elevated in plasma. Blood cells of a patient with Fabry's disease were deficient in alpha-galactosidase and normal in all other acid hydrolases tested.

Potentially mineralizable nitrogen, decomposition rates and their relationship to temperature for five Queensland soils

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Campbell ◽  
RJK Myers ◽  
KL Weier
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Total N ◽  
Net Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen

The procedure of Stanford and coworkers was used to quantitatively relate net nitrogen mineralization in five Queensland semi-arid soils to temperature. The concentration of potentially mineralizable nitrogen (No) (1) ranged from 67 �g nitrogen g-1 for a red earth subsoil to 256 for a recently cultivated cracking clay surface soil, (2) was directly proportional to total soil carbon, (3) was greater in surface than in subsurface soil, and (4) was greater in subtropical than tropical soils. Expressed as a fraction of total nitrogen (No/Total N), it ranged between 8 and 21%, and was directly proportional to cation exchange capacity, perhaps implicating expanding lattice clays in stabilization of cell lysates and metabolites. The mineralization rate constant (k) was directly proportional to total carbon, the fuel for microbially mediated reactions in soil. The average k for surface soils was interpolated to be 0.058, 0.031, and 0.018 week-1, corresponding to half-lives of 11.9, 22.4 and 38.5 weeks, at 35�, 25� and 15�C, respectively; these values are similar to those reported for U.S.A. and Chilean soils. The Arrhenius relationship between k and temperature for surface soils (log k = 6.14-2285/T) was similar to that reported by Stanford for U.S.A. soils, and indicates that this relationship might be a general one.

scholarly journals Outcomes of Long-Term Conservation Tillage Research in Northern China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Azumah Chimsah ◽  
Liqun Cai ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Renzhi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Total N

Sustainable food production has long been a priority for mankind and this is being challenged by limited arable land, challenged landscapes, and higher human population growth. China started conservation farming around the 1950’s. However, main Conservation Tillage (CT) research started in 1992. Using a systematic meta-analysis approach, this review aims at examining China’s approach to CT and to characterize the main outcomes of long-term CT research across northern China. Data from organizations in charge of CT research in China showed an improvement in crop yield of at least 4% under double cropping systems and 6% under single cropping systems in dry areas of northern China. Furthermore, long-term CT practices were reported to have improved soil physical properties (soil structure, bulk density, pore size, and aggregate stability), soil nutrient levels, and reduction in greenhouse gas emission. Other benefits include significant increase in income levels and protection of the environment. Limitations to CT practice highlighted in this study include occasional reduction in crop yields during initial years of cropping, significant reduction in total N of soils, increase in N2O emission, and the need for customized machinery for its implementation. Outcomes of CT practice are ecologically and economically beneficial though its limitations are worth cogitating.

scholarly journals Quantifying nitrogen losses in oil palm plantations: models and challenges

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lénaïc Pardon ◽  
Cécile Bessou ◽  
Nathalie Saint-Geours ◽  
Benoît Gabrielle ◽  
Ni’matul Khasanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N

Abstract. Oil palm is the most rapidly expanding tropical perennial crop. Its cultivation raises environmental concerns, notably related to the use of nitrogen (N) fertilisers and associated pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. While numerous and diverse models exist to estimate N losses from agriculture, very few are available for tropical perennial crops. Moreover, there has been no critical analysis of the performances of existing models in the specific context of tropical perennial cropping systems. We assessed the capacity of 11 models and 29 sub-models to estimate N losses in a typical oil palm plantation over a 25-year-growth cycle, through leaching and runoff, and emissions of NH3, N2, N2O, and NOx. Estimates of total N losses were very variable, ranging from 21 to 139 kg N ha−1 yr−1. On average, 31 % of the losses occurred during the first three years of the cycle. Leaching comprised about 80 % of the losses. Based on a comprehensive Morris sensitivity analysis, the most influential variables were soil clay content, rooting depth and oil palm N uptake. We also compared model estimates with published field measurements. Many challenges remain to model more accurately processes related to the peculiarities of perennial tropical crop systems such as oil palm.

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