scholarly journals Reaction of maize hybrids to ear rot caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 569-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pastirčák ◽  
M. Lemmens ◽  
A. Šrobárová
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Maize Resistance ◽  
The Way

Ear rot caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph stage: Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch) is a destructive disease of maize. In our experiment we tested twenty maize hybrids. Two inoculation techniques differing in the way of application of a macro-conidial suspension, were evaluated for their effectiveness in assessing maize resistance to ear rot. Based on the results of one season, highly significant differences in sensitivity to Fusarium ear rot between genotypes for all variants under mist irrigation and without mist irrigation, were detected.

scholarly journals The Reaction of some Maize Hybrids, Created at ARDS TURDA, to Fusarium spp. Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Laura ȘOPTEREAN ◽  
Loredana SUCIU ◽  
Ana Maria VĂLEAN ◽  
Felicia MUREŞANU ◽  
Carmen PUIA
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Resistance Reaction

The most important disease of maize in Romania are stalk and ear rot, which caused yield losses in average of 20%. The resistant hibrids represent one of the most efficient solution for reducing the field loses caused by Fusarium spp. on the maize (Nagy et al., 2006). Diseases caused by Fusarium spp. can affect the yield and grain quality of maize because of contamination with numerous mycotoxins produced by these fungi (Czembor et al., 2015). The purpose of this paper was to know more about the reaction of different maize hybrids to Fusarium and the evaluating the effect of ear rot on the yield ability and mycotoxins accumulation. The experiments carried out at ARDS Turda, during four years (2012-2015). The biological material was represented by 8 hybrids, from different maturity groups, tested in two infection conditions with Fusarium spp. (natural and artificial infections). The temperature and rainfalls of the four years of experiments corresponding to the vegetation of maize (april-september) are influenced favourably the pathogenesis of stalk and ear rot caused by Fusarium spp. and a good discrimination of the resistance reaction of genotypes. Fusarium ear rot has significantly affected production capacity and chemical composition of corn hybrids tested. In conditions of artificial infection with Fusarium spp. was a decrease in the content of starch, fat and increased protein content compared with artificially inoculated variants. The quantity of fumonizin B1+B2 has reached to 5630 μg/kg in conditions of artificial infection. There are negative correlations between production capacity and degree of attack of fusarium ear rot; depending on the reacting genotypes tested increasing disease causes production decrease. The response of maize hybrids to Fusarium infection is influenced by infection and climatic conditions. These factors affect production both in terms of quantity and quality and accumulation of mycotoxins.

Severity of Fusarium ear rot and concentration of fumonisin in grain of Argentinian maize hybrids

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 852-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Presello ◽  
Juliana Iglesias ◽  
Grisela Botta ◽  
Guillermo H. Eyhérabide
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Hybrids

Vip3Aa and Cry1Ab proteins in maize reduce Fusarium ear rot and fumonisins by deterring kernel injury from multiple Lepidopteran pests

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bowers ◽  
R. Hellmich ◽  
G. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
Insect Resistance ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Quality Measurements

Field trials were conducted in 2008, 2009 and 2011 to assess fumonisin contamination in transgenic (Bt) and non- Bt maize hybrids infested with European corn borer, corn earworm, and Western bean cutworm. Comparisons were made among maize hybrids expressing two transgenic insect resistance proteins (Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa), a single resistance protein (Cry1Ab), or no insect resistance. The field design was a randomised complete block design with four replicates of each hybrid × insect combination. Kernel injury, Fusarium ear rot, and fumonisins (FB1+FB2+FB3) in maize grain were measured. These measurements differed significantly among years of the study. In all years, significant positive correlations were present between insect injury and Fusarium ear rot, insect injury and grain fumonisin levels, and Fusarium ear rot and grain fumonisin levels. Under all insect infestation treatments, Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa hybrids were the most resistant of the hybrids with regard to any of the grain quality measurements. Averaged over all insect infestations and years, insect injury, Fusarium ear rot, and grain fumonisin levels were all low in Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa (0.1% and 2.2% of total kernels, and 0.56 mg/kg, respectively). The highest average levels of insect injury, Fusarium ear rot, and grain fumonisin contamination (3.3% and 7.2% of total kernels, and 5.47 mg/kg, respectively) were found in the non-Bt hybrids. The presence of transgenic insect protection (Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa or Cry1Ab) resulted in significant reductions in all grain quality measurements as compared with the non- Bt hybrids. Only grain obtained from Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa hybrids consistently had acceptable fumonisin content according to both US guidance levels and EU regulatory limits. These results indicate that Cry1Ab × Vip3Aa maize hybrids are more likely to yield high quality, low-fumonisin grain compared to hybrids expressing only Cry1Ab or lacking insect resistance.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium Maize Ear Rot Caused by Fusarium meridionale in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 1156-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Zhang ◽  
W. Luo ◽  
Y. Pan ◽  
J. Xu ◽  
J. S. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Translation Elongation Factor ◽  
Translation Elongation ◽  
First Report

Fusarium is an important genus of fungal pathogens that are responsible for devastating diseases, such as Fusarium ear rot on maize, which may result in yield losses and/or mycotoxin contamination. In September 2013, a survey to determine population composition of Fusarium species on maize was conducted at 22 fields in 18 counties in Gansu Province. Maize ears with clear symptoms (with a white to pink- or salmon-colored mold at the ear tip) were collected. Symptomatic seeds were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol and 10% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed three times with sterile water to eliminate hypochlorite residues. After drying on sterile filter paper, the seeds were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 3 days. Mycelium that was characteristic of Fusarium spp. (2) was purified by transferring single spores to fresh PDA. Fusarium species were identified by morphological characteristics (2), multilocus genotyping assay (MLGT) (3), and sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor-1α (TEF) gene. Several Fusarium species were identified and Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum were the predominant species. Based on MLGT, two strains from Chenghong County were identified as F. meridionale with NIV chemotype, a species in F. graminearum species complex (FGSC). Morphological characteristics were also identical to FGSC. Colonies grew rapidly on PDA and produce relatively large amounts of dense mycelia and red pigments. Slender, thick-walled, and moderately curved or straight macroconidia were observed with 5- to 6-septate. Furthermore, conidia on SNA also showed typical characteristics of F. meridionale, as the dorsal and ventral lines were often parallel and gradually curved. Sequences comparison of the partial translation elongation factor (TEF-1α, 644 bp) gene (1) was used to validate these observations. BLASTn analysis with the FUSARIUM-ID database revealed 100% sequence identity to F. meridionale (GenBank Accession No. KJ137017). Thus, both morphological and molecular criteria supported identification of the strains as F. meridionale. A pathogenicity test was performed on Zhengdan958, the maize variety with the largest planted acreage in China. Four days after silk emergence, 2 ml conidial suspension (105 macroconidia/ml) of each isolate were injected into each of 10 maize ears through silk channel. Control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Typical FER symptoms (reddish-white mold) was observed on inoculated ears and no symptoms were observed on water controls. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating the same fungus from the infected seeds. F. meridionale was one of the pathogens causing Fusarium head blight on wheat and barley in China and produced nivalenol (4,5) and it also has been isolated from maize in Korea and Nepal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. meridionale causing Fusarium ear rot on maize in China. Further studies on biological characteristics such as temperature sensibility and fungicide resistance are needed to gain a better understanding of this new pathogen. References: (1) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (3) T. J. Ward et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 45:473, 2008. (4) L. Yang et al. Phytopathology 98:719, 2008. (5) H. Zhang et al. Plos one 7:e31722, 2012.

scholarly journals Transcript Abundance Responses of Resistance Pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana to Deoxynivalenol

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Jiazheng Yuan ◽  
Michelle Zhu ◽  
Khalid Meksem ◽  
Matt Geisler ◽  
Patrick Hart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Expressed Sequence

Mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (teleomorph of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) was known to be both a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) and an inhibitor of Arabidopsis thaliana L. seed germination. Fusarium graminearum causes both Gibberella ear rot in maize (Zea mays L.) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley. Arabidopsis thaliana was also a host for the related root rot pathogen F. virguliforme Aoki. A. thaliana seedling growth was reduced by the pathogen in a proportional response to increasing spore concentrations. Here, the changes in transcript abundances corresponding to 10,560 A. thaliana expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was compared with changes in 192 known plant defense and biotic/abiotic stress related genes in soybean roots after infestation with F. virguliforme. A parallel comparison with a set of resistance pathways involved in response to the DON toxicity in A. thaliana was performed. A. thaliana data was obtained from the AFGC depository. The variations of transcript abundances in Arabidopsis and soybean treated with pathogen suggest that both plants respond to the pathogen mainly by common, possibly global responses with some specific secondary metabolic pathways involved in defense. In contrast, DON toxin appeared to impact central metabolisms in Arabidopsis plants with significant alterations ranging from the protein metabolism to redox production. Several new putative resistance pathways involved in responding to both pathogen and DON infestation in soybean and A. thaliana were identified.

scholarly journals Tri1 in Fusarium graminearum Encodes a P450 Oxygenase

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 2044-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. McCormick ◽  
L. J. Harris ◽  
N. J. Alexander ◽  
T. Ouellet ◽  
A. Saparno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Cdna Libraries ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Similarity ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Asexual State

ABSTRACT Gibberella zeae (asexual state Fusarium graminearum) is a major causal agent of wheat head blight and maize ear rot in North America and is responsible for contamination of grain with deoxynivalenol and related trichothecene mycotoxins. To identify additional trichothecene biosynthetic genes, cDNA libraries were prepared from fungal cultures under trichothecene-inducing conditions in culture and in planta. A gene designated LH1 that was highly expressed under these conditions exhibited only moderate (59%) similarity to known trichothecene biosynthetic cytochrome P450s. To determine the function of LH1, gene disruptants were produced and assessed for trichothecene production. Gene disruptants no longer produced 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, which is oxygenated at carbon 7 (C-7) and C-8, but rather accumulated calonectrin and 3-deacetylcalonectrin, which are not oxygenated at either C-7 or C-8. These results indicate that gene LH1 encodes a cytochrome P450 responsible for oxygenation at one or both of these positions. Despite the relatively low level of DNA and amino acid sequence similarity between the two genes, LH1 from G. zeae is the probable homologue of Tri1, which encodes a cytochrome P450 required for C-8 oxygenation in F. sporotrichioides.

Colonization of maize silks by Fusarium graminearum, the causative organism of gibberella ear rot

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shea Miller ◽  
Lana M. Reid ◽  
Linda J. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gibberella Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Silks

One of the most economically important diseases of maize in Canada is gibberella ear rot caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph = Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch). Understanding how the fungus becomes established will help in developing effective strategies to reduce the incidence of this disease. This study investigates the infection process of F. graminearum on maize silks using both a wild-type F. graminearum as well as a strain transformed with a gene from jellyfish to constitutively express green fluorescent protein. Immature ears of maize were inoculated in the field with wild-type F. graminearum and harvested at specific times post infection, and the silks were stained with Chlorazol Black E for examination. In addition, uninoculated ears were excised, placed on water agar in large Petri dishes, and the silks inoculated with a suspension of macroconidia of the transformed fungus. The progress of fungal growth was then monitored using microscopy. Germination of conidia was observed 4–6 h after inoculation. A variable period of random growth often followed, after which some of the hyphae would grow in more or less straight lines down the silk towards the cob (rachis), and ultimately infect the developing kernels. Access to the cob occurred in 7–9 d in susceptible genotypes and 12–15 d in resistant genotypes. The fungus could penetrate the ovary directly through the silk attachment point or, when the silk was growing over other kernels, the fungus could traverse from the silk to colonize interkernel spaces. Entry into the cob was either through the rachis surface via exterior growth between kernels, or into the rachis via the pedicel.

scholarly journals Comparison of Fumonisin Concentrations in Kernels of Transgenic Bt Maize Hybrids and Nontransgenic Hybrids

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary P. Munkvold ◽  
Richard L. Hellmich ◽  
Larry G. Rice
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Maize Hybrids

Maize hybrids genetically engineered with genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) express CryIA(b) and other Cry proteins that are toxic to certain insects, particularly the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Maize kernel feeding by O. nubilalis often leads to infection by fungi in the genus Fusarium, including the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. In field experiments in 1995, 1996, and 1997, transgenic maize hybrids and near-isogenic, nontransgenic hybrids were manually infested with neonatal European corn borer larvae. Manual infestation increased Fusarium ear rot severity and fumonisin concentrations in kernels of nontransgenic hybrids. Transgenic hybrids with kernel expression of CryIA(b) consistently experienced less insect feeding on kernels and less Fusarium ear rot than their nontransgenic counterparts. In manually infested treatments, these hybrids also exhibited lower concentrations of fumonisins in kernels compared with their nontransgenic counterparts. In manually infested treatments in 1995, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations were 8.8 μg/g in the nontransgenic hybrid and 6.7 or 3.0 μg/g in transgenic hybrids. In 1996, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations in manually infested treatments were 4.9 μg/g (range 2.3 to 8.8) for nontransgenic and 1.2 μg/g (range 1.0 to 1.3) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. Mean total fumonisin concentrations (fumonisin B1 + B2 + B3) were 7.0 μg/g (range 3.0 to 12.2) for nontransgenic and 1.7 μg/g (range 1.5 to 1.9) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. In 1997, mean fumonisin B1 concentrations in manually infested treatments were 11.8 μg/g (range 7.6 to 17.3) for nontransgenic and 1.3 μg/g (range 0.8 to 2.2) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression of CryIA(b) or Cry9C. Mean total fumonisin concentrations were 16.5 μg/g (range 10.7 to 24.0) for nontransgenic and 2.1 μg/g (range 1.5 to 3.1) for transgenic hybrids with kernel expression. Transgenic hybrids that do not express CryIA(b) or Cry9C in kernels did not consistently have fumonisin concentrations different from the nontransgenic hybrids. Higher fumonisin concentrations in nontransgenic hybrids were associated with high European corn borer populations during the early reproductive stages of the maize plants. These results indicate that under some conditions, genetic engineering of maize for insect resistance may enhance its safety for animal and human consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluation of diversity and resistance of maize varieties to Fusarium spp. causing ear rot in maize under conditions of natural infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Yong Gang Li ◽  
Dan Jiang ◽  
Lan Kun Xu ◽  
Si Qi Zhang ◽  
Ping Sheng Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Ssr Analysis ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Multiple Species

Fusarium ear rot in maize (Zea mays L.) is a serious disease in all maize-growing areas worldwide. A total of 454 fungal strains were isolated from 69 commercial maize hybrids grown in Harbin, China, and comprised Fusarium subglutinans (34.8%), F. proliferatum (31.3%), F. verticillioides (20%), F. graminearum (9.7%), and F. equiseti (4.2%). Among them, a complex of multiple species, F. subglutinans, F. proliferatum, and F. verticillioides are the dominant fungi causing ear rot. Among 59 commercial maize hybrids, eleven hybrids (18.6%) were found to be highly resistant to Fusarium ear rot. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis using six pairs of primers resulted in 24 reproducible bands and cluster analysis separated the maize hybrids into eight groups. There was little genetic variation associated with disease resistance. No correlation was found between genetic diversity and disease resistance.  

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