scholarly journals Towards a complete Logical Phonology model of intrasegmental changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Reiss
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rule Application

All changes to the internal structure of phonological segments arise from combinations of rules based on two set-theoretic operations: feature deletion by set subtraction and feature insertion by unification. Apparent cases of rules targeting underspecified segments reflect two kinds of vacuous rule application, one due to unification failure and the other due to vacuous unification. Despite this reduction of all segment-internal changes to two basic mechanisms we can account for a wide variety of patterns, including the reciprocal neutralization and apparent exceptional behavior seen in Hungarian voicing assimilation.

scholarly journals VARIATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Intracellular Membranes ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shape Complexity

A characteristic internal structure, consisting of a double-layered outer wall enclosing a matrix-filled space through which pass double-layered membranous folds, would appear to comprise as satisfactory a definition of mitochondria for electron microscopy as their intravital affinity for Janus green affords for light microscopy. Relying for identification upon this characteristic internal structure, mitochondria appear to be pleomorphic structures which vary in size, shape, complexity, and density. They are labile also in that their number may increase or decrease under controlled conditions. The possibility therefore exists that these organelles are constantly being formed and destroyed, perhaps by their participation in metabolic processes. The problem of the origin of mitochondria is in an unsatisfactory state. New organelles unquestionably are formed in particular physiological states. The possibility that new bodies are produced by fission of ones already present does not seem adequate. On the other hand, the possible fabrication of new mitochondria out of intracellular membranes, although an attractive hypothesis, has not been adequately substantiated.

scholarly journals Interiorization Phenomenon within the Plots of the Fantastic Tales by F. V. Bulgarin (1820–1840s)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Margarita F. Klimentyeva
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Text Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Literary Life ◽  
Social Discourses ◽  
Mass Literature ◽  
Discursive Strategy ◽  
The Fantastic ◽  
The One

The paper focuses on the analyses of the interiorization phenomena in the fantastic (utopian and dystopian) tales by Faddey Bulgarin that he wrote and published between 1825 and 1846. The tales came out in such periodicals as Severnyy archiv, Literturnye zapiski, Syn otechestva. The study of the texts allows to assume that Rus-sian mass literature born within magazine prose was characterized by the interiorization of plots. The latter led to the formation of an adaptive hab-itus entirely assimilated by the Russian cultural and social discourses around the 1830–1840s. The study of the texts by Bulgarin (which in terms of genre can be identified either as journal manifestos or literary works of different genres) indicates his conscious orientation on the reader, the intended involvement of the reader into the literary and would-be-literary life of an artistic word. On the one hand, that could be the echo of the tradition established by the Enlighteners who educated the reader via literary words, thus shaping his or her ethics and esthetics. On the other hand, that could be the reflection of the interiorization phenomenon that is the structural transposition of a text (text structure) into the internal structure of the reader’s mind. We suggest that the interiorization phenomenon and the shaping of the mass literature are interconnected; the adaptive habitus born in the magazine prose in the mid-1820s – the early 1840s determined the energy of mind and the peculiarities of thinking of the mass reader. Despite almost no narrator addressing the reader in the fantastic tales, the reader finds him- or herself indirectly present throughout the texts as an addressee of the interiorization. The discursive strategy adopted by Bulgarin consists of the transformation of the reader’s mind patterns into the adaptive habitus of mass literature.

Processing Relationships Between Language-Being-Spoken and Other Speech Dimensions in Monolingual and Bilingual Listeners

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 530-561
Author(s):  
Charlotte R. Vaughn ◽  
Ann R. Bradlow
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speeded Classification

While indexical information is implicated in many levels of language processing, little is known about the internal structure of the system of indexical dimensions, particularly in bilinguals. A series of three experiments using the speeded classification paradigm investigated the relationship between various indexical and non-linguistic dimensions of speech in processing. Namely, we compared the relationship between a lesser-studied indexical dimension relevant to bilinguals, which language is being spoken (in these experiments, either Mandarin Chinese or English), with: talker identity (Experiment 1), talker gender (Experiment 2), and amplitude of speech (Experiment 3). Results demonstrate that language-being-spoken is integrated in processing with each of the other dimensions tested, and that these processing dependencies seem to be independent of listeners’ bilingual status or experience with the languages tested. Moreover, the data reveal processing interference asymmetries, suggesting a processing hierarchy for indexical, non-linguistic speech features.

The Fourfold Division of Beings

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-89
Author(s):  
Mary Louise Gill
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Good Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Good Life

The fourfold division in Plato’s Philebus develops machinery to decide the contest between pleasure and reason for second place after the mixture in the debate about the good life. The machinery consists of the limit, the unlimited, the mixture of limit and unlimited, and cause of the mixture. Plato’s Socrates collects instances of the unlimited and mixture to determine their unified nature and marks off the cause from the other three kinds and argues for its priority. We gain understanding of the limit by considering its operation in relation to the other three kinds. The limit is responsible for external and internal boundaries in an unlimited, bringing definiteness either by marking something off from things outside it or by providing internal structure. Chapter 5 argues that one key function of the limit is omitted in the fourfold division: guaranteeing the goodness of a mixture.

A description of the anatomy of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Account ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The One

Two specimens of this curious animal, lately brought from New South Wales, the one male and the other female, and both full grown and perfect, having been submitted to the inspection and close examination of Mr. Home, by Sir Joseph Banks, this gentle­man has availed himself of the favourable opportunity to draw up the full account of all that is hitherto known concerning its habits, of its external appearance, and internal structure now before us. The animal has hitherto been only found in the fresh-water lakes, in the interior parts of the above-mentioned country. It does not swim upon the surface of the water, but comes up occasionally to breathe. It chiefly inhabits the banks of these lakes, and is supposed to feed in the muddy places which surround them; but the particular kind of food on which it subsists is not known.

Subgrouping of Coahuitlán Totonac

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-117
Author(s):  
Devin Moore
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
The Family ◽  
Northern Branch

AbstractCoahuitlán Totonac is spoken in Veracruz, Mexico, and has been variously ascribed to two different branches of the Totonacan family tree. While recent work has begun to bring empirical evidence to the internal structure of this family tree, there remain several important areas of disagreement, in addition to the disputed affiliation of Coahuitlán. This article informs the family tree and demonstrates that Coahuitlán belongs to the Northern branch using shared innovations and two computational methods. The comparative method seeks sets of shared innovations for evidence of subgrouping. This article presents proposed shared innovations in phonology, morphology, and lexicon, which fall into two sets, one belonging to the Sierra and Lowland branches, and the other belonging to the Northern. Coahuitlán Totonac overwhelmingly shares innovations found in Northern languages and lacks innovations found in Sierra. Two quantitative methods are also used to show that Coahuitlán groups groups closely with other Northern languages.

Dependence of stress-optical coefficients on the mechanical and optical properties of polymers

1973 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
P S Theocaris
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Region ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour ◽  
The One

The internal structure of the stress-optical coefficients, as they are related to various direct interferometric methods, has been analysed and the nature of their components studied. It is shown that the stress-optical coefficients are composed of two parts. The one part depends on the variation of the mechanical properties; the other is related to the variation of the refractive index of the polymer. The influence of the mechanical properties is considerable and comparable to the influence of the optical properties. The study of the mechanical and optical contributions to the values of the stress-optical coefficients included not only the linear, but also the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour of the polymers. It is concluded that the corresponding limits of linearity of these coefficients do not coincide. Furthermore, the influence of the mechanical properties on the stress-optical coefficients is increasing relatively to the influence of the optical properties in the non-linear region.

scholarly journals Internal and External Structure of Ruthenian Letters in Early Modern Lithuania

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Andrej Ryčkov
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

A thorough analysis of approximately one hundred unpublished and about seventy published letters written by Lithuanian noblemen and the Grand Duke of Lithuania led to a conclusion that there were three distinct types of letters. They represent correspondence between socially unequal as well as equal individuals. The external structure of a letter does not indicate the social differences between the addresser and the addressee. On the one hand, the external structure of a letter did not represent the addressers themselves; first of all, it was relevant for the intermediaries who confirmed the authenticity of the letters, registered the correspondence, and handed in the letters. On the other hand, the format of the seal is not a reliable indicator as well. The Lithuanian nobility, when communicating amongst themselves, sealed their letters with signets, while in correspondences with foreign countries they normally used larger seals. The Salutation (Latin: salutatio) is the element of a letter’s internal structure that is essential for understanding the power and status relation between an addresser and an addressee. Only “partners” of equal status informed each other on their health conditions or asked about each other’s well-being.

Zwischen Recht und Ethik

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idris Nassery
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The One

This study focuses on addressing the question of how a form of business ethics which not only stems from the internal structure of Islamic intellectual history but which also relates to today’s globalised societies be conceived. Using the approaches of Karl Homann and Peter Ulrich as a starting point on the one hand and in line with several prominent voices from Islamic economics on the other, the author develops such a form of ethics, which sees itself as a catalyst to current discourse, in the context of the reflections of Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazzālī. As there are still no in-depth concepts of business ethics in contemporary Muslim theology, it makes sense to relate the quintessential ideas of al-Ġazzālī to contemporary theories on business ethics in order to demonstrate how Islamic law and Islamic ethics can act as partners in dialogue in secular processes of understanding.

Phonological and morphological awareness in first graders

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne F. Carlisle ◽  
Diana M. Nomanbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
First Graders ◽  
Morphological Awareness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Learning To Read

ABSTRACTPhonological awareness is thought to be related to children's success in learning to read because it indicates an awareness of the internal structure of words. Morphological awareness, which has been found to be related to reading achievement for older students, may offer a more comprehensive measure of linguistic sensitivity because it entails not only phonological awareness, but also other aspects of linguistic knowledge. The research study reported herein was designed to investigate the extent to which phonological awareness contributes to the morphological awareness of first graders and to determine the extent to which phonological and morphological awareness account for variance in word reading. Two tasks of morphological awareness were used, one assessing judgments of morphological relations and the other assessing the production of inflected and derived forms.

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