OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF GONADOTROPHINS

1957 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. CLARINGBOLD ◽  
D. R. LAMOND
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Biological Assay ◽  
Linear Segment ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Immature Mouse ◽  
Response Line ◽  
Similar Body

SUMMARY The assay of gonadotrophic preparations by means of the uterine weight of the immature mouse has been studied using a preparation of chorionic gonadotrophin. An optimum biological assay, with a linear segment of the log dose-log response line covering a twenty-fold dose range is obtained if the following conditions are fulfilled: (i) The total dose is administered 44 hr prior to killing. (ii) Mice of similar body weight and age are used immediately after weaning. (iii) Responses are corrected by covariance for variation in body weight. Significant secular variation in both position and slope of the dose-response line occurs. It is stressed that adoption of factorial methods of experimentation considerably facilitates the development of a biological assay technique.

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE OF THE IMMATURE MOUSE TO PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN

1966 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. LANG ◽  
D. R. LAMOND
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Immature Mouse ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin

SUMMARY Deprivation of food for 24–48 hr. before the injection of gonadotrophin into mice reduced mean uterine weights and the slopes of the dose-response lines; the effect was greater with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) than with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Age and time of weaning relative to the injection of gonadotrophin, and the number of experimental mice per cage, also affected the uterine weight response. Age and weight influenced the number of ovulations after injections of HCG. Fasting for 48 hr. before the priming injection reduced numbers of ovulations as compared with a restricted diet or fasting for 48 hr. after priming. The time of day of the priming and ovulatory injections influenced the number of ovulations, injections in the afternoon resulting in more ova than injections in the morning.

THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF FRACTIONS OF GONADOTROPHIN FROM HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS

1962 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. BUTT ◽  
A. C. CROOKE ◽  
F. J. CUNNINGHAM ◽  
NADA KOVAČIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Biological Assay ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Immature Mouse ◽  
Reference Preparation ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

SUMMARY Four gonadotrophic fractions from human pituitary glands have been assayed in terms of the International Reference Preparation, HMG 24, by four different methods. These are the assay for total gonadotrophin which depends on the increase in uterine weight of the immature mouse, the augmentation method for follicle-stimulating hormone, the increase in weight of the ventral prostate of the hypophysectomized rat for interstitial cell-stimulating hormone and the ovulation method for the 'ovulating ' factor. The results have been contrasted and discussed.

EFFECT OF THE URINARY INHIBITOR ON THE UTERINE WEIGHT RESPONSE TO GONADOTROPHINS

1968 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Hipkin
Keyword(s):  
Luteinising Hormone ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Mouse Uterus ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Immature Mouse

ABSTRACT A boiled kaolin acetone extract of urine inhibited the activity of small doses of chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMS) and urinary pituitary gonadotrophin in the immature mouse uterus assay. Bigger doses of these gonadotrophins were not affected. The gonadotrophin inhibitory material (GIM) did not affect the uterine weight response to pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or oestrone. It was noted that the gonadotrophin inhibitory effects of GIM were very similar to the reports of inhibition of gonadotrophins in hypophysectomised animals. It was therefore postulated that GIM inhibits the endogenous gonadotrophin secretion which is necessary for the activity of certain gonadotrophins at low doses. In support of this hypothesis it was found that HCG was not inhibited by GIM if the animals were also given FSH. The conclusion that GIM acts by inhibiting endogenous gonadotrophin is contrary to the normally accepted view that GIM inhibits exogenous HCG or luteinising hormone directly.

scholarly journals Inactivation of the adrenergic receptor β2 disrupts glucose homeostasis in mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo W Fernandes ◽  
Cintia B Ueta ◽  
Tatiane L Fonseca ◽  
Cecilia H A Gouveia ◽  
Carmen L Lancellotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Similar Body

Three types of beta adrenergic receptors (ARβ1–3) mediate the sympathetic activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), the key thermogenic site for mice which is also present in adult humans. In this study, we evaluated adaptive thermogenesis and metabolic profile of a mouse withArβ2knockout (ARβ2KO). At room temperature, ARβ2KO mice have normal core temperature and, upon acute cold exposure (4 °C for 4 h), ARβ2KO mice accelerate energy expenditure normally and attempt to maintain body temperature. ARβ2KO mice also exhibited normal interscapular BAT thermal profiles during a 30-min infusion of norepinephrine or dobutamine, possibly due to marked elevation of interscapular BAT (iBAT) and ofArβ1, andArβ3mRNA levels. In addition, ARβ2KO mice exhibit similar body weight, adiposity, fasting plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides when compared with WT controls, but exhibit marked fasting hyperinsulinemia and elevation in hepaticPepck(Pck1) mRNA levels. The animals were fed a high-fat diet (40% fat) for 6 weeks, ARβ2KO mice doubled their caloric intake, accelerated energy expenditure, and inducedUcp1expression in a manner similar to WT controls, exhibiting a similar body weight gain and increase in the size of white adipocytes to the WT controls. However, ARβ2KO mice maintain fasting hyperglycemia as compared with WT controls despite very elevated insulin levels, but similar degrees of liver steatosis and hyperlipidemia. In conclusion, inactivation of the ARβ2KO pathway preserves cold- and diet-induced adaptive thermogenesis but disrupts glucose homeostasis possibly by accelerating hepatic glucose production and insulin secretion. Feeding on a high-fat diet worsens the metabolic imbalance, with significant fasting hyperglycemia but similar liver structure and lipid profile to the WT controls.

Early sex determination of Turkey by observation of differences in body weight between male and female

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
S Akter ◽  
SC Das ◽  
AS Apu ◽  
T Ahmed ◽  
A Lahiry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Percent Accuracy ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Black Color ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The present study was conducted to determine the early sex in turkeys by observation of the differences in body weight between male and female birds. A total of 30-day old black color unsexed poults having almost similar body weight at hatching were considered for the experimentation and housed at the Poultry Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. All birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age under intensive management with supplementation of commercial broiler starter and grower feeds. Birds were reared under similar management conditions. Significantly higher (p<0.01) body weight was attained in male poults (104g/bird) than the female (90g/bird) at the end of 1st week of age. Similarly, at the end of 2nd week of age higher (p<0.01) body weight attained by male poults (198.31g/bird) than the female (162.13g/bird). At the end of 3rd weeks of age male poults attained higher (p<0.01) body weight (307.23g/bird) than the female (251.33g/bird). After 4 weeks of rearing, male turkeys attained significantly higher (p<0.01) live body weight (424.46g/bird) than the female turkeys (347.87g/bird). The weekly average body weight gains of male and female birds were 94.18g/bird and 76.5g/bird, respectively. Thus, the male and female birds were successfully identified on the basis of differences in their body weight. Weekly feed intake for both the male and female birds was also increased with their age. Up to 4 weeks of age, both the male and female poults consumed same amount of feed (753.46g/bird). The FCR of male and female poults differed non-significantly in 1st, 3rd and 4th week. On the contrary, in 2nd week of age the FCR of male poults (1.60) was significantly lower (p<0.01) than female (2.11). Survivability was 100% up to 4th week of age irrespective of sex of the poults. The birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age until to confirm their sex by observation of the phenotypic appearance. Results of the phenotypic observation of male and female birds correspondence hundred percent accuracy with the results obtained in body weight based differences between male and female birds. It is therefore concluded that farmers can identify male or female poults as early as first week of age on the basis of body weight differences. Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 218-226, 2020

A BIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR CALCITONIN

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. KUMAR ◽  
E. SLACK ◽  
A. EDWARDS ◽  
H. A. SOLIMAN ◽  
A. BAGHDIANTZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satisfactory Agreement ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Biological Assay ◽  
Potency Ratio ◽  
Standard Preparation ◽  
Assay Design ◽  
Routine Assay

SUMMARY (1) Calcitonin preparations from acetone-dried thyroid were administered to rats by various routes. (2) Intravenous administration, especially by infusion, produced a much greater fall in plasma calcium than s.c. or i.p. injection. (3) The log dose-effect curves after i.v. injection or infusion showed no evidence of non-linearity over a 100-fold dose range and had highly significant slopes. (4) The potency ratio of two preparations was estimated by means of a (2+2) assay design using both i.v. infusion and single i.v. injection. There was satisfactory agreement. (5) The i.v. injection method is recommended for the routine assay of calcitonin. A simple assay schedule is given in the Appendix. (6) A unit of calcitonin activity is defined in terms of a standard preparation.

AUGMENTATION BY CHLORMADINONE OF THE UTERINE WEIGHT RESPONSE TO HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN INTACT IMMATURE RATS

1965 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-454
Author(s):  
M. J. K. HARPER
Keyword(s):  
Single Injection ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Orally Active ◽  
Stimulation Of

SUMMARY Administration of chlormadinone, an orally active progestational agent without significant oestrogenic activity, to intact immature female rats did not affect either ovarian or uterine weight significantly compared with controls. A single injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) caused a 73 % increase in uterine weight in 24 hr. over the control value. This dose significantly increased ovarian weight and although it caused some stimulation of follicular development, ovulation during this time did not occur. When animals were treated with chlormadinone for 8 days, and received HCG on the 8th day, uterine weight was 170% greater than in the controls and 56% greater than with HCG alone. The uterine weight produced was similar to that found in animals treated with mestranol, a potent oestrogen, and HCG. In ovariectomized animals HCG did not affect uterine weight, while the small increase produced by chlormadinone was unaltered when HCG also was given. Mechanisms are discussed by which this augmentation of the uterine response to HCG might be produced. It seems most likely that chlormadinone administration causes storage of endogenous gonadotrophin in the pituitary, and that the exogenous gonadotrophin acts as the 'trigger' for the release of stored hormone, probably by a direct action on the hypothalamus.

THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND OF THE GONADOTROPHIN OF PREGNANT MARE'S SERUM USING DIETARY ANOESTROUS ADULT RATS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 889-896
Author(s):  
L. I. Pugsley
Keyword(s):  
Convenient Method ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Biological Assay ◽  
Test Animal ◽  
Satisfactory Solution ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Special Diets

A satisfactory and convenient method for the biological assay of pharmaceutical preparations of chorionic and pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin using adult dietary anoestrous rats has been described, and data are presented showing the variations in slope and RD50 during a number of years of experience in the use of the method employing the International Standards of these hormones. The findings of Heard and Winton have been fully confirmed as to the reliability and precision of the method. The suggestion made by Collip, in his early studies, that a satisfactory solution to the biological assay of anterior-pituitary-like hormones may be arrived at by the use of special diets to render the test animal acyclic has been accomplished.

ASSAY OF THYROTROPHIN BY THE ACCUMULATION OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE IN THE THYROID OF THE INTACT RAT

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Stephenson ◽  
W. P. McKinley ◽  
P. J. Kavanagii
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Radioactive Iodine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dosage Group ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Weanling Rats ◽  
Response Line ◽  
Dose Levels

The ability of the thyroid gland of intact weanling rats to collect injected radioactive iodine was diminished by inclusion of a small amount of iodinated casein in the diet. The administration of exogenous thyrotrophin increased the thyroidal uptake of I131 in rats treated in this manner. Both the degree of inhibition of the thyroid and the ability of the animals to differentiate between dosage levels of thyrotrophin were dependent upon the amount of iodinated casein in the diet. Graded doses of thyrotrophin provided a linear log dose –response line over the range 0.01 to 0.08 U.S.P. units. The response approached a maximum value at dose levels above 0.16 U.S.P. units. The thyroid gland of the female weanling rat retained, on the average, significantly more radioactive iodine than that of the male weanling rat when stimulated by thyrotrophin. Although the hormonal response was not correlated with the body weight of the rats within dosage groups, more precise assays were obtained by equalizing the total weight of the rats in each dosage group before the assay. Relatively large doses of I131 appeared to have an adverse effect on the precision of the assay but did not influence the response to thyrotrophin.

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