THE HISTOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE PROTOTHERIA

1957 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. WRIGHT ◽  
I. CHESTER JONES ◽  
J. G. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Caudal Part ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Histological Appearance ◽  
Peripheral Cells ◽  
Chromaffin Tissue

SUMMARY The histology of freshly fixed adrenal glands of Ornithorhynchus and of Tachyglossus has been investigated. In the adrenals of both species the bulk of the chromaffin tissue was found to occur at one pole, the lower or caudal part of the gland. The adrenal cortex of Ornithorhynchus has a complicated histological appearance and comprises three main types of tissues, designated groups I-III. The major portion of the cortex was made up of groups II and III tissues which were in contiguous patches associated with blood vessels. Group I tissue was confined, for the most part, to a layer of cells lying against the chromaffin tissue. Group III tissue consisted of big cells with large nuclei which frequently contained prominent globules or vacuoles. It is possible that group III represents the secreting part of the cortex and group II the formative layer. In Tachyglossus, the cortex had a more homogeneous appearance and was more akin to that of reptiles. There was, however, some gradation of cell types. The peripheral cells had plentiful cytoplasm with faintly basophilic nuclei, while centripetally the cells were closely packed and the nuclei densely stained.

Ultrasonographic Reference Values of Different Dimensions of Adrenal Glands in Healthy Dogs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akash . ◽  
Gulshan Kumar ◽  
R.P. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Pole Diameter ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Background: The present study was conducted to measure the dimensions of the adrenal glands in apparently healthy dogs for obtaining reference values via ultrasonographic modality.Methods: This study was carried out on 18 apparently healthy dogs divided into three groups of six each viz., Group I, II and III. Ultrasonographic examination was performed in all the animals in lateral recumbency. Ultrasound images of adrenal glands were reported in the sagittal plane and different measurements of both the adrenal glands were determined.Result: Both the adrenal glands were longest in Group III and shortest in Group I. Similarly, the cranial pole diameter and caudal pole diameter was thickest in Group III and thinnest in Group I. The measurements recorded during this study can be used as reference values.

THE EFFECTS OF THYROXINE AND THIOURACIL ON THE TUBERCULIN REACTIONS OF GUINEA-PIGS

1952 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. LEECH ◽  
A. B. PATERSON
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Average Response ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group I ◽  
Live Culture

Three groups of twelve guinea-pigs were selected from a batch inoculated with a live culture of BCG. Two of these groups were selected for treatment with thyroxine and thiouracil. The third served as untreated controls. The experiment was divided into three periods; in the first, groups I and III received thyroxine and thiouracil respectively; in the second, all drug treatment was discontinued; in the third, the treatments were reversed, thiouracil being given to group I and thyroxine to group III. All guinea-pigs were injected intradermally with OT and PPD tuberculins at the end of the first and third periods; the diameters of the 24 hr. lesions were analysed by the appropriate statistical methods. Thyroxine and thiouracil had opposite effects on the reactions to PPD tuberculin, the former depressing the average response. Effects on the reactions to OT were irregular. There were no significant effects on the fresh weights of the adrenal glands.

Histomorphometric Study of the Proportion of Cortex and Medulla of the Adrenal Gland-A Postmortem Study

Mediscope ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Dilruba Siddiqua ◽  
Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽  
Fatema Johora ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Sunjida Shahriah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Background: The human adrenal gland shows a distinct proportion of two histological zones, named the cortex and the medulla, from outer inwards, in its histological appearance with differences in its cellular components and functions. Objective: The present study aims to see the variation in the proportion of the cortex and the medulla of the adrenal glands with age in a Bangladeshi population. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from July 2008 to June 2009, based on collection of 140 postmortem human adrenal glands from 70 unclaimed dead bodies, in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into four age-groups including A (11-20 years), B (21-30 years), C (31-40 years) & D (41-60 years). Histological slides were prepared by using routine haematoxylin and eosin stain (H & E). Five best prepared slides from each group were examined under light compound microscope with low magnification. The thickness of adrenal cortex and medulla were measured by using ocular and stage micrometer and then converted into percentage volume. Results: The mean volume of the right adrenal cortex were found 83.64±3.71% in group A, 83.90±1.75% in group B, 83.74±5.78% in group C, 84.80±3.82% in group D, while the mean volume of the corresponding medulla were found 18.16±3.23% in group A, 15.70±2.71% in group B, 16.26±3.97% in group C, 16.20±4.04% in group D. The mean volume of the left adrenal cortex were found 84.64±3.49%, 84.90±1.75%, 84.20±3.40%, 85.44±2.66% in group A, B, C and D respectively, while the mean volume of the corresponding medulla were found 17.26±3.84%, 17.00±2.37%, 16.00±3.20% and 14.36±2.33% in group A, B, C and D respectively. The differences among the groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: No difference was found in the proportion of the cortex and the medulla of adrenal gland in different age-groups. Mediscope Vol. 8, No. 1: January 2021, Page 1-6

scholarly journals Intermittent hypoxia improves behavioral and adrenal gland dysfunction induced by posttraumatic stress disorder in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia B. Manukhina ◽  
Vadim E. Tseilikman ◽  
Olga B. Tseilikman ◽  
Maria V. Komelkova ◽  
Marina V. Kondashevskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Antistress Effect ◽  
Anxiety Index

Nonpharmacological treatments of stress-induced disorders are promising, since they enhance endogenous stress defense systems, are free of side effects, and have few contraindications. The present study tested the hypothesis that intermittent hypoxia conditioning (IHC) ameliorates behavioral, biochemical, and morphological signs of experimental posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) induced in rats with a model of predator stress (10-day exposure to cat urine scent, 15 min daily followed by 14 days of stress-free rest). After the last day of stress exposure, rats were conditioned in an altitude chamber for 14 days at a 1,000-m simulated altitude for 30 min on day 1 with altitude and duration progressively increasing to 4,000 m for 4 h on day 5. PTSD was associated with decreased time spent in open arms and increased time spent in closed arms of the elevated X-maze, increased anxiety index, and increased rate of freezing responses. Functional and structural signs of adrenal cortex degeneration were also observed, including decreased plasma concentration of corticosterone, decreased weight of adrenal glands, reduced thickness of the fasciculate zone, and hydropic degeneration of adrenal gland cells. The thickness of the adrenal fasciculate zone negatively correlated with the anxiety index. IHC alleviated both behavioral signs of PTSD and morphological evidence of adrenal cortex dystrophy. Also, IHC alone exerted an antistress effect, which was evident from the increased time spent in open arms of the elevated X-maze and a lower number of rats displaying freezing responses. Therefore, IHC of rats with experimental PTSD reduced behavioral signs of the condition and damage to the adrenal glands. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intermittent hypoxia conditioning (IHC) has been shown to be cardio-, vaso-, and neuroprotective. For the first time, in a model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), this study showed that IHC alleviated both PTSD-induced behavioral disorders and functional and morphological damage to the adrenal glands. Also, IHC alone exerted an antistress effect. These results suggest that IHC may be a promising complementary treatment for PTSD-associated disorders.

Adrenal Glands

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jad M. Abdelsattar ◽  
Moustafa M. El Khatib ◽  
T. K. Pandian ◽  
Samuel J. Allen ◽  
David R. Farley
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Adrenal Incidentalomas

The adrenal cortex is derived from mesoderm and the medulla, from neural crest ectoderm. An adrenal gland weighs approximately 5 g. The cortex secretes corticosteroids (cortisol), aldosterone, and sex hormones. Masses are most commonly asymptomatic. Adrenal incidentalomas are masses greater than 1 cm in diameter that are found in 2% to 4% of all CTs. Adrenalectomy is indicated for masses that are enlarging, larger than 4 to 6 cm, or functional (secreting hormone); the operation is fixated on safe transection of adrenal blood vessels. Complications are relatively uncommon with laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

Gross Morphometric Study on Postnatal Development of Adrenal Gland in Gohilwadi Goat (Capra Hircus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishnudeo Kumar ◽  
Anil Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Biometric Parameters ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Left And Right

A study was conducted on the adrenal gland of 20 Gohilwadi goats (Capra hircus), age ranging from day old to adult. Animals were divided in three age groups, viz., group-I (day old to 1 month), group-II (1 to 6 months) and group-III (above 6 months). The different gross and biometric parameters, viz., weight, length, width and thickness of both left and right adrenal gland were recorded. The left adrenal gland was roughly oval elongated and right was roughly triangular in shape in all the age groups. Different biometric parameters of adrenal gland increased significantly (P less than 0.05) from group I to group III. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in various gross and biometric observations between left and right adrenal gland within the same group.

Relationship between plasma corticosterone and adrenal epinephrine after diazepam treatment in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Chabot ◽  
Yves Brissette ◽  
André L. Gascon
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Epinephrine Administration ◽  
Linear Dose ◽  
Increased Activity

Following recent observations that diazepam treatment increases adrenal epinephrine in rats, we were interested in studying the possible mechanisms of this action of diazepam on rat adrenal glands. All diazepam treatments studied (1–25 mg∙kg−1∙day−1 for 10 days) led to an increase in adrenal epinephrine following a linear dose–effect relationship. Since epinephrine synthesis is under neuronal and humoral controls, we investigated their respective importance in the effect of diazepam on the adrenal gland. The denervation of the adrenal gland did not prevent the increase in adrenal epinephrine by diazepam treatment. On the other hand, diazepam treatment was shown to cause an increase in plasma corticosterone in parallel with an increase in adrenal epinephrine. Administration of dexamethasone (a synthetic corticoid) and hypophysectomy prevented the increase in adrenal epinephrine and plasma corticosterone resulting from diazepam treatment. We thus conclude that the increase in adrenal epinephrine seen after diazepam treatment is parallel to the increase in plasma corticosterone. Moreover, since the action of diazepam on adrenal epinephrine is prevented by dexamethasone or hypophysectomy, we hypothesize that diazepam is acting on the adrenal cortex via the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH and corticosterone would be responsible for the increased activity of epinephrine-synthesizing enzymes in adrenal medulla.

THE EFFECT OF ACTH AND CORTISONE ON THE SURVIVAL OF SKIN HOMOGRAFTS AND ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA)

1955 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. KROHN
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Daily Treatment ◽  
Histological Appearance

SUMMARY 1. Daily treatment of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with 25 or 30 mg ACTH in beeswax/arachis oil almost doubles the size and alters the histological appearance of the adrenal glands. The life-span of skin homografts is, however, only prolonged by a trivial amount. 2. Since 15 mg cortisone daily has an equally trivial effect it may be that the ineffectiveness of treatment with ACTH depends as much on relative insensitivity of the reactive tissues to cortisone as on the character of the hormones produced by the adrenal gland.

scholarly journals Gap junction proteins and cell-cell communication in the three functional zones of the adrenal gland

2002 ◽  
Vol 173 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
KT Davis ◽  
N Prentice ◽  
VL Gay ◽  
SA Murray
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Gap Junction ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Cx43 Expression ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Gap Junction Protein ◽  
Gap Junction Proteins ◽  
Junction Proteins

Mouse and monkey adrenal glands were used to study the relationships between gap junction protein expression, intercellular communication and adrenal zonation. Dye communication patterns were determined by incubating freshly excised and hemisected adrenal glands in Lucifer yellow, a gap junction permeable fluorescent dye. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to localize adrenal gap junction proteins. The combination of these two techniques permitted the correlation of gap junction proteins with dye transfer and hormone responses in specialized regions of the adrenal cortex. Lucifer yellow dye communication was most pronounced in the inner glucocorticoid/androgen-producing regions (zona fasciculata/zona reticularis), but was virtually absent in the outer mainly mineralocorticoid-producing region (zona glomerulosa). This pattern of dye communication was coincident with immunohistochemical localization of the gap junction protein, alpha(1)Cx43. The variations in communication and alpha(1)Cx43 expression within the adrenal cortex are thought to be relevant to normal physiological regulation of the adrenal gland.

TRIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE-LINKED DEHYDROGENASES IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN MAN; THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF ENZYMES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Studzinski ◽  
T. Symington ◽  
J. K. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Isocitric Dehydrogenase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Soluble Part

ABSTRACT Four TPN linked dehydrogenases – Isocitric Dehydrogenase, Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase, 6 Phosphogluconic Dehydrogenase and the Malic Enzyme – were studied in human adrenal cortex and found to be present almost exclusively in the soluble part of the cell sap. The effect of corticotrophin on these enzymes was studied by comparing the enzyme activities in the cortex of the adrenal glands removed before and after corticotrophin administration. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase showed marked increase in activity after corticotrophin administration. This increase was not parallel to the concomitant weight increase occurring in the adrenal gland. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is uniformly distributed in the »normal« adrenal cortex. After corticotrophin administration however the increase takes place principally in the middle third of the cortex. These findings are discussed in relation to the current theories of the mechanism of corticotrophin action.

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