scholarly journals Effects of Freshwater Salinization and Biotic Stressors on Amphibian Morphology

2021 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn L. Lewis ◽  
Jonathan J. Borrelli ◽  
Devin K. Jones ◽  
Rick A. Relyea
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Salinization

scholarly journals Regulations are needed to protect freshwater ecosystems from salinization

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1764) ◽  
pp. 20180019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Schuler ◽  
Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles ◽  
William D. Hintz ◽  
Brenda Dyack ◽  
Sebastian Birk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Freshwater Salinization

Anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture and industrial wastes have increased the rate of salinization of freshwater ecosystems around the world. Despite the known and probable consequences of freshwater salinization, few consequential regulatory standards and management procedures exist. Current regulations are generally inadequate because they are regionally inconsistent, lack legal consequences and have few ion-specific standards. The lack of ion-specific standards is problematic, because each anthropogenic source of freshwater salinization is associated with a distinct set of ions that can present unique social and economic costs. Additionally, the environmental and toxicological consequences of freshwater salinization are often dependent on the occurrence, concentration and ratios of specific ions. Therefore, to protect fresh waters from continued salinization, discrete, ion-specific management and regulatory strategies should be considered for each source of freshwater salinization, using data from standardized, ion-specific monitoring practices. To develop comprehensive monitoring, regulatory, and management guidelines, we recommend the use of co-adaptive, multi-stakeholder approaches that balance environmental, social, and economic costs and benefits associated with freshwater salinization. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

scholarly journals GhCLCg-1, a Vacuolar Chloride Channel, Contributes to Salt Tolerance by Regulating Ion Accumulation in Upland Cotton

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Junping Feng ◽  
Wenyu Ma ◽  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Zongbin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Chloride Channel ◽  
Upland Cotton ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ion Accumulation ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Gene Expression Analyses ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Cbs Domains ◽  
Freshwater Salinization

Soil and freshwater salinization is increasingly becoming a problem worldwide and has adversely affected plant growth. However, most of the related studies have focused on sodium ion (Na+) stress, with relatively little research on chloride ion (Cl–) stress. Here, we found that upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants accumulated Cl– and exhibited strong growth inhibition under NaCl or KCl treatment. Then, a chloride channel gene (GhCLCg-1) was cloned from upland cotton. Phylogenetic and sequence analyses indicated that GhCLCg-1 was highly homologous to AtCLCg and also have conserved voltage_CLC and CBS domains. The subcellular localization assay showed that GhCLCg-1 was localized on the vacuolar membrane. Gene expression analyses revealed that the expression of GhCLCg-1 increased rapidly in cotton in response to chloride stress (NaCl or KCl), and the transcript levels increased as the chloride stress intensified. The overexpression of GhCLCg-1 in Arabidopsis thaliana changed the uptake of ions with a decrease of the Na+/K+ ratios in the roots, stems, and leaves, and enhanced salt tolerance. In contrast, silencing GhCLCg-1 in cotton plants increased the Cl– contents in the roots, stems, and leaves and the Na+/K+ ratios in the stems and leaves, resulting in compromised salt tolerance. These results provide important insights into the toxicity of chloride to plants and also indicate that GhCLCg-1 can positively regulates salt tolerance by adjusting ion accumulation in upland cotton.

scholarly journals Cascading effects of freshwater salinization on plankton communities in the Sierra Nevada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma R. Moffett ◽  
Henry K. Baker ◽  
Christine C. Bonadonna ◽  
Jonathan B. Shurin ◽  
Celia C. Symons
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Freshwater Salinization ◽  
Plankton Communities

scholarly journals Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay S. Kaushal ◽  
Gene E. Likens ◽  
Michael L. Pace ◽  
Jenna E. Reimer ◽  
Carly M. Maas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Saltwater Intrusion ◽  
Accelerated Weathering ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
Salt Ions ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Freshwater Salinization

AbstractFreshwater salinization is an emerging global problem impacting safe drinking water, ecosystem health and biodiversity, infrastructure corrosion, and food production. Freshwater salinization originates from diverse anthropogenic and geologic sources including road salts, human-accelerated weathering, sewage, urban construction, fertilizer, mine drainage, resource extraction, water softeners, saltwater intrusion, and evaporative concentration of ions due to hydrologic alterations and climate change. The complex interrelationships between salt ions and chemical, biological, and geologic parameters and consequences on the natural, social, and built environment are called Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS). Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of salinization issues (past, present, and future), and we investigate drivers and solutions. We analyze the expanding global magnitude and scope of FSS including its discovery in humid regions, connections to human-accelerated weathering and mobilization of ‘chemical cocktails.’ We also present data illustrating: (1) increasing trends in salt ion concentrations in some of the world’s major freshwaters, including critical drinking water supplies; (2) decreasing trends in nutrient concentrations in rivers due to regulations but increasing trends in salinization, which have been due to lack of adequate management and regulations; (3) regional trends in atmospheric deposition of salt ions and storage of salt ions in soils and groundwater, and (4) applications of specific conductance as a proxy for tracking sources and concentrations of groups of elements in freshwaters. We prioritize FSS research needs related to better understanding: (1) effects of saltwater intrusion on ecosystem processes, (2) potential health risks from groundwater contamination of home wells, (3) potential risks to clean and safe drinking water sources, (4) economic and safety impacts of infrastructure corrosion, (5) alteration of biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and (6) application of high-frequency sensors in state-of-the art monitoring and management. We evaluate management solutions using a watershed approach spanning air, land, and water to explore variations in sources, fate and transport of different salt ions (e.g. monitoring of atmospheric deposition of ions, stormwater management, groundwater remediation, and managing road runoff). We also identify tradeoffs in management approaches such as unanticipated retention and release of chemical cocktails from urban stormwater management best management practices (BMPs) and unintended consequences of alternative deicers on water quality. Overall, we show that FSS has direct and indirect effects on mobilization of diverse chemical cocktails of ions, metals, nutrients, organics, and radionuclides in freshwaters with mounting impacts. Our comprehensive review suggests what could happen if FSS were not managed into the future and evaluates strategies for reducing increasing risks to clean and safe drinking water, human health, costly infrastructure, biodiversity, and critical ecosystem services.

Freshwater Salinization Syndrome:  Emerging Global Problem and Risk Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay Kaushal ◽  
Gene Likens ◽  
Paul Mayer ◽  
Michael Pace ◽  
Jenna Reimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Accelerated Weathering ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Salt Ions ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Water Ecosystem ◽  
Freshwater Salinization

<p>Freshwater salinization is an emerging global issue impacting safe drinking water, ecosystem health and biodiversity, and infrastructure.  The complex interrelationships between salt ions and chemical, biological, and geologic parameters and consequences on the natural, social, and built environment are called Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS).  We analyze and discuss the expanding magnitude and scope of FSS including its discovery of widespread geographic importance in humid regions and connections to human-accelerated weathering and mobilization of ‘chemical cocktails,’  We also present empirical data analyses illustrating changes in FSS and its water quality impacts across time and space. We outline several frontiers in FSS research, and we also identify new management strategies and tradeoffs.   </p>

scholarly journals Novel ‘chemical cocktails' in inland waters are a consequence of the freshwater salinization syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1764) ◽  
pp. 20180017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay S. Kaushal ◽  
Gene E. Likens ◽  
Michael L. Pace ◽  
Shahan Haq ◽  
Kelsey L. Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Accelerated Weathering ◽  
Chemical Mixtures ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Freshwater Salinization

Widespread changes in water temperatures, salinity, alkalinity and pH have been documented in inland waters in North America, which influence ion exchange, weathering rates, chemical solubility and contaminant toxicity. Increasing major ion concentrations from pollution, human-accelerated weathering and saltwater intrusion contribute to multiple ecological stressors such as changing ionic strength and pH and mobilization of chemical mixtures resulting in the freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS). Here, we explore novel combinations of elements, which are transported together as chemical mixtures containing salts, nutrients and metals as a consequence of FSS. First, we show that base cation concentrations have increased in regions primarily in North America and Europe over 100 years. Second, we show interactions between specific conductance, pH, nitrate and metals using data from greater than 20 streams located in different regions of the USA. Finally, salinization experiments and routine monitoring demonstrate mobilization of chemical mixtures of cations, metals and nutrients in 10 streams draining the Washington, DC–Baltimore, MD metropolitan regions. Freshwater salinization mobilizes diverse chemical mixtures influencing drinking water quality, infrastructure corrosion, freshwater CO 2 concentrations and biodiversity. Most regulations currently target individual contaminants, but FSS requires managing mobilization of multiple chemical mixtures and interacting ecological stressors as consequences of freshwater salinization. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

scholarly journals Salinized rivers: degraded systems or new habitats for salt-tolerant faunas?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 20151072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben J. Kefford ◽  
David Buchwalter ◽  
Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles ◽  
Jenny Davis ◽  
Richard P. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Novel Taxa ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
The Common ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Lotic Environments ◽  
Flowing Waters ◽  
Freshwater Salinization ◽  
New Habitats

Anthropogenic salinization of rivers is an emerging issue of global concern, with significant adverse effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Impacts of freshwater salinization on biota are strongly mediated by evolutionary history, as this is a major factor determining species physiological salinity tolerance. Freshwater insects dominate most flowing waters, and the common lotic insect orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Trichoptera (caddisflies) are particularly salt-sensitive. Tolerances of existing taxa, rapid adaption, colonization by novel taxa (from naturally saline environments) and interactions between species will be key drivers of assemblages in saline lotic systems. Here we outline a conceptual framework predicting how communities may change in salinizing rivers. We envision that a relatively small number of taxa will be saline-tolerant and able to colonize salinized rivers (e.g. most naturally saline habitats are lentic; thus potential colonizers would need to adapt to lotic environments), leading to depauperate communities in these environments.

scholarly journals Monitoring freshwater salinization in analog transport models by time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography

2013 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 84-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian M. Wagner ◽  
Marcus Möller ◽  
Cornelia Schmidt-Hattenberger ◽  
Thomas Kempka ◽  
Hansruedi Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Freshwater Salinization
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