The Relations of Hamlet to Contemporary Revenge Plays

PMLA ◽  
1902 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-220
Author(s):  
Ashley H. Thorndike
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Species ◽  
Thomas Kyd ◽  
Revenge Tragedy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Main Action ◽  
Revenge Plays ◽  
English Stage ◽  
The Many ◽  
Early English

The revenge tragedy, a distinct species of the tragedy of blood, may be defined as a tragedy whose leading motive is revenge and whose main action deals with the progress of this revenge, leading to the death of the murderers and often the death of the avenger himself.This type, as thus defined, probably first appeared on the Elizabethan stage in the Spanish Tragedy and the original Hamlet.2 Of these two plays the old Hamlet is not extant and can only be reconstructed conjecturally; the Spanish Tragedy represents, therefore, the origin of the type. Just what the ultimate sources of the type may have been, is not a question which enters our discussion. In the Spanish Tragedy the influence of Seneca is marked as in much early English tragedy,1 and there may be some indebtedness to contemporary French and Italian drama of the Senecan sort.2 We are not, however, to examine the Spanish Tragedy in connection with the influence of Seneca but in connection with a long succession of Elizabethan revenge plays; and for such an investigation it serves well enough as a starting point. Thomas Kyd was the author of this play and probably, as Dr. Sarrazin 3 has shown, of the old Hamlet. He may safely be taken as the introducer of the revenge tragedy upon the English stage, and his work may be considered one of the many dramatic innovations of the Elizabethan period.

The Constitutional Principle of Accountability: A Study of Contemporary South African Case Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuks Okpaluba
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Law ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Many

‘Accountability’ is one of the democratic values entrenched in the Constitution of South Africa, 1996. It is a value recognised throughout the Constitution and imposed upon the law-making organs of state, the Executive, the Judiciary and all public functionaries. This constitutional imperative is given pride of place among the other founding values: equality before the law, the rule of law and the supremacy of the Constitution. This study therefore sets out to investigate how the courts have grappled with the interpretation and application of the principle of accountability, the starting point being the relationship between accountability and judicial review. Therefore, in the exercise of its judicial review power, a court may enquire whether the failure of a public functionary to comply with a constitutional duty of accountability renders the decision made illegal, irrational or unreasonable. One of the many facets of the principle of accountability upon which this article dwells is to ascertain how the courts have deployed that expression in making the state and its agencies liable for the delictual wrongs committed against an individual in vindication of a breach of the individual’s constitutional right in the course of performing a public duty. Here, accountability and breach of public duty; the liability of the state for detaining illegal immigrants contrary to the prescripts of the law; the vicarious liability of the state for the criminal acts of the police and other law-enforcement officers (as in police rape cases and misuse of official firearms by police officers), and the liability of the state for delictual conduct in the context of public procurement are discussed. Having carefully analysed the available case law, this article concludes that no public functionary can brush aside the duty of accountability wherever it is imposed without being in breach of a vital constitutional mandate. Further, it is the constitutional duty of the courts, when called upon, to declare such act or conduct an infringement of the Constitution.

XIV.—On the Roof of the Church of St. Andrew, Mildenhall, Suffolk

Archaeologia ◽  
1895 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
J. G. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
The Many ◽  
Early English ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grey Colour

The interior of the beautiful church of Mildenhall in Suffolk is remarkable for its spacious and noble proportions. Its roof of oak must take a chief place amongst the many fine examples in the eastern counties. The chancel is of Early English architecture, but the nave and aisles belong to the fifteenth century. It is to the roof of the latter to which I shall direct your attention. It has never been painted, as was so commonly the practice in the county, and therefore has that grey colour which ensues when no extraneous matter has been applied. The roof of the nave is divided by seven principal beams, supported by spandrels with tracery, with additions sustaining the rafters.

scholarly journals Slagscener i det elizabethanske teater

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (80) ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Christian Dahl
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Narrative Development ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
English Drama ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Acoustic Representation ◽  
Battle Scenes ◽  
Military Engagement ◽  
The Many ◽  
Early English

Christian Dahl: “Battle scenes in the Elizabethan theater”This article analyses the widespread use of staged battle in Elizabethan theater by use of data extracted from Folger Library’s Digital Anthology of Early English Drama. Between 1576 and 1616, hundreds of battle scenes were produced on English stages but although a substantial number is still available for study, only few scholars have recognized their significance. The many battle scenes both attest to the Elizabethans’ vivid interest in history and to the cultural impact of England’s increasing military engagement on the Continent and in Ireland at the end of Elizabeth’s reign. It is often assumed that histories and battle scenes were particularly popular in the 1590’ies and then fell out of fashion early in the 17th century, but the article demonstrates that staged war remained a frequent occurrence in the first two decades of the century and never disappeared entirely. The article discusses visual and, in particular, acoustic representation of warfare based on the evidence of surviving plays and other documents. The article will also (very) briefly sketch the narrative development of battle scenes that took place in the 1590ies.

Servants

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-163
Author(s):  
George Oppitz-Trotman
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Drama ◽  
Modern Drama ◽  
Revenge Tragedy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Revenge Plays ◽  
Ethical Relations

Servants in early modern drama have increasingly been investigated less as objects of domination than as subjects capable of affective and ethical relations with their masters. Both sorts of interpretation depend upon the assumption that actual early modern servants are straightforwardly represented in drama of the time. Observing that common players were themselves patronised and liveried servants, and that the theatre itself appeared as a form of mercenary service, this chapter shows how procedures of dramatic figuration implicate identification of the servant in a complex dialectic of discernment. With roots in various sorts of contemporary social anxiety, such difficulties are at their most intense in revenge tragedy. In many places reading revenge plays involves confronting their ability to undo the social concepts used to grasp their historical content.

From A Man for All Seasons to Wolf Hall (c. 1960–present)

2019 ◽  
pp. 157-190
Author(s):  
J. Patrick Hornbeck
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Early English ◽  
Historical Play ◽  
Past Half

Chapter 5 takes as its starting point the premiere of Robert Bolt’s historical play about the life of Thomas More, A Man for All Seasons. It goes on to consider Wolsey’s representation in academic writings and influential historical fictions in the second half of the twentieth century and the first decades of the twenty-first. The chapter explores the five biographies of the cardinal that appeared during this period, discussing at the same time how Wolsey has been represented in the broader historiography of the early reign of Henry VIII. While revisionists of the 1980s and 1990s demonstrated little interest in Wolsey, their discoveries about the early English Reformation have shaped the most recent academic representations of the cardinal. At the same time, however, some of the most influential representations of Wolsey in the past half-century have been fictional. Therefore, the chapter also analyzes Bolt’s play, the controversial television drama The Tudors, and Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall novels.

Privatized Bodies in Public Locations

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-213
Author(s):  
Penny Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Day Care Centers ◽  
Neoliberal Governmentality ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Many ◽  
Small Things

Understanding motherhood as practices of mothering not necessarily limited to women’s bodies, this chapter sets out to examine some of the many and various ways in which neoliberalized public spaces enable, encourage, and reproduce motherhood. It asks, specifically, how, where, and why human, mothering bodies are subjected to the neoliberal “gaze,” how this gaze on motherhood privileges certain forms of identity and practice over others, and how this influences, overtly and indirectly, the moral status of “mothers” in neoliberal societies. Neoliberal governmentality has been vastly effective in enacting its own self-reproduction across divergent societies, masking the totalitarianism of its core focus on centralizing the “free” market in social life through clever reconstructions of conflicting social value systems and practices. This can be seen, this chapter argues, in the normalization of highly invasive medical procedures on mothering bodies, in the proliferation of professionalized parenting “experts,” and in the individualization and social segregation of “mothers” themselves. In particular, the author examines how everyday moments in and practices of motherhood have become highly effective normative technologies of neoliberal governmentality. The author takes as a starting point those “small” things about life as a mother (or as someone who mothers) in a neoliberal society in terms of how they represent two interwoven social elements: the impacts of the prejudiced gaze of neoliberal authorities, including hospitals, supermarkets, cafés, trains, and day care centers; and the apparent achievement of limitless neoliberal tolerance and acceptability.

Dynamic Computational Model of the Human Spinal Cord Connectome

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Arle ◽  
Nicolae Iftimia ◽  
Jay L. Shils ◽  
Longzhi Mei ◽  
Kristen W. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Many ◽  
Future Work

Connectomes abound, but few for the human spinal cord. Using anatomical data in the literature, we constructed a draft connectivity map of the human spinal cord connectome, providing a template for the many calibrations of specialized behavior to be overlaid on it and the basis for an initial computational model. A thorough literature review gleaned cell types, connectivity, and connection strength indications. Where human data were not available, we selected species that have been studied. Cadaveric spinal cord measurements, cross-sectional histology images, and cytoarchitectural data regarding cell size and density served as the starting point for estimating numbers of neurons. Simulations were run using neural circuitry simulation software. The model contains the neural circuitry in all ten Rexed laminae with intralaminar, interlaminar, and intersegmental connections, as well as ascending and descending brain connections and estimated neuron counts for various cell types in every lamina of all 31 segments. We noted the presence of highly interconnected complex networks exhibiting several orders of recurrence. The model was used to perform a detailed study of spinal cord stimulation for analgesia. This model is a starting point for workers to develop and test hypotheses across an array of biomedical applications focused on the spinal cord. Each such model requires additional calibrations to constrain its output to verifiable predictions. Future work will include simulating additional segments and expanding the research uses of the model.

Natural categories or fundamental dimensions: On carving nature at the joints and the rearticulation of psychopathology

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW PICKLES ◽  
ADRIAN ANGOLD
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Natural Categories ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
The Many

The question of whether to view psychopathology as categorical or dimensional continues to provoke debate. We review the many facets of this argument. These include the pragmatics of measurement; the needs of clinical practice; our ability to distinguish categories from dimensions empirically; methods of analysis appropriate to each and how they relate; and the potential theoretical biases associated with each approach. We conclude that much of the debate is misconceived in that we do not observe pathology directly; rather, we observe its properties. The same pathology can have some properties that are most easily understood using a dimensional conceptualization while at the same time having other properties that are best understood categorically. We suggest replacing Meehl's analogy involving qualitatively distinct species with an alternative analogy with the “duality” of light, a phenomenon with both wave- and particle-like properties.

Magic on the Early English Stage (review)

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Max Harris
Keyword(s):  
Stage I ◽  
English Stage ◽  
Early English
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