scholarly journals Estrogen Receptor β: An Overview and Update

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. nrs.06003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyan Zhao ◽  
Karin Dahlman-Wright ◽  
Jan-Åke Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Estrogen Signaling ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Microarray Experiments ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Animal Disease Models ◽  
Selective Ligands

The discovery of a second estrogen receptor (ER), designated ERβ (NR3A2), has redefined our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying cellular signaling by estrogens and has broad implications for our understanding of regulation of estrogen-responsive tissues. Highly variable and even contrasting effects of estrogens in different tissues seem to be at least partially explained by different estrogen signaling pathways, involving ERα (NR3A1) and/or ERβ. To date, two key conclusions can be drawn from the significant body of work carried out on the specific roles of the two receptor subtypes in diverse estrogen target tissues. First, ERα and ERβ have different biological functions, as indicated by their specific expression patterns and the distinct phenotypes observed in ERα and ERβ knockout (αERKO and βERKO) mice. Second, ERα and ERβ appear to have overlapping but also unique sets of downstream target genes, as judged from a set of microarray experiments. Thus, ERα and ERβ have different transcriptional activities in certain ligand, cell-type, and promoter contexts, which may help to explain some of the major differences in their tissue-specific biological actions. The phenotypes observed for βERKO mice have suggested certain therapeutic areas to be further explored. The development of ERβ-selective ligands active in animal disease models indicates new avenues for clinical exploration. ERβ agonists are being explored and validated as drugs for a growing number of indications. Hopefully, some ERβ targeted drugs will prove to be efficient in enhancing human health.

Postnatal Expression Patterns of Estrogen Receptor Subtypes and Choline Acetyltransferase in Different Regions of the Papez Circuit

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-xiang Wang ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Li-xia Li ◽  
Hui-nan Xu ◽  
Hong-gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Choline Acetyltransferase ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Papez Circuit ◽  
G Protein Coupled

The Papez circuit is crucial for several brain functions, including long-term memory and emotion. Estradiol modulates cognitive functions based on the expression pattern of its receptor subtypes including estrogen receptor (ER) α, β, and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30). Similarly, the activity in the cholinergic system correlates with several brain functions, such as learning and memory. In this study, we used immunofluorescence to examine the expression patterns of ERβ and Western blotting to analyze GPR30 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression, in different regions of the Papez circuit, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior nucleus of the thalamus, and cingulum in female rats at postnatal days (PND) 1, 10, and 56. Our main finding was that the highest expression of ERβ and GPR30 was noted in each brain area of the Papez circuit in the PND1 rats, whereas the expression of ChAT was the highest in PND10 rats. These results provide vital information on the postnatal expression patterns of ER subtypes and ChAT in different regions of the Papez circuit.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of Melatonin Receptor Subtypes MelIa, MelIb and MelIc in Relation to Melatonin Binding in the Male Songbird Brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonida Fusani ◽  
Manfred Gahr
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Melatonin Receptor ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Specific Expression

Previous autoradiography studies illustrated that several areas of the avian brain can bind the pineal hormone melatonin. In birds, there are three melatonin receptor (MelR) subtypes: MelIa, MelIb and MelIc. To date, their brain distribution has not been studied in any passerine bird. Therefore, we investigated mRNA distribution of MelR subtypes in adjacent sections of the brain of two songbirds, the blackcap and the zebra finch, in parallel with that of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin (IMEL) binding sites in the same brains. The general pattern of receptor expression shown by in situ hybridization of species-specific probes matched well with that of IMEL binding. However, the expression of the three subtypes was area specific with similar patterns in the two species. Some brain areas expressed only one receptor subtype, most brain regions co-expressed either MelIa with MelIb or MelIa with MelIc, whereas few areas expressed MelIb and MelIc or all three receptor subtypes. Since many sensory areas, most thalamic areas and subareas of the neopallium, a cortex analogue, express MelR, it is likely that most sensory motor integration functions are melatonin sensitive. Further, the area-specific expression patterns suggest that the regulatory role of melatonin differs among different brain areas. Since subareas of well-defined neural circuits, such as the visual system or the song control system, are equipped with different receptor types, we hypothesize a diversity of functions for melatonin in the control of sensory integration and behavior.

scholarly journals Expression Analysis of Estrogen-responsive Genes Vitellogenin 1 and 2 in Liver of Male Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Exposed to Selective Ligands of Estrogen Receptor Subtypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 930-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akemi Yamaguchi ◽  
Hiroshi Ishibashi ◽  
Shinya Kohra ◽  
Koji Arizono ◽  
Keisuke Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Oryzias Latipes ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Selective Ligands

scholarly journals Genomic dissection of the cytokine-controlled STAT5 signaling network in liver

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Hosui ◽  
Lothar Hennighausen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Expression Profiling ◽  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Global Gene Expression Profiling

Growth hormone (GH) controls the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver, and its signals are conducted by two members of the family of signal transducers and activators of transcription, STAT5A and STAT5B. Mice in which the Stat5a/b locus has been inactivated specifically in hepatocytes display GH resistance, the sex-specific expression of genes associated with liver metabolism and the cytochrome P-450 system is lost, and they develop hepatosteatosis. Several groups have shown by global gene expression profiling that a cadre of STAT5A/B target genes identify genetic cascades induced by GH and other cytokines. Evidence is accumulating that in the absence of STAT5A/B GH aberrantly activates STAT1 and STAT3 and their downstream target genes and thereby offers a partial explanation of some of the physiological alterations observed in Stat5a/b-null mice and human patients. We hypothesize that phenotypic changes observed in the absence of STAT5A/B are due to two distinct molecular consequences: first, the failure of STAT5A/B target genes to be activated by GH and second, the rerouting of GH signaling to other members of the STAT family. Rerouting of GH signaling to STAT1 and STAT3 might partially compensate for the loss of STAT5A/B, but it certainly activates biological programs distinct from STAT5A/B. Here we discuss the extent to which studies on global gene expression profiling have fostered a better understanding of the biology behind cytokine-STAT5A/B networks in hepatocytes. We also explore whether this wealth of information on gene activity can be used to further understand the roles of cytokines in liver disease.

scholarly journals Quantitative Amplification of Cleaved Ends (qACE) to assay miRNA-directed target cleavage

F1000Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Damodaran ◽  
Sajag Adhikari ◽  
Marie Turner ◽  
Senthil Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mirna Regulation ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Specific Target Gene ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Fusion Primer

microRNA (miRNA) regulation is crucial to achieve precise spatio-temporal expression patterns of their target genes. This makes it crucial to determine the levels of cleavage of a particular target mRNA in different tissues and under different conditions. We developed a quantitative PCR method “quantitative Amplification of Cleaved Ends (qACE)” to assay levels of specific cleavage products in order to determine the extent of miRNA regulation for a specific target gene. qACE uses cDNA generated from adapter-ligated RNA molecules and relies on a carefully designed fusion primer that spans the adapter-cleaved RNA junction in qPCR to specifically amplify and quantify cleaved products. The levels of full-length transcripts can also be assayed in the same cDNA preparation using primers that span across the miRNA cleavage site. We used qACE to demonstrate that soybean roots over-expressing miR164 had increased levels of target cleavage and that miRNA deficient Arabidopsis thaliana hen1-1 mutants had reduced levels of target cleavage. We used qACE to discover that differential cleavage by miR164 in nodule vs. adjacent root tissue contributed to nodule-specific expression of NAC1 transcription factors in soybean. These experiments show that qACE can be used to discover and demonstrate differential cleavage by miRNAs to achieve specific spatio-temporal expression of target genes in plants.

scholarly journals Transcriptomes Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Roles of Noncoding RNA in Tanshinones Synthesis Pathway of Salvia Miltiorrhiza

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caicai Lin ◽  
Changhao Zhou ◽  
Zhongqian Liu ◽  
Xingfeng Li ◽  
Zhenqiao Song
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Salvia Miltiorrhiza ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Pentatricopeptide Repeat ◽  
Specific Expression

Abstract Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play fundamental roles in plant development. However, the information of these noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in Salvia miltiorrhiza remains largely unexplored. In this study, the expression pattern of ncRNAs in six tissues from the same strain of S. miltiorrhiza was analyzed to study the biological function of ncRNAs on active ingredients synthesis.Methods: Analysis of tanshinone content differences of two root simples was carried out on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RNA sequencing, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were applied to analyzing the targets of diferentially expressed ncRNAs in different organs.Results: A total of 6,929 lncRNAs, 6,239 circRNAs, and 360 miRNAs were identified. Forty-eight lncRNAs, 70 miRNAs, and 26 circRNAs expressed differentially between red and white root tissues with significantly different tanshinone content. GO and KEGG pathway analysis of target genes of differently expressed ncRNAs indicated that some target genes are involved in the synthesis pathway of terpene, including diterpene and sesquiterpene. We also found many target genes related to secondary metabolites, including 2-C-Methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate Synthase (SmMCS) and several CYP450s. Furthermore, most target genes may be related to the resistance of pathogens, such as receptor kinases, disease-resistant proteins, and pentatricopeptide repeat-containing proteins. Conclusions: The present study exhibited the tissue-specific expression patterns of ncRNAs preliminarily in S. miltiorrhiza, which may reflect that the formation of white root or red root is related to regulation by ncRNAs. It would provide a basis for further research about the regulation mechanism in the tanshinone synthesis process.

scholarly journals A network of transcriptional repressors mediates auxin response specificity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jekaterina Truskina ◽  
Jingyi Han ◽  
Carlos S. Galvan-Ampudia ◽  
Stéphanie Lainé ◽  
Géraldine Brunoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Transcriptional Repressors ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Auxin Signalling ◽  
Response Specificity

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHThe regulation of signalling capacity plays a pivotal role in setting developmental patterns in both plants and animals (1). The hormone auxin is a key signal for plant growth and development that acts through the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) transcription factors (2). A subset of these ARFs comprises transcriptional activators of target genes in response to auxin, and are essential for regulating auxin signalling throughout the plant lifecycle (3). While ARF activators show tissue-specific expression patterns, it is unknown how their expression patterns are established. Chromatin modifications and accessibility studies revealed the chromatin of loci encoding ARF activators is constitutively open for transcription. Using a high-throughput yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) approach, we discovered a network of transcriptional regulators of ARF activator genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression analyses demonstrated that the majority of these regulators act as repressors of ARF transcription in planta. Our observations support a scenario where the default configuration of open chromatin enables a network of transcriptional repressors to shape the expression pattern of ARF activators and provide specificity in auxin signalling output throughout development.

scholarly journals Expression Levels of Estrogen Receptor β Are Modulated by Components of the Molecular Clock

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 784-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Cai ◽  
Juliette Rambaud ◽  
Michèle Teboul ◽  
Ingrid Masse ◽  
Gerard Benoit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Beta ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Estrogen Signaling ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Expression Levels

ABSTRACT Circadian regulation of gene expression plays a major role in health and disease. The precise role of the circadian system remains to be clarified, but it is known that circadian proteins generate physiological rhythms in organisms by regulating clock-controlled target genes. The estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) is, together with ERα, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and a key mediator of estrogen action. Interestingly, recent studies show that disturbed circadian rhythmicity in humans can increase the risk of reproductive malfunctions, suggesting a link between the circadian system and ER-mediated transcription pathways. Here, we identify a novel level of regulation of estrogen signaling where ERβ, but not ERα, is controlled by circadian clock proteins. We show that ERβ mRNA levels fluctuate in different peripheral tissues following a robust circadian pattern, with a peak at the light-dark transition, which is maintained under free-running conditions. Interestingly, this oscillation is abolished in clock-deficient BMAL1 knockout mice. Circadian control of ERβ expression is exerted through a conserved E-box element in the ERβ promoter region that recruits circadian regulatory factors. Furthermore, using small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown assays, we show that the expression levels of the circadian regulatory factors directly influence estrogen signaling by regulating the intracellular levels of endogenous ERβ.

scholarly journals Characterization and abiotic stress-responsive expression analysis of SGT1 genes in Brassica oleracea

Genome ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashokraj Shanmugam ◽  
Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan ◽  
Jong-In Park ◽  
Mi Young Jung ◽  
Ill-Sup Nou
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Specific Expression

SGT1 genes are involved in enhancing plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Brassica oleracea is known to contain two types of SGT1 genes, namely suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 and suppressor of GCR2. In this study, through systematic analysis, four putative SGT1 genes were identified and characterized in B. oleracea. In phylogenetic analysis, the genes clearly formed separate groups, namely BolSGT1a, BolSGT1b (both suppressor of G2 allele of SKP1 types), and BolSGT1 (suppressor of GCR2). Functional domain analysis and organ-specific expression patterns suggested possible roles for BolSGT1 genes during stress conditions. BolSGT1 genes showed significant changes in expression in response to heat, cold, drought, salt, or ABA treatment. Interaction network analysis supported the expression analysis, and showed that the BolSGT1a and BolSGT1b genes are strongly associated with co-regulators during stress conditions. However, the BolSGT1 gene did not show any strong association. Hence, BolSGT1 might be a stress resistance-related gene that functions without a co-regulator. Our results show that BolSGT1 genes are potential target genes to improve B. oleracea resistance to abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, and salt.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Annotation and Functional Exploration of MicroRNAs in Lettuce

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Deng ◽  
Yajuan Qin ◽  
Pan Yang ◽  
Jianjun Du ◽  
Zheng Kuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Computational Prediction ◽  
Regulatory Relationship ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern

MicroRNA (miRNA) is an important endogenous post-transcriptional regulator, while lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a leafy vegetable of global economic significance. However, there are few studies on miRNAs in lettuce, and research on miRNA regulatory network in lettuce is absent. In this study, through deep sequencing of small RNAs in different tissues, together with a reference genome, 157 high-confidence miRNA loci in lettuce were comprehensively identified, and their expression patterns were determined. Using a combination of computational prediction and high-throughput experimental verification, a set of reliable lettuce miRNA targets were obtained. Furthermore, through RNA-Seq, the expression profiles of these targets and a comprehensive view of the negative regulatory relationship between miRNAs and their targets was acquired based on a correlation analysis. To further understand miRNA functions, a miRNA regulatory network was constructed, with miRNAs at the core and combining transcription factors and miRNA target genes. This regulatory network, mainly composed of feed forward loop motifs, greatly increases understanding of the potential functions of miRNAs, and many unknown potential regulatory links were discovered. Finally, considering its specific expression pattern, Lsa-MIR408 as a hub gene was employed to illustrate the function of the regulatory network, and genetic experiments revealed its ability to increase the fresh weight and achene size of lettuce. In short, this work lays a solid foundation for the study of miRNA functions and regulatory networks in lettuce.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document