Abstract
The mRNA and protein expressions of connexin 26 (Cx26) in rat mammary gland and uterus can be up-regulated during pregnancy as well as by the administration of human CG (hCG). In the present study, we found that the time course and magnitude of Cx26 induction by hCG was different in these two tissues. The molecular mechanism underscoring this difference was therefore investigated. We had previously demonstrated that both Sp1 and Sp3 transcription factors play a functional role in Cx26 expression. By the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, nuclear extracts from both virgin mammary gland and uterus were capable of binding to a labeled oligonucleotide probe that contained the proximal GC box and formed three protein-DNA complexes (C1, C2, and C3). In the mammary gland, pregnancy enhanced the intensity of all three complexes, whereas in the uterine tissue there was a decrease in the C2 and C3 complexes and an emergence of a new major component, C4 complex. In the supershift study, the C1 complex could be supershifted only by an antibody against Sp1, whereas C2, C3, and C4 could all be supershifted by an antibody against Sp3, suggesting a potential presence of Sp3 isoforms of various sizes. We therefore conclude that the basal Sp profiles in virgin mammary gland and uterine tissue are similar. However, in response to pregnancy, the changes in Sp profile are tissue specific and may account for the temporal and quantitative differences between these two tissues in Cx26 induction.
Time course and dose dependence of the in utero bisphenol A (BPA)-regulated transcriptome in newborn rat mammary gland