Effect of Tillage on Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) Emergence and Vertical Distribution of Seed in the Soil

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Refsell ◽  
R. G. Hartzler
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
No Till ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
Soil Seedbank

Field studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to determine the effect of tillage on the emergence of common waterhemp from the soil seedbank. Emergence of common waterhemp was three times greater in no-till than chisel-till cultivation. Tillage did not affect the initial time of emergence; however, the time to 50% emergence was longer in no-till than chisel till. Duration of emergence did not differ among tillage systems. Common waterhemp seed was concentrated near the soil surface in no-till plots, whereas seed in the chisel-till plots were primarily found between 9 and 15 cm. The delayed and increased emergence in no-till cultivation may contribute to the greater problems in managing common waterhemp in no-till plots compared with plots where tillage is used.

scholarly journals Effect of Tillage Practices on Vertical Distribution of Phytophthora sojae

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1258-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Workneh ◽  
X. B. Yang ◽  
G. L. Tylka
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
State University ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
No Till ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Significant Difference

The vertical distribution of Phytophthora sojae was investigated in soil samples collected in the spring of 1994 from soybean fields at 62 locations in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, and Minnesota. In the fall of 1995, soil samples were collected from 18 additional locations in Illinois and Iowa. Each location consisted of a pair of no-till and conventional-till fields, and soil samples were collected from arbitrarily selected locations in each field at 0- to 7.5-cm and 7.5- to 15-cm depths. Separate intensive sampling was made in the spring of 1995 from two pairs of adjacent no-till and conventional-till fields at the Iowa State University Northeast Research Farm, in which samples were collected from 0- to 30-cm depth in increments of 5 cm. Samples were assayed for P. sojae with the use of a leaf-disk bioassay. In the 1994 regional samples, there was greater recovery of P. sojae (P ≤ 0.05) at 0- to 7.5-cm depth in the no-till samples than in the conventional-till samples for all states except Minnesota. The fall 1995 samples from Illinois followed a similar trend (P = 0.05); whereas samples from Iowa showed no significant difference between tillage systems. At depths greater than 7.5 cm, there was generally no difference in detection frequency of P. sojae between tillage systems. Samples from the Northeast Research Farm followed patterns of vertical distribution similar to those of the regional samples. In no-till fields, the detection frequency of P. sojae was greatest near the soil surface; two to three times greater than that of the conventional-till fields at this depth. In the conventional-till fields, however, the frequency of recovery peaked at 20 cm and was comparable at these depths to those of no-till fields. There was a positive correlation between the percentage of leaf disks colonized and residue dry weights in the no-till fields (r = 0.84, P = 0.04; and r = 0.86, P = 0.03) but not in the conventional-till fields (r = -0.06, P = 0.90; and r = -0.60, P = 0.17). The recovery of P. sojae in greater frequency near the soil surface in no-till fields than in conventional-till fields suggests that the potential for damping-off may be greater in no-till fields than in conventional-till fields.

Tillage systems affect trifluralin bioavailability in soil

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
No Till ◽  
Yorke Peninsula ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Trifluralin is widely used for control of rigid ryegrass in no-till grain crops in southern Australia. Trifluralin must be incorporated into soil to be effective. Several field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different tillage systems on vertical seed distribution and efficacy and rate of loss of bioavailable trifluralin. Experiments were conducted during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005 at two sites in South Australia: on the Roseworthy Campus farm of the University of Adelaide and near Minlaton on the Yorke Peninsula. The tillage systems at the Roseworthy Campus were minimum tillage (MinTill) and no-till using narrow points, whereas four direct-drill-seeding systems were used at Minlaton. Plastic beads were spread on the soil surface to simulate weed seeds. MinTill sowing buried more plastic beads than no-till, indicating that greater soil disturbance was caused by the MinTill system. Trifluralin efficacy was lower under no-till as compared to MinTill. A bioassay, based on response of oat roots, was used to quantify the concentrations of bioavailable trifluralin under different tillage systems. In both years at the Roseworthy Campus, loss of bioavailable trifluralin was greater under no-till than under MinTill; however, the rate of loss under both systems was much faster in 2004 than in 2005. In 2004, bioavailable trifluralin at 12 d after sowing under MinTill and no-till was 55 and 33% of the initial concentration, respectively. In 2005, bioavailable trifluralin remaining at 23 d after sowing was 86% under MinTill and 54% under no-till. At Minlaton in both years, bioavailable trifluralin was greater under tillage systems that provided the highest level of soil disturbance. These results demonstrate that reduced bioavailability of trifluralin occurs in no-till seeding systems, which could result in reduced weed control.

Influence of tillage type on vertical weed seedbank distribution in a sandy soil

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence J. Swanton ◽  
Anil Shrestha ◽  
Stevan Z. Knezevic ◽  
Robert C. Roy ◽  
Bonnie R. Ball-Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
Seedling Emergence Method ◽  
Chisel Plow ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Moldboard Plow

The vertical distribution of weed seeds in the seedbank of a sandy soil under three tillage systems (moldboard plow, chisel plow, and no-till) was estimated by a seedling-emergence method. The vertical distribution of the weed seedbank differed with tillage type and depth of tillage. The no-till system had the largest portion (90%) of the seedbank in the 0- to 5-cm layer. Chisel plowing distributed most of the seeds (66%) in the 5- to 10-cm layer. Moldboard plowing concentrated 71% of the seeds at the 10- to 15-cm depth. Our results suggest that the vertical distribution of the weed seedbank will be influenced by tillage type, depth of tillage, and soil type. Key words: Soil structure, moldboard plow, chisel plow, no-till

scholarly journals Surface Detention on Cropland, Rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-966
Author(s):  
John . E Gilley
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Conservation Reserve Program ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
No Till ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract. One of the factors contributing to overland flow on upland areas is water stored temporarily in a thin sheet on the soil surface as surface detention. This study was conducted to quantify surface detention on selected cropland, rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) sites. Surface detention was determined from the recession portion of runoff hydrographs corresponding with the period when rainfall had ceased but runoff continued. The hydrographs were generated from six previously reported rainfall simulation studies conducted on paired 3.7 m wide × 10.7 m long plots on which approximately 128 mm of rainfall was applied. Surface detention values were found to increase as crop residue or vegetative cover increased. Eleven fallow cropland sites in the eastern U.S. had surface detention values that varied from 1.7 to 4.6 mm. Surface detention on plots in southwestern Oklahoma containing Old World bluestem, no-till wheat, and conservation-till wheat was 9.4, 7.3, and 5.2 mm, respectively. No-till sorghum, tilled sorghum, no-till wheat, and tilled wheat plots in southeast Nebraska had surface detention values of 6.7, 4.5, 6.7, and 4.6 mm, respectively. Mean surface detention on no-till and tilled cropland sites in southwest Iowa containing corn residue was 7.2 and 5.9 mm, respectively. CRP study sites in southwestern Iowa had mean surface detention of 10.8 mm. When data from the six field studies were combined, mean surface detention values for fallow cropland, tilled cropland, no-till cropland, rangeland, and CRP areas were 3.1, 5.0, 6.9, 9.6, and 10.8 mm, respectively. Keywords: Depressional storage, Hydrographs, Hydrologic modeling, Overland flow, Runoff volume, Surface detention.

Efficacy Comparisons of Alachlor and Metolachlor Formulations in the Field

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry P. Wilson ◽  
Thomas E. Hines ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios ◽  
J. Peyton Doub
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soybean Straw

In field studies conducted in 1984, 1985, and 1986, annual grass control by a microencapsulated (ME) formulation of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] generally was greater than that by the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) in no-till and was comparable to EC-alachlor in conventionally tilled corn (Zea maysL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. In 1986, ME-metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] controlled annual grass similar to EC-metolachlor. In greenhouse studies, shoot height and fresh weight of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG] sown in pots and treated with ME-alachlor was significantly greater than that treated with EC-alachlor. Soybean straw on the soil surface did not affect the differences between alachlor formulations in the greenhouse.

Weed Management with Reduced Rates of Glyphosate in No-Till, Narrow-Row, Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy D. Wait ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Raymond E. Massey
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Reduced Rate

Field studies were conducted at two locations in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate crop injury, weed control, yield, and net economic returns of single and sequential postemergence applications of labeled and reduced rates of glyphosate to no-till, glyphosate-resistant soybean planted in narrow rows. Sequential applications provided at least 91% control of giant foxtail, while single applications provided at least 86% control with labeled rates and 68–93% control with reduced rates. Common waterhemp control was slightly higher with sequential vs. single treatments and with labeled rates vs. reduced rates. Velvetleaf control was greater than 96% with all treatments. Common cocklebur control was 90% or higher with all treatments except a single application of glyphosate at 210 g/ha. Lower control of giant foxtail and common waterhemp with single-application, reduced-rate treatments in two of the four trials resulted in lower yields. Overall, sequential applications, regardless of rate, provided greater weed control, yield, and net income and lower coefficients of variation (C.V.s) of net income than reduced-rate single applications. Single-application treatments showed a trend of decreased weed control, yield, and net income and higher C.V.s of net income with reduced rates of glyphosate.

Tillage and Nitrogen Influence Weed Population Dynamics in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. O'Donovan ◽  
David W. McAndrew ◽  
A. Gordon Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Four Levels

Field experiments were initiated at Alliance and Hairy Hill, Alberta, in 1989 to investigate the effects of conventional tillage, zero tillage, and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer on continuous barley production. In both tillage systems, the nitrogen was banded 6 to 8 cm deep between alternate barley rows. Herbicides were used for weed control each year. The influence of tillage and nitrogen on weed seed population dynamics was determined in 1991 and 1992. In the zero-tillage system, a large proportion of the weed seeds were present either at the soil surface or at the 5- to 10-cm depth. Green foxtail, the dominant species at Alliance, was also present at Hairy Hill where field pennycress was dominant. Green foxtail was consistently associated with low (residual) nitrogen and, in most cases, with conventional tillage. At both locations, green foxtail populations tended to decrease to very low levels as nitrogen rate increased, especially in zero tillage. At Hairy Hill, field pennycress populations in the soil seedbank were higher in zero tillage compared with conventional tillage, but plants that emerged from the soil seedbank in the field in spring were lower in zero tillage. Field pennycress populations were highest under low nitrogen. The results indicate that banding nitrogen has the potential to be an effective tool for green foxtail and field pennycress management in conventional- and zero-tillage systems, resulting in less dependence on herbicides for their control.

Protox-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) response to herbicides applied at different growth stages

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne S. Falk ◽  
Douglas E. Shoup ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Dallas E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
Dose Response Study ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted with a population of common waterhemp resistant to POST protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox)-inhibiting herbicides to compare its response to PRE and POST applications of selected herbicides. In the greenhouse, a dose–response study of PRE applications of acifluorfen, fomesafen, or lactofen was conducted on protox-susceptible and -resistant common waterhemp. The protox-resistant biotype was approximately 6.3, 2.5, and 2.6 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype to acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen, respectively. In a separate study under field conditions, protox-resistant common waterhemp were treated with PRE and POST applications of acifluorfen, azafenidin, flumioxazin, fomesafen, lactofen, oxyfluorfen, or sulfentrazone. At 14 and 28 d after POST treatment (DAPT) in 2002 and 2004, all PRE applications of herbicides gave greater control than did POST applications. At 14 DAPT, oxyfluorfen had the greatest difference in PRE and POST control, with 85 and 10% control in 2002, respectively. An additional field study was conducted to determine the stage of growth at which resistance to protox-inhibiting herbicides becomes most prevalent. Protox-resistant common waterhemp were treated with herbicides at the 2-leaf, 4- to 6-leaf, and 8- to 10-leaf growth stage. Acifluorfen and fomesafen at 420 g ha−1gave greater than 90% control at the 2-leaf stage and 4- to 6-leaf stage, except in 2003 when control was 85% with acifluorfen. In 2003 and 2004, common waterhemp control at the 8- to 10-leaf stage ranged between 54 and 75% with acifluorfen or fomesafen. Results indicate that common waterhemp resistance to customary rates of POST protox-inhibiting herbicides becomes prevalent after the 4- to 6-leaf growth stage.

scholarly journals Tolpyralate Applied Alone and With Atrazine for Weed Control in Corn

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
O. Adewale Osipitan ◽  
Jon E. Scott ◽  
Stevan Z. Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
Calculated Dose

Tolpyralate, an HPPD (4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor, is a relatively new herbicide for weed control in corn. Field studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effective dose of tolpyralate applied alone or mixed with atrazine for weed control in corn. The treatments included seven rates (0, 5, 20, 29, 40, 50 and 100 g ai ha-1) of tolpyralate applied alone or mixed with a constant rate (560 g ai ha-1) of atrazine. The evaluated weed species were common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.). Overall, POST-application of tolpyralate resulted in 58-94% visual weed control when applied alone; whereas, addition of atrazine provided 71-100% control of same species. Calculated dose of 19-31 g ai ha-1 (ED90) of tolpyralate applied alone provided 90% visual control of waterhemp, lambsquaters, henbit, and velvetleaf. Whereas, addition of atrazine resulted in significantly lower dose of 11-17 g ai ha-1 for the same level of control, suggesting synergy between the two herbicides.

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