scholarly journals Surface Detention on Cropland, Rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-966
Author(s):  
John . E Gilley
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Conservation Reserve Program ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
No Till ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Study Sites

Abstract. One of the factors contributing to overland flow on upland areas is water stored temporarily in a thin sheet on the soil surface as surface detention. This study was conducted to quantify surface detention on selected cropland, rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) sites. Surface detention was determined from the recession portion of runoff hydrographs corresponding with the period when rainfall had ceased but runoff continued. The hydrographs were generated from six previously reported rainfall simulation studies conducted on paired 3.7 m wide × 10.7 m long plots on which approximately 128 mm of rainfall was applied. Surface detention values were found to increase as crop residue or vegetative cover increased. Eleven fallow cropland sites in the eastern U.S. had surface detention values that varied from 1.7 to 4.6 mm. Surface detention on plots in southwestern Oklahoma containing Old World bluestem, no-till wheat, and conservation-till wheat was 9.4, 7.3, and 5.2 mm, respectively. No-till sorghum, tilled sorghum, no-till wheat, and tilled wheat plots in southeast Nebraska had surface detention values of 6.7, 4.5, 6.7, and 4.6 mm, respectively. Mean surface detention on no-till and tilled cropland sites in southwest Iowa containing corn residue was 7.2 and 5.9 mm, respectively. CRP study sites in southwestern Iowa had mean surface detention of 10.8 mm. When data from the six field studies were combined, mean surface detention values for fallow cropland, tilled cropland, no-till cropland, rangeland, and CRP areas were 3.1, 5.0, 6.9, 9.6, and 10.8 mm, respectively. Keywords: Depressional storage, Hydrographs, Hydrologic modeling, Overland flow, Runoff volume, Surface detention.

Efficacy Comparisons of Alachlor and Metolachlor Formulations in the Field

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry P. Wilson ◽  
Thomas E. Hines ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios ◽  
J. Peyton Doub
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soybean Straw

In field studies conducted in 1984, 1985, and 1986, annual grass control by a microencapsulated (ME) formulation of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] generally was greater than that by the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) in no-till and was comparable to EC-alachlor in conventionally tilled corn (Zea maysL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. In 1986, ME-metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] controlled annual grass similar to EC-metolachlor. In greenhouse studies, shoot height and fresh weight of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG] sown in pots and treated with ME-alachlor was significantly greater than that treated with EC-alachlor. Soybean straw on the soil surface did not affect the differences between alachlor formulations in the greenhouse.

The role of soil water repellency in overland flow generation in pine and eucalypt forest stands in coastal Portugal

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Keizer ◽  
C. O. A. Coelho ◽  
R. A. Shakesby ◽  
C. S. P. Domingues ◽  
M. C. Malvar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Flow Generation

Soil water repellency is now known to occur in diverse soils in various parts of the world. One of the possible adverse effects of soil water repellency is that it can reduce infiltration capacity and hence, on sloping terrain, enhance overland flow and soil erosion. The main aim of the present work is to assess the effects of soil water repellency on surface runoff production in the inner coastal dune areas of central Portugal. This was done for a pine and a eucalypt forest stand and, within each stand, for 2 slopes with contrasting aspect and somewhat different slope angles. Overland flow was measured for 4 pairs of unbounded plots of about 5 m2 at fortnightly intervals from February to October 2001. Over the same period, soil water repellency at and immediately below the soil surface was measured next to the plots at monthly intervals. The runoff–repellency relationship was also studied by carrying out rainfall simulation experiments on 0.24-m2 plots and associated repellency measurements. The effect of soil water repellency was most clearly demonstrated by statistically significant higher runoff coefficients under strong-to-extremely than under none-to-slightly hydrophobic conditions immediately below the soil surface. Such a difference in runoff over the measurement period was, however, restricted to 2 unbounded plots, both of which were located on the eucalypt slope with a southerly aspect and the greater slope angle. At the scale of these plots, the increase in runoff coefficient due to soil water repellency is moderate, when integrated over the entire period of strong–extremely repellent conditions, but can be quite substantial for individual 2-weekly periods. With respect to the observed differences in runoff between plots, be it plots on the same slope or not, it has proved difficult to distinguish the effect of soil water repellency from that of other factors likely to affect overland flow generation.

Impact of corn residue on yield of cool-season crops

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
No Till ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Residue Levels

AbstractSynergy between dry pea and corn can reduce the density of corn needed for optimum yield. Lower crop density may accrue an additional benefit, as after-harvest residues of corn lying on the soil surface can reduce yield of crops planted the next year. This study evaluated impact of corn residue levels on growth and yield of three cool-season crops in no-till. Corn was grown at two densities, 52,000 and 73,000 plants ha−1, leading to after-harvest residue levels designated as low and high residue. Residue quantity on the soil surface differed by 21%. Controls were included for each residue level by burying residue with tillage. Spring wheat, dry pea and red clover were planted the following year. Grain yield of spring wheat and dry pea and forage yield of red clover were reduced 13–33% by residue on the soil surface. However, yield of cool-season crops were 10–18% higher in the low-residue treatment compared with high residue. Furthermore, yield loss because of weed interference in spring wheat and red clover was greater with high residue. Of the three crops, spring wheat was the least affected by corn residue on the soil surface. One contributing factor to lower yield with high residue was reduced crop seedling establishment. Producers may be able to reduce the negative impact of corn residue on following crops in no-till systems by using synergistic crop sequences in the rotation.

scholarly journals PERDA DE MASSA DE MILHO NA PRODUÇÃO DO FEIJOEIRO IRRIGADO EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO

Irriga ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-511
Author(s):  
Douglas Roberto Bizari ◽  
RHUANITO SORANZ FERRAREZI ◽  
FRANCISCA FRANCIANA SOUSA PEREIRA ◽  
EDSON EIJI MATSURA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Decomposition Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
No Till ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Biomass Loss ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Loss Of Mass

PERDA DE MASSA DE MILHO NA PRODUÇÃO DO FEIJOEIRO IRRIGADO EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO     DOUGLAS ROBERTO BIZARI1; RHUANITO SORANZ FERRAREZI2; FRANCISCA FRANCIANA SOUZA PEREIRA3 E EDSON EIJI MATSURA4   1Departamento de Recursos Naturais e Proteção Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Anhanguera, S/N, Zona Rural – CEP 13600-970, Araras-SP, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Departamento de Ciências Hortícolas, Universidade da Flórida, 2100 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, Flórida 34945, Estados Unidos da América, rhuanito.soranz@gmailcom Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista,  Avenida Universitária, 3870, Altos do Paraíso - CEP 18610-307, Botucatu – SP, Brasil, [email protected] 4Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Cândido Rondon, 501, Cidade Universitária – CEP 13083-875, Campinas - SP, Brasil, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a perda de massa e a taxa de decomposição de milho como cobertura morta no solo na cultura do feijão irrigado por aspersão em sistema plantio direto. Resíduos de milho foram acondicionados em recipientes de nylon (0,35 × 0,25 m) e depositados na superfície do solo para avaliação da sua perda de massa aos 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 e 105 dias após sua instalação. O experimento foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. Testaram-se como tratamentos cinco quantidades de cobertura morta de milho (2, 4, 6, 8 e 12 Mg ha-1) e a testemunha sem cobertura, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. O tratamento com maior quantidade de cobertura morta de milho, apresentou a menor perda de massa no sistema plantio direto com feijão irrigado. A taxa de decomposição do milho é inversamente proporcional com o aumento da sua quantidade como cobertura morta no solo.   Palavras-chave:  taxa de decomposição, umidade do solo, irrigação por aspersão.     BIZARI, D.R.; FERRAREZI, R.S.; PEREIRA, F. F. S.; MATSURA, E. E. BIOMASS LOSS OF CORN MULCHING UNDER NO-TILL SYSTEM FOR IRRIGATED COMMON BEAN PRODUCTION     2 ABSTRACT   The objective of this study was to evaluate biomass loss and decomposition rate of corn as mulch on the soil surface. Corn residue was placed on nylon litterbags (0.35 × 0.25 m) and deposited onto the soil surface for evaluation of biomass loss at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after installation. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisol. The treatments tested were five levels of corn mulching quantity (2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 Mg ha-1) and a control (no mulching addition), arranged on a complete randomized block design with three replications. The treatment with greater amount of corn mulch showed the lowest loss of mass in irrigated beans no-till system. The rate of decomposition of corn mulch is inversely proportional to the increase of its amount in the soil.  Keywords:  decomposition rate, soil moisture, sprinkle irrigation.

Effect of Tillage on Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) Emergence and Vertical Distribution of Seed in the Soil

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Refsell ◽  
R. G. Hartzler
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
No Till ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
Soil Seedbank

Field studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to determine the effect of tillage on the emergence of common waterhemp from the soil seedbank. Emergence of common waterhemp was three times greater in no-till than chisel-till cultivation. Tillage did not affect the initial time of emergence; however, the time to 50% emergence was longer in no-till than chisel till. Duration of emergence did not differ among tillage systems. Common waterhemp seed was concentrated near the soil surface in no-till plots, whereas seed in the chisel-till plots were primarily found between 9 and 15 cm. The delayed and increased emergence in no-till cultivation may contribute to the greater problems in managing common waterhemp in no-till plots compared with plots where tillage is used.

Tillage systems affect trifluralin bioavailability in soil

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Gurjeet Gill ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
No Till ◽  
Yorke Peninsula ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

Trifluralin is widely used for control of rigid ryegrass in no-till grain crops in southern Australia. Trifluralin must be incorporated into soil to be effective. Several field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different tillage systems on vertical seed distribution and efficacy and rate of loss of bioavailable trifluralin. Experiments were conducted during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005 at two sites in South Australia: on the Roseworthy Campus farm of the University of Adelaide and near Minlaton on the Yorke Peninsula. The tillage systems at the Roseworthy Campus were minimum tillage (MinTill) and no-till using narrow points, whereas four direct-drill-seeding systems were used at Minlaton. Plastic beads were spread on the soil surface to simulate weed seeds. MinTill sowing buried more plastic beads than no-till, indicating that greater soil disturbance was caused by the MinTill system. Trifluralin efficacy was lower under no-till as compared to MinTill. A bioassay, based on response of oat roots, was used to quantify the concentrations of bioavailable trifluralin under different tillage systems. In both years at the Roseworthy Campus, loss of bioavailable trifluralin was greater under no-till than under MinTill; however, the rate of loss under both systems was much faster in 2004 than in 2005. In 2004, bioavailable trifluralin at 12 d after sowing under MinTill and no-till was 55 and 33% of the initial concentration, respectively. In 2005, bioavailable trifluralin remaining at 23 d after sowing was 86% under MinTill and 54% under no-till. At Minlaton in both years, bioavailable trifluralin was greater under tillage systems that provided the highest level of soil disturbance. These results demonstrate that reduced bioavailability of trifluralin occurs in no-till seeding systems, which could result in reduced weed control.

Differentiation and Interrelations of Two Representatives of Laudakia stellio Complex (Reptilia: Agamidae) in Israel

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenyi N. Panov ◽  
Larissa Yu. Zykova
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Near East ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Subspecies Level ◽  
Limited Gene Flow ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
And Behavior

Field studies were conducted in Central Negev within the breeding range of Laudakia stellio brachydactyla and in NE Israel (Qyriat Shemona) in the range of an unnamed form (tentatively “Near-East Rock Agama”), during March – May 1996. Additional data have been collected in Jerusalem at a distance of ca. 110 km from the first and about 170 km from the second study sites. A total of 63 individuals were caught and examined. The animals were marked and their subsequent movements were followed. Social and signal behavior of both forms were described and compared. Lizards from Negev and Qyriat Shemona differ from each other sharply in external morphology, habitat preference, population structure, and behavior. The differences obviously exceed the subspecies level. At the same time, the lizards from Jerusalem tend to be intermediate morphologically between those from both above-named localities, which permits admitting the existence of a limited gene flow between lizard populations of Negev and northern Israel. The lizards from NE Israel apparently do not belong to the nominate subspecies of L. stellio and should be regarded as one more subspecies within the species.

scholarly journals Willows Used for Phytoremediation Increased Organic Contaminant Concentrations in Soil Surface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2979
Author(s):  
Maxime Fortin Faubert ◽  
Dominic Desjardins ◽  
Mohamed Hijri ◽  
Michel Labrecque
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Hydrology ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Made In

The Salix genus includes shrub species that are widely used in phytoremediation and various other phytotechnologies due to their advantageous characteristics, such as a high evapotranspiration (ET) rate, in particular when cultivated in short rotation intensive culture (SRIC). Observations made in past field studies suggest that ET and its impact on soil hydrology can also lead to increases in soil pollutant concentrations near shrubs. To investigate this, sections of a mature willow plantation (seven years old) were cut to eliminate transpiration (Cut treatment). Soil concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), aliphatic compounds C10–C50, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) were compared between the Cut and the uncut plots (Salix miyabeana ‘SX61’). Over 24 months, the results clearly show that removal of the willow shrubs limited the contaminants’ increase in the soil surface, as observed for C10–C50 and of 10 PAHs under the Salix treatment. This finding strongly reinforces a hypothesis that SRIC of willows may facilitate the migration of contaminants towards their roots, thus increasing their concentration in the surrounding soil. Such a “pumping effect” in a high-density willow crop is a prominent characteristic specific to field studies that can lead to counterintuitive results. Although apparent increases of contaminant concentrations contradict the purification benefits usually pursued in phytoremediation, the possibility of active phytoextraction and rhizodegradation is not excluded. Moreover, increases of pollutant concentrations under shrubs following migration suggest that decreases would consequently occur at the source points. Some reflections on interpreting field work results are provided.

Distribution and Seasonality of Macroalgae on Oyster Communities of Central Chesapeake Bay

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distributions ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Study Sites

AbstractField studies of the benthic macroalgae of fifteen selected Chesapeake Bay oyster communities were conducted over a period of a year (March 1977 to February 1978). Algal distribu tion and seasonal occurrence were studied in relation to changes in the physical environment. Salinity, temperature, and light availability were important factors in the spatial and temporal distributions of algae in these subtidal habitats.Seventeen species of Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta were recorded from the fifteen study sites distributed over 130 kilometers within the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay. Species of Chlorophyta were associated with oyster communities throughout the year of study with maximum numbers of species and maximum biomass occurring in spring. Only once was a member of the Phaeophyta encountered; a single filamentous species, Ectocarpus, was collected during winter. Species of Rhodophyta were present throughout the year at the study sites.Most of the algae collected reproduced asexually by spores and/or vegetative fragments. Sexual reproduction occurred in some of the red algal species. The presence of tetrasporic and cystocarpic plants of Dasya baillouviana and Polysiphonia harveyi var. olneyi may indicate that the usual triphasic Florideophycean life history occurs in this estuary.

Weed Control with Reduced Rates of Chlorimuron Plus Metribuzin and Imazethapyr in No-Till Narrow-Row Soybean (Glycine max)

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Jeffrey S. Dilbeck ◽  
Michael S. Defelice ◽  
J. Andrew Kendig
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Narrow Row

Field studies were conducted at three locations in 1993 and 1994 to evaluate weed control and crop response to combinations of glyphosate, metolachlor, 0.5 X and 1 X label rates of chlorimuron plus metribuzin applied prior to planting (PP), and 0.5 X and 1 X label rates of imazethapyr applied early postemergence (EPOST) or postemergence (POST) in no-till narrow-row soybean production. Giant foxtail densities were reduced with sequential PP followed by (fb) EPOST or POST treatments. Large crabgrass was reduced equivalently with all herbicide combinations involving chlorimuron plus metribuzin PP fb imazethapyr. Common cocklebur control was variable but was usually greater with treatments that included imazethapyr. Ivyleaf morningglory densities were not reduced with any herbicide combinations. Sequential PP fb EPOST or POST treatments tended to provide slightly better weed suppression than PP-only treatments, but the difference was rarely significant. Soybean yields with treatments utilizing 0.5 X rates were usually equal to 1 X rates.

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