scholarly journals Learning to Order BDD Variables in Verification

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 83-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Grumberg ◽  
S. Livne ◽  
S. Markovitch
Keyword(s):  
Model Checking ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Compact Representation ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Variable Ordering ◽  
Variable Pair

The size and complexity of software and hardware systems have significantly increased in the past years. As a result, it is harder to guarantee their correct behavior. One of the most successful methods for automated verification of finite-state systems is model checking. Most of the current model-checking systems use binary decision diagrams (BDDs) for the representation of the tested model and in the verification process of its properties. Generally, BDDs allow a canonical compact representation of a boolean function (given an order of its variables). The more compact the BDD is, the better performance one gets from the verifier. However, finding an optimal order for a BDD is an NP-complete problem. Therefore, several heuristic methods based on expert knowledge have been developed for variable ordering. We propose an alternative approach in which the variable ordering algorithm gains 'ordering experience' from training models and uses the learned knowledge for finding good orders. Our methodology is based on offline learning of pair precedence classifiers from training models, that is, learning which variable pair permutation is more likely to lead to a good order. For each training model, a number of training sequences are evaluated. Every training model variable pair permutation is then tagged based on its performance on the evaluated orders. The tagged permutations are then passed through a feature extractor and are given as examples to a classifier creation algorithm. Given a model for which an order is requested, the ordering algorithm consults each precedence classifier and constructs a pair precedence table which is used to create the order. Our algorithm was integrated with SMV, which is one of the most widely used verification systems. Preliminary empirical evaluation of our methodology, using real benchmark models, shows performance that is better than random ordering and is competitive with existing algorithms that use expert knowledge. We believe that in sub-domains of models (alu, caches, etc.) our system will prove even more valuable. This is because it features the ability to learn sub-domain knowledge, something that no other ordering algorithm does.

Developmental Training Model for the Sport Specialized Youth Athlete: A Dynamic Strategy for Individualizing Load-Response During Maturation

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110560
Author(s):  
Neeru Jayanthi ◽  
Stacey Schley ◽  
Sean P. Cumming ◽  
Gregory D. Myer ◽  
Heather Saffel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Medical Evaluation ◽  
Youth Athlete

Context: Most available data on athletic development training models focus on adult or professional athletes, where increasing workload capacity and performance is a primary goal. Development pathways in youth athletes generally emphasize multisport participation rather than sport specialization to optimize motor skill acquisition and to minimize injury risk. Other models emphasize the need for accumulation of sport- and skill-specific hours to develop elite-level status. Despite recommendations against sport specialization, many youth athletes still specialize and need guidance on training and competition. Medical and sport professionals also recommend progressive, gradual increases in workloads to enhance resilience to the demands of high-level competition. There is no accepted model of risk stratification and return to play for training a specialized youth athlete through periods of injury and maturation. In this review, we present individualized training models for specialized youth athletes that (1) prioritize performance for healthy, resilient youth athletes and (2) are adaptable through vulnerable maturational periods and injury. Evidence Acquisition: Nonsystematic review with critical appraisal of existing literature. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: A number of factors must be considered when developing training programs for young athletes: (1) the effect of sport specialization on athlete development and injury, (2) biological maturation, (3) motor and coordination deficits in specialized youth athletes, and (4) workload progressions and response to load. Conclusion: Load-sensitive athletes with multiple risk factors may need medical evaluation, frequent monitoring, and a program designed to restore local tissue and sport-specific capacity. Load-naive athletes, who are often skeletally immature, will likely benefit from serial monitoring and should train and compete with caution, while load-tolerant athletes may only need occasional monitoring and progress to optimum loads. Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): B.

Model of advanced training for general education managers in the context of educational reform in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Khoang Chung Khok
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Educational Reform ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Self Study ◽  
Manager Training ◽  
School Manager

With the requirement of fundamental and comprehensive reform of education, the coaching for managers in school is becoming urgent. The current model of regular coaching for managers in Vietnamese school is showing many shortcomings, failing to satisfy the requirements of educational reform in the current period. To solve this problem, different models and approaches may be used. The school manager training model using the LMS / TEMIS system is proposed to emphasize the role of self-study and selftraining; apply the achievements of information technology; promote the role of core educational managers and strengthen the relationships between leading experts at educational universities, academies of Vietnam and local educational institutions.

scholarly journals Efeitos de longo prazo do treinamento resistido na pressão arterial: uma revisão sistemática

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 730-742
Author(s):  
Paulo Eduardo Carnaval Pereira da Rocha ◽  
Vladimir Schuindt da Silva ◽  
Luiz Antonio Bastos Camacho ◽  
Ana Glória Godoi Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Traditional Resistance Training ◽  
Load Intensity ◽  
Meta Analyses

Studies assessed the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on blood pressure (BP); however, few studies have evaluated the effects of long-term resistance training on variations of this response. The aim of the study was to verify through a systematic review, the long-term effect of resistance training on BP. Searches were made on Medline through Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science and Lilacs databases. Overall, 751 articles were found, of which 22 were further analyzed. The analysis followed the PRISMA checklist (Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies) and was divided according to two resistance training models: traditional resistance training (TRT), resistance training alone; or combined resistance training (CRT), resistance training associated with aerobic exercise. Greater BP reductions occurred for CRT compared to TRT. However, further studies are needed to better explicit the resistance training variables (number of exercises, repetitions, number of sets, intervals, speed of execution and load intensity), in order to identify the best training model and improve the methodological quality of experiments in an attempt to reduce the risk of bias.

scholarly journals Applied of Alternative Business Training Models through Environmental-Based Community Empowerment for Farmer Labor

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenri Sau ◽  
Gufran Darma Dirawan ◽  
Ahmad Rifqi Asrib
Keyword(s):  
Training Model ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Knowledge Test ◽  
Business Training ◽  
Training Models ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Quality Testing

Agriculture is one of the fields that still dominates Indonesia as an agricultural country. As a substantial actor in agriculture, many farmers have not met their daily needs. This study examines the quality of alternative business training models for farmworkers using a community empowerment system. This study is part of research and development focused on product quality testing. The training model that the researcher has designed is then tested on validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The participants involved in this study were farm labourers in 2 sub-districts in Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, namely Pammana and Tanasitolo sub-districts as many as 15 farm workers, two observers, and three agricultural experts. Furthermore, the instruments used in this study were: (1) validation sheet, (2) model implementation observation sheet, (3) farmworker response questionnaire, and (4) knowledge test. The data that has been collected is then analyzed quantitatively using SPSS 23.00 software. The study results show that the training model that this researcher has designed is valid, practical, and effective in increasing the knowledge of farmworkers and can be used for a broader range of users.

scholarly journals Implementation of Hydroponic Technology (Model) as an Effort to Overcome Food Security for Residents of the Sint Carolus Middle School in Bengkulu City

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rendi Zulni Ekaputri ◽  
Dewi Jumiarni ◽  
Berto Usman ◽  
Erik Perdana Putra
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Technology Training ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Partner Satisfaction

Skills improvement is in line with efforts to tackle food security during the COvid-19 pandemic. This effort can be done by using hydroponic techniques. This community service aims to increase the knowledge and skills of the Sint Carolus Junior High School residents in Bengkulu City in utilizing hydroponic technology. The method of activities provided includes training, supervised assignment, monitoring and evaluation. Activities were held on August 21, 2020 and August 28, 2020 at Sint Carolus Middle School, Bengkulu. Based on the activities that have been carried out, it can be concluded that community service activities in hydroponic technology training (models) get a very good response in terms of the material, methods and partner satisfaction. Hydroponic technology training model has increased the knowledge and skills of Sint Carolus Middle School residents in Bengkulu City, particularly by using the styrofoam box waste as a medium for plant planting.

scholarly journals 3D-printed Surgical Training Model Based on Real Patient Situations for Dental Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2901
Author(s):  
Marcel Hanisch ◽  
Elke Kroeger ◽  
Markus Dekiff ◽  
Maximilian Timme ◽  
Johannes Kleinheinz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Training ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Patient Data ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Real Patient ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
3D Printed

Background: Most simulation models used at university dental clinics are typodonts. Usually, models show idealized eugnathic situations, which are rarely encountered in everyday practice. The aim of this study was to use 3D printing technology to manufacture individualized surgical training models for root tip resection (apicoectomy) on the basis of real patient data and to compare their suitability for dental education against a commercial typodont model. Methods: The training model was designed using CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) technology. The printer used to manufacture the models employed the PolyJet technique. Dental students, about one year before their final examinations, acted as test persons and evaluated the simulation models on a visual analogue scale (VAS) with four questions (Q1–Q4). Results: A training model for root tip resection was constructed and printed employing two different materials (hard and soft) to differentiate anatomical structures within the model. The exercise was rated by 35 participants for the typodont model and 33 students for the 3D-printed model. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were carried out to identify differences in the assessments of the two model types. The alternative hypothesis for each test was: “The rating for the typodont model is higher than that for the 3D-printed model”. As the p-values reveal, the alternative hypothesis has to be rejected in all cases. For both models, the gingiva mask was criticized. Conclusions: Individual 3D-printed surgical training models based on real patient data offer a realistic alternative to industrially manufactured typodont models. However, there is still room for improvement with respect to the gingiva mask for learning surgical incision and flap formation.

scholarly journals Comparison between the traditional and the new training model using rabbits in the assessment

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 433-438
Author(s):  
Victor Araujo Felzemburgh ◽  
Haroldo Araújo Sampaio ◽  
Gilberto Ferreira de Abreu Junior ◽  
José Humberto Oliveira Campos
Keyword(s):  
Training Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Surgical Practice ◽  
New Model ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Saphenous Veins ◽  
Vessel Ligation

PURPOSE: Compare the new training model for vessel ligation with the traditional using rabbits in the assessment. METHODS: From 106 academics of the Division of Operative Technique and Experimental Surgery, 36 were divided into two groups and offered them two training models of ligature. The group was invited to participate to an experimental procedure with rabbits and reproduce the technique trained. The procedure consisted of performing ligatures in saphenous veins of the legs of rabbits. The students were evaluated by objective criteria by an observer evaluator and answered a questionnaire at the end of the procedure. RESULTS: The medical students who have had training with the new model had a higher number of hits compared to the other group performing ligatures without clamping with hemostatic forceps (p<0.05). There was also a higher number of hits for the new model group to perform ligation temporary and permanent ligation with the use of forceps (p>0.05). The questionnaires indicated that the new model develops more ability to work in groups (p=0.088). CONCLUSIONS: The project promotes the implementation of the new model for training ligature, indicating that the new model is better to the traditional surgical practice.

scholarly journals Step training in a rat model for complex aneurysmal vascular microsurgery

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Martin ◽  
Mircea Radu Gorgan
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Nerve Repair ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Training Models

Abstract Introduction: Microsurgery training is a key step for the young neurosurgeons. Both in vascular and peripheral nerve pathology, microsurgical techniques are useful tools for the proper treatment. Many training models have been described, including ex vivo (chicken wings) and in vivo (rat, rabbit) ones. Complex microsurgery training include termino-terminal vessel anastomosis and nerve repair. The aim of this study was to describe a reproducible complex microsurgery training model in rats. Materials and methods: The experimental animals were Brown Norway male rats between 10-16 weeks (average 13) and weighing between 250-400g (average 320g). We performed n=10 rat hind limb replantations. The surgical steps and preoperative management are carefully described. We evaluated the vascular patency by clinical assessment-color, temperature, capillary refill. The rats were daily inspected for any signs of infections. The nerve regeneration was assessed by foot print method. Results: There were no case of vascular compromise or autophagia. All rats had long term survival (>90 days). The nerve regeneration was clinically completed at 6 months postoperative. The mean operative time was 183 minutes, and ischemia time was 25 minutes.

scholarly journals An empirical evaluation of metrics on aspect-oriented programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Mazen Ismaeel Ghareb ◽  
Garry Allen
Keyword(s):  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Software Metrics ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Programming Quality ◽  
Dynamic Metrics

   The quality evaluation of software metrics measurement is considered as the primary indicator of imperfection prediction and software maintenance in various empirical studies of software products. However, there is no agreement on which metrics are compelling quality pointers for new software development approaches such as aspect-oriented programming (AOP) techniques. AOP intends to enhance programming quality by providing fundamentally different parts of the systems, for example, pointcuts, advice, and intertype relationships. Hence, it is not evident if quality characteristics for AOP could be extracted from direct expansions of traditional object-oriented programming (OOP) measurements. Then again, investigations of AOP do regularly depend on established static and dynamic metrics measurement; notwithstanding the late research of AOP in empirical studies, few analyses been adopted using the International Organization for Standardization 9126 quality model as useful markers of flaw inclination in this context. This paper examination we have considered different programming quality models given by various authors every once in a while and distinguished that adaptability was deficient in the current model. We have testing 10 projects developed by AOP. We have used many applications to extract the metrics, but none of them could extract all AOP Metrics. It only can measure some of AOP Metrics, not all of them. This study investigates the suitable framework for extract AOP Metrics, for instance, static and dynamic metrics measurement for hybrid application systems (AOP and OOP) or only AOP application.

scholarly journals Fasiliteerderopleiding

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Emotional Maturity ◽  
Carl Rogers ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Personal Orientation Inventory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Personal Orientation

Facilitator training. Since the last visit to South Africa by Carl Rogers and Ruth Sanford in 1986, many businesses in the country showed enthusiasm to train person-centered facilitators as change agents for the post-apartheid South Africa. Unfortunately, this training never really got momentum because of (amongst other reasons) the misconception about the nature of the process and skills of facilitation. This research can be seen as a continuation of Rogers and Sanford's work in an effort to explain facilitation to management, train facilitators working in cross-cultural communication situations in South African organisations and evaluate this training. Facilitation is conceptualised from the person-centered approach and operationalised by making use of different training models from the human potential movement. A facilitation training model and an experiential learning workshop were constructed. Fifty personnel and training officers attended the workshop. The evaluation battery included the Carkhuff scales, the Personal Orientation Inventory and the Selfactualising characteristics question- naire. The difference between a pre and post measurement indicates a statistical significant development in the interpersonal skills of facilitation namely respect, empathy, realness and concreteness; as well as the intrapersonal characteristics of awareness, emotional maturity and internal locus of control. Suggestions towards accelerated training of facilitators in South Africa are recommended. Opsomming Sedert die laaste besoek van Carl Rogers en Ruth Sanford aan Suid-Afrika in 1986, het verskeie organisasies in die land met entoesiasme begin om fasiliteerders op te lei as veranderingsagente vir die post-apartheid Suid- Afrika. Ongelukkig het hierdie opieiding nooit werklik momentum bereik nie as gevolg van (onder andere) die misverstand oor die aard van die proses en vaardighede van fasilitering. Hierdie navorsing kan beskou word as 'n voortsetting van Rogers en Sanford se werk in 'n poging om fasilitering aan bestuur te verduidelik, om fasiliteerders op te lei in die veld van kruiskulturele kommunikasie binne Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies en om hierdie opieiding te evalueer. Fasilitering word vanuit die persoonsgesentreerde benadering gekonseptualiseer, en geoperasionaliseer deur gebruik te maak van verskillende opieidingsmodelle uit die menslikepotensiaal-beweging. 'n Fasiliteringsopleidingsmodel en 'n ervaringsleerwerkswinkel is saamgestel. Vyftig personeel- en opieidingsbeamptes het die werkswinkel bygewoon. Die evalueringsbattery het bestaan uit die Carkhuffskale, die Persoonlikeorientasievraelys en die Selfaktualiseringskenmerkevraelys. Die verskil tussen 'n pre- en post-meting dui op 'n statisties beduidende ontwikkeling van die interpersoonlike vaardighede van fasilitering naamlik respek, empatie, egtheid en konkreetheid; asook ten opsigte van die intrapersoonlike kenmerke van bewustheid, emosionele volwassenheid en interne lokus van kontrole. Versnelde opieiding van fasiliteerders in Suid-Afrika word aanbeveel.

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