The most ancestral genus of Mymaridae, with comments on generic relationships and evolution within the family

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Huber
Keyword(s):  
The Family ◽  
Generic Relationships

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF MASSALONGIA AND GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1331-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aino Henssen
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
North American Species ◽  
New Combination ◽  
General Survey ◽  
The North ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generic Relationships

The systematic position of the genus Massalongia and the closely related genera Koerberia, Vestergrenopsis, and Placynthium in the family Peltigeraceae including lichens with hemiangiocarpic apothecia is discussed. The ontogeny of a hemiangiocarpic apothecium is described briefly. A key for the determination of the genera is provided.A general survey is given for the morphology and anatomy of the genus Massalongia. The two species, M. carnosa and M. microphylliza, are described in detail. The new combination M. microphylliza is made.

Comparative osteology and intergeneric relationships of the tongue soles (Pisces; Pleuronectiformes; Cynoglossidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1214-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Chapleau
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Flatfish Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Comparative Osteology ◽  
Generic Relationships

This article contains the first detailed osteological study of several flatfish species belonging to the three currently recognized genera of tongue soles (Cynoglossidae). The resulting information was used to reassess, following the cladistics methodology, the monophyletic status of the family and to put forward a hypothesis of generic relationships. The polarity of the character states was determined by outgroup comparison using the Soleidae as the sister group of the Cynoglossidae and the Achiridae as the sister group of the soleid–cynoglossid lineage. An analysis of numerous characters corroborated the monophyletism of the Cynoglossidae. It was also found that the genus Symphurus (Symphurinae) is monophyletic and is the sister group of the monophyletic Cynoglossus–Parapaglusia (Cynoglossinae) lineage. Parapaglusia was shown to be monophyletic, but no evidence was found to corroborate a similar status for Cynoglossus. An examination of the osteology of more species belonging to the speciose genera Symphurus and Cynoglossus is needed to further test this hypothesis of relationships.

trnL-F and rpl16 Sequence Data and Dense Taxon Sampling Reveal Monophyly of Unilocular Anthered Gomphrenoideae (Amaranthaceae) and an Improved Picture of Their Internal Relationships

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivonne Sánchez del-Pino ◽  
Thomas Borsch ◽  
Timothy J. Motley
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
New World ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Taxon Sampling ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Large Genus ◽  
Internal Relationships ◽  
Generic Relationships

The Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae alliance has been the focus of several phylogenetic studies, but major questions concerning the internal relationships of Amaranthaceae still remain unanswered. This study aims to test the monophyly of the subfamily Gomphrenoideae and to examine the generic relationships within this group. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of trnL-F and rpl16 show that the subfamily Gomphrenoideae is monophyletic. The clade of Gomphrenoideae represents a large and diverse radiation of the Amaranthaceae in the New World. Unilocular anthers are a morphological synapomorphy for Gomphrenoideae that was derived from bilocular anthers. Three major clades are resolved: the Gomphrenoids, the Alternantheroids, and the Iresinoids, which are largely supported by pollen morphology. The Iresinoid clade is sister to Alternantheroids plus Gomphrenoids, rendering metareticulate pollen as the synapomorphy for the latter two clades. Tribes and subtribes delimited by androecium and inflorescence characters are poly- or paraphyletic. Several genera are monophyletic including the large genus Alternanthera, whereas Gomphrena is polyphyletic. Irenella and Woehleria are resolved within Iresine whereas Blutaparon and Lithophila fall within the polyphyletic Gomphrena. The trnL-F and rpl16 sequence data are the most variable chloroplast regions examined to date for the family and are highly effective in resolving relationships in Amaranthaceae.

scholarly journals The plastome sequence of Bactris gasipaes and evolutionary analysis in tribe Cocoseae (Arecaceae)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256373
Author(s):  
Raquel Santos da Silva ◽  
Charles Roland Clement ◽  
Eduardo Balsanelli ◽  
Valter Antonio de Baura ◽  
Emanuel Maltempi de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Bactris Gasipaes ◽  
Hypervariable Regions ◽  
Plastid Genomes ◽  
Alternative Start Codon ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generic Relationships

The family Arecaceae is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among the five subfamilies, Arecoideae is the most species-rich and still contains some ambiguous inter-generic relationships, such as those within subtribes Attaleinae and Bactridineae. The hypervariable regions of plastid genomes (plastomes) are interesting tools to clarify unresolved phylogenetic relationships. We sequenced and characterized the plastome of Bactris gasipaes (Bactridinae) and compared it with eight species from the three Cocoseae sub-tribes (Attaleinae, Bactridinae, and Elaeidinae) to perform comparative analysis and to identify hypervariable regions. The Bactris gasipaes plastome has 156,646 bp, with 113 unique genes. Among them, four genes have an alternative start codon (cemA, rps19, rpl2, and ndhD). Plastomes are highly conserved within tribe Cocoseae: 97.3% identity, length variation of ~2 kb, and a single ~4.5 kb inversion in Astrocaryum plastomes. The LSC/IR and IR/SSC junctions vary among the subtribes: in Bactridinae and Elaeidinae the rps19 gene is completely contained in the IR region; in the subtribe Attaleinae the rps19 gene is only partially contained in the IRs. The hypervariable regions selected according to sequence variation (SV%) and frequency of parsimony informative sites (PIS%) revealed plastome regions with great potential for molecular analysis. The ten regions with greatest SV% showed higher variation than the plastid molecular markers commonly used for phylogenetic analysis in palms. The phylogenetic trees based on the plastomes and the hypervariable regions (SV%) datasets had well-resolved relationships, with consistent topologies within tribe Cocoseae, and confirm the monophyly of the subtribes Bactridinae and Attaleinae.

Generic relationships within and between the gymnosperm families Podocarpaceae and Phyllocladaceae based on an analysis of the chloroplast gene rbcL

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Conran ◽  
Glenys M. Wood ◽  
Peter G. Martin ◽  
Julie M. Dowd ◽  
Christopher J. Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Gene ◽  
The Family ◽  
Jackknife Support ◽  
Generic Relationships

Analysis of sequences of the chloroplast gene rbcL for 76 taxa of Podocarpaceae (representing all genera except Parasitaxus) and five species of Phyllocladaceae were undertaken with respect to their relationships to each other and to 28 coniferalean outgroup taxa from seven families. The results indicate that Podocarpaceae are polyphyletic unless expanded to include Phyllocladaceae. Within Podocarpaceae, Sundacarpus is placed in a clade with Prumnopitys, and Falcatifolium is paraphyletic as a basal grade to Dacrydium. Phyllocladus is in an unresloved clade with Halocarpus, Manoao/Lagarostrobos and Prumnopitys/Sundacarpus. The separation of Afrocarpus from Podocarpus and its placement instead as sister to Nageia and Retrophyllum is supported. Podocarpus s. str. is monophyletic, with both subgenera identified, albeit poorly supported. The analysis placed Lepidothamnus and Saxegothaea in an unresolved basal polytomy within the family. There were no clear outgroup relationships with the family. These results differ from the morphological clades found by Kelch (1997), and disagree strongly with his 18S-sequence-based phylogeny (Kelch 1998). However, jackknife support values indicate that although the genera are well supported, relationships both within and between them are not, suggesting that intergeneric relationships in the family require further study. There is also some congruence between our results and those of the gymnosperm 18S study by Chaw et al. (1997), although their study included only three Podocarpaceae and one Phyllocladaceae species.

scholarly journals Systematics and phylogeny of Oecopetalum (Metteniusaceae), a genus of trees endemic to North and Central America

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Adrian Hernández Urban ◽  
Diego Francisco Angulo ◽  
Maite Lascurain-Rangel ◽  
Sergio Avendaño-Reyes ◽  
Lilia Lorena Can ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Central America ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Chloroplast Genes ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
The Family ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Generic Relationships

The genus Oecopetalum Greenm. & C.H. Thomps. (Metteniusaceae) is distributed in the southeastern portion of Mexico to Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica). Three species have been described and two have been reported as edible. We studied herbarium specimens of the genus Oecopetalum and performed a phylogenetic analysis based on the chloroplast genes matK and ndhF to answers to main questions: How many species are in the genus Oecopetalum? Is the genus Oecopetalum monophyletic? What are the generic relationships with other members of the family? Oecopetalum is a monophyletic genus with only two species. Pittosporosis is the sister group of Oecopetalum. The Trans-Atlantic relationship of Oecopetalum and Pittosporosis is a recurrent geographic pattern in the family Mettenuisaceae as well as in the family Icacinaceae. Our results, in concordance with fossil evidence and relationships of other groups, support the Boreotropical model of high-latitude terrestrial migrations of tropical taxa during the globally warm Paleocene–Eocene. 

A systematic and phylogenetic revision of the family Elipsocidae (Insecta : Psocoptera), with the erection of two new families: Lesneiidae and Sabulopsocidae

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. New ◽  
E. R. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Material ◽  
Phylogenetic Revision ◽  
Generic Relationships

The phylogeny of the Elipsocidae is reappraised to aid understanding of generic relationships within the family, leading to its clear definition as a monophyletic entity and clarification of its position within the infraorder Homilopsocidea. Examination of new material and generic-level revision results in descriptions of ten new elipsocid genera: Prionotodrilus, gen. nov. for P. parvus (Smithers & Thornton), comb. nov. and P. serratus (Schmidt & Thornton), comb. nov.; Ausysium, gen. nov. for A. joyceorum, sp. nov.; Diademadrilus, gen. nov. for D. annulatus (Smithers), comb. nov., for which a description of the female is given, and D. masseyi (New), comb. nov.; Euryphallus, gen. nov. for E. badonneli (New & Thornton), comb. nov., E. cinqueportsae (Thornton & New), comb. nov., E. cooki (Thornton & New), comb. nov., E. defoei (Thornton & New), comb. nov., E. selkirki (Thornton & New), comb. nov., E. skottsbergi (Thornton & New), comb. nov. and E. stigmaticus (Tillyard), comb. nov.; Gondwanapsocus, gen. nov. for G. australis, sp. nov.; Onychophallus, gen. nov. for O. diemenensis, sp. nov.; Psocophloea, gen. nov. for P. sarahae, sp. nov.; Telmopsocus, gen. nov. for T. waldheimensis, sp. nov.; Villopsocus, gen. nov. for V. tasmaniensis, sp. nov., and Weddellopsocus, gen. nov. for W. avius (Smithers), comb. nov., W. carrilloi (Thornton & Lyall), comb. nov., W. flavus (Thornton & Lyall), comb. nov., W. griseus (New & Thornton), comb. nov. and W. valdiviensis (Blanchard), comb. nov. A rediagnosis of Spilopsocus is given, the male of Sabulopsocus tractuosus Smithers is described and Nepiomorpha phragmitella Smithers is transferred to Clinopsocus New. We provide a phylogenetic analysis to assess the monophyly of Elipsocidae. Sixty-one characters are scored for 38 taxa, including the putative new genera and four outgroups. Monophyly of Elipsocidae is supported with the exclusion of four genera: Palmicola Mockford is transferred to Mesopsocidae; Sabulopsocus Smithers and Moapsocus, gen.�nov. for M. angelicus, sp. nov. are placed in the new family Sabulopsocidae; and Drymopsocus Smithers, which is the sister-taxon to Elipsocidae, is incertae sedis. Other taxa previously regarded as elipsocids are reassigned: Elipsocus impressus (Hagen), Elipsocus modestus Banks and Elipsocus boops (Hagen) are redescribed and respectively placed in Valenzuela Navás (Caeciliusidae), Dasydemella Enderlein (Dasydemellidae) and Mesopsocus Kolbe (Mesopsocidae). Lesneia Badonnel is placed in the new family Lesneiidae. The position of Eolachesilla Badonnel is discussed briefly. A key to genera and comment on characters diagnosing the family Elipsocidae is presented. We retain two subfamilies and discuss the merits of our proposed higher classification. A brief biogeographical interpretation suggests that the family has a southern origin and may be as old as the Mesozoic.

scholarly journals A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN AND MADAGASCAN APIACEAE

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.-E. VAN WYK
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Chemical Characters ◽  
Basal Position ◽  
Generic Relationships ◽  
Broad Overview

A broad overview of the current state of taxonomic knowledge on the Apiaceae of Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar is presented. Sub-Saharan Africa has about 69 indigenous genera in the family, with 38 of them endemic, while Madagascar has at least 16 genera, of which six are endemic. Many taxa are poorly known and show unusual combinations of character states. Generic delimitations have not yet reached stability but monographic work, in which morphological, anatomical and some chemical characters are rigorously analysed, is contributing steadily to an improved understanding of generic relationships. A preliminary cladistic analysis of some genera is presented, based on characters such as woodiness, leaf persistence, leaf type, dentate-serrate leaf margins, heteromorphous fruits and the co-occurrence of intrajugal and vallecular vittae. Despite poor resolution, the results consistently show that several African and Madagascan genera are basal to the rest of the Apiaceae. The subfamily Saniculoideae Burnett always appears in a basal position, in close association with anomalous genera such as Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schltdl., Polemanniopsis B. L. Burtt, Steganotaenia Hoscht. and Pseudocarum C. Norman. These genera are clearly central to a better understanding of the early evolution of the family and also to an ultimate improvement of Drude's (1898) classification system.

scholarly journals Family Solanaceae: Taxonomy and modern trends

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 2403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masood Majaz Ganaie ◽  
Zaffar Ahmad Reshi ◽  
Vijeshwer Verma ◽  
Vaseem Raja
Keyword(s):  
Model Systems ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
High Level ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Generic Relationships

Solanaceae belongs to that group of families, which are included in almost all angiosperm classifications indicating naturalness of the family. The family being one of the most evolutionarily successful and advanced taxa shows astonishing level of diversity reflected in the form of various types of adaptations. The high level of diversity within the family in addition to other unusual features have reflected in poor understanding of its phylogenetics. Fossil record of angiosperms particularly of Solanaceae) is very meager and relatively recent, so use of morphology and other conventional characters is not convincing in revealing true phylogeny of the family. This all has necessitated using alternative marker types in phylogenetic analysis of the family. Since advent of molecular biology molecular markers have been constantly refined to serve the purpose. Solanaceous species, such as tomato, potato, chilli pepper, tobacco, and petunia serve as model systems for the investigation of molecular and agronomic questions, and the family is the subject of intensive phylogenetic studies that are providing new insights into species boundaries and generic relationships. Results from recent morphological, molecular, and biosystematic research have shed new light on the systematic relationships in the family at virtually all taxonomic levels from subfamily to variety.

scholarly journals Laticifers in Sapindaceae: Structure, Evolution and Phylogenetic Importance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Camila Medina ◽  
Mariane S. Sousa-Baena ◽  
Erika Prado ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez ◽  
Pedro Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Key Innovation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ancestral States ◽  
Stochastic Mapping ◽  
Generic Relationships

Laticifer occurrence and structure are poorly known in Sapindaceae. Occurrence is likely underestimated owing to the low production of latex in most species. We investigated 67 species from 23 genera of Sapindaceae to verify laticifer occurrence and their structural, developmental and chemical features, as well as their evolutionary history in the family. Shoots were collected from herbarium and fresh specimens for histological analyses. Three characters derived from laticifer features were coded and their ancestral states reconstructed through Bayesian stochastic mapping and maximum likelihood estimation. Only articulated non-anastomosing laticifers were found in Sapindaceae. Laticifers differentiate early during shoot development and are found in the cortex, phloem, and pith. Latex is mostly composed of lipids. Callose and suberin were detected in laticifer cell walls in some genera. Reconstruction of laticifer ancestral states showed that laticifers are present in most clades of Sapindaceae with some reversals. Callose in the laticifer cell wall was found exclusively in Serjania and Paullinia (tribe Paullinieae), a character regarded as independently derived. Occurrence of laticifers in Sapindaceae is broader than previously reported. Articulated non-anastomosing laticifers had five independent origins in Sapindaceae with some secondary losses, occurring in five out of six genera of Paullinieae and 10 other genera outside Paullinieae. Particularly, callose in the laticifer cell wall evolved independently twice in the family, and its occurrence may be interpreted as a key-innovation that promoted the diversification of Paullinia and Serjania. Our study suggests that laticifer characters may be useful in understanding the generic relationships within the family.

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