scholarly journals Behaviour of confined sheep fed with different concentrate sources

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1163-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H.H. Minervino ◽  
C.M. Kaminishikawahara ◽  
F.B. Soares ◽  
C.A.S.C. Araújo ◽  
L.F. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Management Measure ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Saliva Production ◽  
Lying Down ◽  
Citric Pulp

In this study we examined the effects of different feed concentrates on sheep behaviour. Our hypothesis was that citric pulp would stimulate rumination and be capable of replacing other concentrates traditionally used for feeding in confinement, to reduce the risk of urolithiasis. Ten adult Santa Inês sheep were distributed in a Latin square with five different diets, one control diet with 80% hay and 20% commercial feed and four diets containing 30% coast-cross hay and 70% of the following concentrates: pelleted citrus pulp, citrus pulp meal, cornmeal or wheat bran. After 21d of adaptation to each one of the five diets, the sheep were visually monitored for 24 h at 3 min intervals to record the time spent ruminating, time spent eating and time spent resting; the animals' positions (standing or lying down) were also noted. Daytime was considered to be from 06:00h to 18:00h. The data were evaluated using ANOVA, with Tukey post-hoc test or throughout Two-sample T test for circadian and position assessment. Citrus pulp diets resulted in time spent ruminating similar to the control diet (601, 590 and 669 min, respectively), but greater (P<0.05) than the cornmeal group (421min), which showed that citrus pulp generated effective rumination. The estimated saliva production in the control diet (26L) was greater than in the other groups, and was greater in the citrus pulp groups (24L/d) than cornmeal (21L/d). Feeding with cornmeal led to shorter time spent eating and time spent ruminating than all other diets. The sheep had higher time spent resting at night when fed concentrates (P<0.05). For all diets, about 90% of the time spent ruminating occurred with the animals lying down. Pelleted citrus pulp, citrus pulp meal and to a lesser degree wheat bran, led to adequate time spent ruminating. The use of citrus pulp can act as a preventive management measure to reduce the incidence of urolithiasis in sheep flocks.

Digestion site and extent of carbohydrate fractions in steers offered by-product diets, as determined by detergent and enzymatic methods

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Taniguchi ◽  
Y. Zhao ◽  
H. Uchikawa ◽  
T. Obitsu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

AbstractThe objective was to elucidate the influences of two analytical methods, which employed neutral detergent or enzymes, on the digestion of carbohydrate fractions in the rumen and post-rumen of steers. Structural carbohydrates in diets and digesta were directly measured using both procedures and the contents of non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) and non-fibre non-starch polysaccharides (NFSP) were estimated by subtracting the structural carbohydrates and other components from the organic matter. Carbohydrate sources were Italian ryegrass and rolled barley in the control diet and, in each of other three diets, Italian ryegrass and rolled barley plus either beet pulp, citrus pulp or soya-bean hulls. All diets contained similar proportions of dry matter as crude protein, structural carbohydrates and NFC but the starch proportion of the NFC was different in each diet, as follows: control (0·62), beet pulp (0·48), citrus pulp (0·30) and soya-bean hulls (0·63). Four Holstein steers with ruminal, duodenal and Heal cannulas were offered the four diets in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. Estimated digestibilities of the structural carbohydrates in the rumen and the whole tract were greater (P < 0·01) when the detergent method was used than when the enzymatic method was used. The maximal difference in the ruminal digestion among the four diets was only 0·05 by the detergent method but 0·17 by the enzymatic method. Conversely, the digestibility of NFC in the rumen, as estimated from the detergent structural carbohydrates was less (P < 0.01) than that estimated from enzymatic structural carbohydrates with no evident differences among the four diets. Starch digestibility in the rumen was extensive for all diets but the ruminal digestibility of NFSP was much lower in the control and soya-bean hull diets, especially when it was estimated using the detergent method. The duodenal flow of microbial protein was greater (P < 0·05) for the beet pulp and citrus pulp diets than for the control. The acetate concentration of the ruminal fluids ranged from 84 for the control diet to 128 mmol/l for the soya-bean hulls diet. The digestion of carbohydrate fractions and the fermentation characteristics in the rumen suggested that the enzymatic method is the more appropriate method for fractionating carbohydrates.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary energy and nitrogen supplements on rumen fermentation and protozoa population in buffalo and zebu cattle

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Franzolin ◽  
Fabrício Pini Rosales ◽  
Weber Vilas Bôas Soares
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Level ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Citrus Pulp

The effects were assessed of two energy sources in concentrate (ground grain corn vs. citrus pulp) and two nitrogen sources (soybean meal vs. urea) on rumen metabolism in four buffaloes and four zebu cattle (Nellore) with rumen cannula and fed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with feeds containing 60% sugar cane. Energy supplements had no effect on the rumen ammonia concentration in cattle, but ground grain corn promoted higher ammonia level than citrus pulp in buffalo. Urea produced higher ammonia level than soybean meal in both animal species. On average, the buffaloes maintained a lower rumen ammonia concentration (11.7 mg/dL) than the cattle (14.5 mg/dL). Buffaloes had lower production of acetic acid than cattle (58.7 vs. 61.6 mol/100 mol) and higher of propionic acid (27.4 vs. 23.6 mol/100 mol). There was no difference in the butyric acid production between the buffaloes (13.6 mol/100 mol) and cattle (14.8 mol/100 mol) and neither in the total volatile fatty acids concentration (82.5 vs. 83.6 mM, respectively). The energy or nitrogen sources had no effect on rumen protozoa count in either animal species. The zebu cattle had higher rumen protozoa population (8.8 × 10(5)/mL) than the buffaloes (6.1 × 10(5)/mL). The rumen protozoa population differed between the animal species, except for Dasytricha and Charonina. The buffaloes had a lower Entodinium population than the cattle (61.0 vs 84.9%, respectively) and a greater percentage of species belonging to the Diplodiniinae subfamily than the cattle (28.6 vs. 1.4%, respectively). In cattle, ground corn is a better energy source than citrus pulp for use by Entodinium and Diplodiniinae. In the buffaloes, the Entodinium are favored by urea and Diplodiniinae species by soybean meal.

scholarly journals PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF FECES FROM HORSES FED DIETS CONTAINING CITRUS PULP

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-533
Author(s):  
Roberta Ariboni Brandi ◽  
Adriana Moraes de Oliveira Tribucci ◽  
Júlio César de Carvalho Balieiro ◽  
Ricardo Luiz Moro de Souza ◽  
Alfredo Manuel Franco Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Microbiological Laboratory ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diets containing increasing levels of citrus pulp on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of horses feces. Five mares, at an average age of 3.5 years old and body weight of 492 ± 44.5 kg were arranged in a 5 x 5 Latin Square. The experimental diet consisted of 60% coast-cross hay and 40 % of concentrate with increasing levels of citrus pulp (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 %). To determine the fecal pH, samples were collected directly from the floor, immediately after defecation, in the first feces of the day at 07:00 a.m., and color and fecal consistency were evaluated. For microbiological analysis, an aliquot was reserved in plastic bags, frozen, and sent to the microbiological laboratory for further analysis. Lactic acid bacteria were counted for Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. from fecal samples under anaerobic conditions. The diet produced differences (P<0.05) in feces consistency: 98% of the animals had normal and firm stools, while 2% were loose ruminant-type feces. We observed no difference (P<0.05) for color, verifying 100% of the animals of greenish feces, normal for equines. There was no effect (P>0.05) on pH and on the number of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. The inclusion of up to 28% citrus pulp concentrates for horses did not promote change in the physicochemical characteristics and on the population of lactic acid-producing bacteria in feces.

scholarly journals Can diet change the diversity of ruminal bacterial species in beef cattle?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Silva Araujo de Melo ◽  
Luis Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Alinne Pereira de Castro ◽  
Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo ◽  
Alexandre Menezes Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Diet Change ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Proteolytic Bacteria ◽  
Lactate Utilization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lactic Bacteria

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to assess the effects of diet on bacterial species in the solid fraction of the ruminal content using the gene sequences of the conserved 16S rDNA region steers fed one of the following diets: canola (C), cottonseed (A), sunflower (G), soybean (SO), corn silage (S) and control diet (PD). Canola, cottonseed, sunflower and soybean were fed as whole seeds. Six crossbred steers (Body weight = 416.33 ± 93.30 kg; mean ± SD), castrated male, and fitted with ruminal cannula were used. The experimental design was a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Results Cellulolytic bacteria were predominant for all diets, with 47.75% of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) in animals fed the cottonseed diet. Amylolytic bacteria were identified for all diets, representing 62.51% OTU in animals consuming the sunflower diet. Proteolytic bacteria were identified for all diets, corresponding to 65.96% OUT in animals fed the sunflower diet. Lactic bacteria were identified for all diets. Megasphaera elsdenii bacterium was identified for all diets, with a greater diversity of this bacterium in steers fed the control diet. This bacterium may reduce the availability of hydrogen in the rumen due to propionate production and lactate utilization. Conclusion Oilseed in the diet showed a similarity of bacteria species with 47.5% of changing of the ruminal flora.

scholarly journals Effect of a 2-year diet intervention with walnuts on cognitive decline. The Walnuts And Healthy Aging (WAHA) study: a randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleix Sala-Vila ◽  
Cinta Valls-Pedret ◽  
Sujatha Rajaram ◽  
Nina Coll-Padrós ◽  
Montserrat Cofán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Brain Fmri

ABSTRACT Background Walnut consumption counteracts oxidative stress and inflammation, 2 drivers of cognitive decline. Clinical data concerning effects on cognition are lacking. Objectives The Walnuts And Healthy Aging study is a 2-center (Barcelona, Spain; Loma Linda, CA) randomized controlled trial examining the cognitive effects of a 2-y walnut intervention in cognitively healthy elders. Methods We randomly allocated 708 free-living elders (63–79 y, 68% women) to a diet enriched with walnuts at ∼15% energy (30–60 g/d) or a control diet (abstention from walnuts). We administered a comprehensive neurocognitive test battery at baseline and 2 y. Change in the global cognition composite was the primary outcome. We performed repeated structural and functional brain MRI in 108 Barcelona participants. Results A total of 636 participants completed the intervention. Besides differences in nutrient intake, participants from Barcelona smoked more, were less educated, and had lower baseline neuropsychological test scores than those from Loma Linda. Walnuts were well tolerated and compliance was good. Modified intention-to-treat analyses (n = 657) uncovered no between-group differences in the global cognitive composite, with mean changes of −0.072 (95% CI: −0.100, −0.043) in the walnut diet group and −0.086 (95% CI: −0.115, −0.057) in the control diet group (P = 0.491). Post hoc analyses revealed significant differences in the Barcelona cohort, with unadjusted changes of −0.037 (95% CI: −0.077, 0.002) in the walnut group and −0.097 (95% CI: −0.137, −0.057) in controls (P = 0.040). Results of brain fMRI in a subset of Barcelona participants indicated greater functional network recruitment in a working memory task in controls. Conclusions Walnut supplementation for 2 y had no effect on cognition in healthy elders. However, brain fMRI and post hoc analyses by site suggest that walnuts might delay cognitive decline in subgroups at higher risk. These encouraging but inconclusive results warrant further investigation, particularly targeting disadvantaged populations, in whom greatest benefit could be expected. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01634841.

Effect of supplementation with Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and vitamin E on milk lipoperoxidation in cows receiving diets containing ground soybean seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Fabio Seiji Santos ◽  
Lucia Maria Zeoula ◽  
Luciano Soares De Lima ◽  
Francilaine Eloise De Marchi ◽  
Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Ilex Paraguariensis ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Yerba Mate

AbstractThis research communication addresses the hypothesis that the association of dietary vitamin E and Yerba Mate could help to prevent or decrease oxidation of milk enriched in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). Four multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square. Treatments were: (1) control diet with no Yerba Mate or vitamin E; (2) diet containing 375 IU/kg vitamin E; (3) diet containing 30 g/kg Yerba Mate; and (4) diet containing 375 IU/kg vitamin E and 30 g/kg Yerba Mate. To increase unsaturated fatty acids in milk, cows were fed 172 g/kg soybean seeds (on a dry matter basis). There was no interaction between vitamin E and Yerba Mate supplementation for milk antioxidant-related (polyphenols, reducing power, conjugated dienes, and TBARS) analyses. Milk reducing power was increased when cows were supplemented with Yerba Mate. Our results suggest that the association of dietary vitamin E and Yerba Mate does not help to prevent or decrease oxidation of milk in UFA.

Magnesium metabolism in lactating goats fed on grass diets differing in mineral content

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Johnson ◽  
G. Powley
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Magnesium Metabolism ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Mineral Concentrations

SUMMARYA balance experiment was carried out using four young lactating goats in a Latin square design, fed with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from plots that had received 377 kg K/ha (diet 1); 63 kg K plus 377 kg Na/ha (diet 2); 188 kg K plus 188 kg Na/ha (diet 3) or no fertilizer (control diet 4).The apparent availability of Mg was high in all the grass diets (0·355–0·469); it was significantly depressed (P < 0·05) when the intake of K was high (diet 1); but was not significantly different when a high intake of K was accompanied by a high intake of Na (diet 3).There was a significantly lower (P < 0·05) apparent availability of Na in diet 4 and a significantly higher (P < 0·05) apparent availability of K in diet 3. There were no significant differences in the apparent availability of Ca.The plasma Mg concentration was not significantly affected by any dietary treatment but did decrease temporarily when diets were changed.There were no significant effects on mineral concentrations in the milk.

Rumen biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on microbial efficiency and nutrient digestibility in sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. WACHIRA ◽  
L. A. SINCLAIR ◽  
R. G. WILKINSON ◽  
K. HALLETT ◽  
M. ENSER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Microbial Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Different Sources

The study examined the extent to which n-3 PUFA from different sources were biohydrogenated in the rumen and their effects on rumen microbial efficiency and whole tract nutrient digestibility. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated wether lambs were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets based on dried grass were formulated to provide similar fat levels (60g/kg DM) from different sources; Megalac (palmitic acid: C16:0; Control), whole linseed (α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3 ; Linseed) fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5n-3, EPA and docosahexaenoic acids C22:6n-3, DHA; Fish oil) and whole linseed plus fish oil providing equal amounts of oil (LinFish). Diets were offered at a rate of 1·2kg/day in 12 equal portions.Total fatty acid intake was similar on all diets whilst duodenal fatty acid flow varied between 101, 94, 87 and 90% of dietary intake for animals fed the Control, Linseed, Fish oil and Linfish diets respectively. Duodenal flow of C18:3 n-3 in animals fed the Linseed diet was twice that of animals fed the Control diet (P < 0·01) whilst animals fed the Fish oil diet had a significantly greater flow of EPA and DHA than those fed any of the other dietary treatments. Duodenal flow of trans C18:1 in animals fed the Linfish diet was significantly greater than that in animals fed either Linseed, Fish oil or Control diets (P < 0·001). Biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 was 80 to 93% in all diets whilst that of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 was 72 to 79% in diets that contained fish oil or linseed and fish oil. Apparent fatty acid digestibility (duodenum to rectum) tended to be greater for unsaturated than saturated fatty acids whilst whole tract fatty acid digestibility (mouth to rectum) was significantly greater in animals fed diets containing fish oil (P0·05). All dietary n-3 PUFA sources decreased microbial protein synthesis and efficiency when expressed as either gN/kg organic matter (OM) apparently or truly degraded in the rumen. Additionally, the inclusion of fish oil increased the proportion of propionate in the rumen whilst depressing the rumen digestibility of OM and fibre (P < 0·01), but had no significant effect on whole tract OM or fibre digestibility.

scholarly journals THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PRESSURE-STEAMED ASPEN (POPULUS TREMULOIDES) FOR MATURE SHEEP

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
N. E. FORSBERG ◽  
W. GUENTER
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Diet Versus ◽  
Average Body

Four rumen-fistulated sheep, 62 kg average body weight (BW), were assigned four pelleted diets containing 0 (control), 15, 30 and 45% steam-processed aspen (SPA) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous to the control diet which contained 45% ground alfalfa hay as a roughage source. Intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and gross energy (GE) per kg BW0.75 were not affected (P > 0.05) by addition of SPA to pelleted sheep diets. However, digestible energy (DE) consumption apparently decreased with SPA diets. Apparent digestibilities of DM and GE significantly (P < 0.05) decreased for the SPA diets; however, CP and CF digestibility coefficients and N retention were not different (P > 0.05) among the four treatments. Ruminal pH for all treatments fell rapidly within 1 h post feeding and remained low to 12 h, whereas ammonia (NH3) levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated for all aspen-fed animals, from 1 h through 12 h post feeding. Total VFA concentrations and molar concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in ruminal fluid were comparatively lower for sheep fed the 45% SPA diet versus those receiving the other treatments. Blood serum glucose concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed when 45% SPA was fed to mature sheep.

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