scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiogram of Generic Enterococci in Ready-to-Slaughter Beef Cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madubuike U. ANYANWU ◽  
Timothy U. OBETTA
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Enterococcus Species ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Rectal swabs were collected from 95, systematic randomly selected, apparently healthy beef cattle, in order to isolate generic enterococci in Nsukka Southeast, Nigeria, and thus to determine the antibacterial resistance profile of the isolates. Isolation of enterococci was done using Slanetz-Bartley enterococci selective medium. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates to generic level was done following standard biochemical methods. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates to antibacterial agents was determined using the disc diffusion method. From 95 swabs, 93 (97.89%) were positive for enterococci. Of the 93 isolates, 10 (10.75%) were haemolytic Enterococcus species, while 83 (89.25%) were non-haemolytic Enterococcus species. Out of 75 isolates, all (100%) were resistant to cefoxitin, 66 (88%) were resistant to ampicillin, 71 (94%) to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 68(90.7%) to ceftriaxone, 42 (56%) to streptomycin, 74 (98.67%) to gentamicin, 16 (21.3%) to tetracycline, 5 (6.7%) to vancomycin, 62 (82.7%) to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and 1 (1.3%) to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. None of the isolate was resistant to imipenem. The enterococcal isolates exhibited 22 resistance patterns. Out of 75 isolates, 1 (1.3%) isolate was resistant to 1 class of antibacterial agents, 9 (12%) were resistant to 2 classes, and 65 (86.7%) to 3 or more classes. This study has shown that cattle slaughtered in Nsukka Southeast Nigeria are potential reservoirs and disseminators of multidrug-resistant enterococci.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiogram of Generic Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacteria in Healthy Pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeoma Chinyere UGWU ◽  
Madubuike Umunna ANYANWU ◽  
Chidozie Clifford UGWU ◽  
Ogbonna Wilfred UGWUANYI
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Enugu State

This study was conducted to isolate generic extended-spectrum β-lactam (ESBL)-resistant enterobacteria from pigs reared in Enugu State Southeast, Nigeria and determine the antibacterial resistance profile of the isolates. Rectal swabs were collected from 190, randomly selected, apparently healthy pigs. Isolation of ESBL-resistant enterobacteria was done using Mac Conkey agar supplemented with 2 µg/ml of cefotaxime. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates to generic level was done following standard biochemical methods. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates to antibacterial agents was determined using the disc diffusion method. Out of 46 ESBL-resistant enterobacterial isolates, 4 (8.7%) were Escherichia coli, 11 (23.9%) were Salmonella species, while 31 (67.4%) were Klebsiella species. Resistance of the Salmonella isolates was 45.5% to ciprofloxacin, 36.4% to ofloxacin and levofloxacin, 9.1% to norfloxacin, amikacin and gentamicin, 27.3% to streptomycin, 72.7% to chloramphenicol and 90.9% to tetracycline. Resistance of the Klebsiella isolates was 93.5% to ampicillin, 12.9% to ciprofloxacin, 19.4% to ofloxacin and levofloxacin, 9.7% to norfloxacin and streptomycin, 64.5% to chloramphenicol and 38.7% to tetracycline. Resistance of the E. coli isolates was 100% to gentamicin, 75% to ampicillin and streptomycin, 50% to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline, and 25% to ofloxacin, levofloxacin and amikacin. All the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, cefpodoxime, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and aztreonam. Resistance of the isolates to more than 3 classes of antibacterial agents tested was 54.8% for Klebsiella, 90.9% for Salmonella and 100% for E. coli, respectively. This study has shown that pigs reared in Enugu State Southeast, Nigeria, are colonized by ESBL-resistant Enterobactericeae and are potential reservoirs and disseminators of these organisms.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiogram of Generic Extended-Spectrum β-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacteria in Healthy Dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Madubuike U. ANYANWU ◽  
Ifeoma C. UGWU ◽  
Martins O. EZEKWELU ◽  
Obianuju N. OKORAFOR
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Gentamicin Resistance

This study was conducted to isolate generic extended-spectrum β-lactam-resistant enterobacteria from household dogs in Nigeria, and to determine the antibacterial resistance profile of the isolates. Rectal swabs were collected from 100, randomly selected, apparently healthy household dogs. Isolation of ESBL-resistant enterobacteria was done using Mac Conkey agar supplemented with 4 µg/ml of ceftazidime. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates to generic level was done following standard biochemical methods. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates to antibacterial agents was determined using the disc diffusion method. Out of 27 ESBL-resistant enterobacterial isolates, 40.7% were Escherichia coli, 37% were Klebsiella species, 18.5% were Salmonella species, while 3.7% was Proteus species. Resistance of the E. coli isolates was 81.8% to ampicillin, 27.2% to streptomycin, 54.5% to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, 45.4% to enrofloxacin, 90.9% to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, 9.1% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and 0% resistant to gentamicin. Resistance of the Klebsiella isolates was 80% to ampicillin, 20% to streptomycin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 30% to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, 60% to tetracycline, 90% to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim and 10% to gentamicin. Resistance of the Salmonella isolates was 100% to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, 80% to gentamicin and ampicillin, 60% to streptomycin and tetracycline, 20% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and 0% to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. The Proteus isolate was resistant to streptomycin and gentamycin. All the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime and cefotaxime. Resistance of the isolates to more than 3 classes of antibacterial agents tested was 81.8% for E. coli, 70% for Klebsiella and 100% for Salmonella, respectively. This study has shown that household dogs in Nigeria, are colonized by ESBL-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and are potential reservoirs and disseminators of these organisms.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Antibiogram of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin- and Cephamycin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Asymptomatic University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu ◽  
Chiamaka Felicitas Okpalanwa ◽  
Raymond Nduka Ugwuanyi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibacterial Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
The University

Background: Apparently healthy individuals could serve as reservoirs and disseminators of extendedspectrum cephalosporin (ESC)- and cephamycin (cefoxitin, FOX)-resistant, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing (ESBL-P) Escherichia coli which jeopardizes antibacterial therapy thereby posing a threat to the health of infected individuals/carriers. Objectives: This study aimed to screen healthy asymptomatic students in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) as potential reservoirs of ESC- and FOX-resistant and ESBL-P E. coli and to determine the antibacterial resistance profile. Materials and Methods: Anal swabs were collected from 190 randomly selected healthy asymptomatic students of both genders in UNN between March and July 2018. ESC-resistant E. coli was isolated using MacConkey agar with 2 µg/mL ceftazidime. ESBL production was assessed by combination disc method while cephamycin resistance was determined using cefoxitin disc screening. Phenotypic resistance of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 190 samples, 20 (10.2%) demonstrated growth. Of these, 6 (30%) were FOX resistant (putative AmpC-producers) but none produced ESBL. The resistance of the isolates was 100% to ampicillin (AMP), 95% to ceftazidime (CAZ), tetracycline (TET) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT), 30% to FOX and chloramphenicol (CHL), 85% to ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR) and streptomycin (STR), and 65% to kanamycin (KAN). All the isolates were susceptible to meropenem (MEM). Among the 20 isolates, 1 (5%) was resistant to 2 classes of antibacterial agents while 19 (95%), including all the FOX-resistant strains, were resistant to ≥ 3 classes of antibacterial agents. The isolates exhibited 11 multiple antibacterial resistance patterns with AMP, CAZ, FOX, TET, CIP, ENR, STR, KAN, SXT being predominant. Conclusion: Healthy asymptomatic students in UNN are potential reservoirs and disseminators of ESC- and cephamycin (FOX)-resistant E. coli.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens Isolated from Patients Hospitalized in District Hospital in Central Poland in 2020

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Barbara Kot ◽  
Agata Grużewska ◽  
Piotr Szweda ◽  
Jolanta Wicha ◽  
Urszula Parulska
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
Tract Infections

The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of uropathogenes causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients hospitalized in January–June 2020 in central Poland. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk-diffusion method. Escherichia coli (52.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.7%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.3%), E. faecium (6.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (4,3%) were most commonly isolated from urine samples. E. coli was significantly more frequent in women (58.6%) (p = 0.0089) and in the age group 0–18, while K. pneumoniae was more frequent in men (24.4%) (p = 0.0119) and in individuals aged 40–60 and >60. Gram-negative species showed resistance to ampicillin. K. pneumoniae were resistant to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (75.0%), piperacillin plus tazobactam (76.2%), cefotaxime (76.2%), cefuroxime (81.0%), ciprofloxacin (81.0%), and trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxazole (81.0%). Carbapenems were effective against all E. coli and P. mirabilis. Some K. pneumoniae (13.6%) produced metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). E. coli (22.6%), K. pneumoniae (81.8%), and all E. faecium were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Some E. coli (26.2%), K. pneumoniae (63.6%), and P. mirabilis (14.3%) isolates produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium was also found. This study showed that the possibilities of UTIs therapy using available antibiotics become limited due to the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from subclinical mastitis in Ettawa Crossbred goat (PE) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widodo Suwito ◽  
WIDAGDO SRI NUGROHO ◽  
AGNESIA ENDANG TRI HASTUTI WAHYUNI ◽  
BAMBANG SUMIARTO
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract. Suwito W, Nugroho WS, Wahyuni AETH, Sumiarto B. 2021. Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from subclinical mastitis in Ettawa Crossbred goat (PE) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3418-3422. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in Ettawa Crossbred Goat (PE) is most frequently caused by staphylococci with a significant reduction in milk yield. The aim of this study is to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from PE goat SCM. A total of 36 CoNS isolates originating from PE goat SCM were collected in semisolid tube use in this study. All CoNS isolates were further examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility of CoNS isolated samples according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The CoNS isolates showed the highest resistance rate against sulfamethoxazole (65%), ampicillin (55.56%), penicillin (45%), cefoxitin (33.33%), erythromycin (25%), oxytetracycline (20%), tetracycline (15%), gentamicin and neomycin (11.11%), while oxacillin was sensitive. The highest of multiple antimicrobials resistance observed 15% in ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline, then 5-10% in ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline and oxytetracycline. The majority of CoNS in this study were resistant to sulfamethoxazole and then, followed by ampicillin, penicillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, gentamicin and neomycin. In addition, most isolates were penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR).

scholarly journals Sequence Analyses and Phenotypic Characterization Revealed Multidrug Resistant Gene Insertions in the Genomic Region Encompassing Phase 2 Flagellin Encoding fljAB Genes in Monophasic Variant Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,5,12:i:- Isolates From Various Sources in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aye Thida Win ◽  
Sirirak Supa-amornkul ◽  
Renato H. Orsi ◽  
Jaclyn H. Carey ◽  
William J. Wolfgang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Pcr Screening ◽  
Mercury Tolerance ◽  
Encoding Genes

Salmonella enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- (S. 4,5,12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) lacking the phase 2 flagellin encoding genes fljAB, has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. The increasing trends in multidrug resistant (MDR) S. 4,5,12:i:- prevalence also pose an important global health threat. Though many reports have characterized phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance of this serovar, few studies have characterized antimicrobial resistance of this serovar in Thailand. In this study, 108 S. 4,5,12:i:- isolates from various sources in Thailand and four international S. 4,5,12:i:- isolates were screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of five target regions which are associated with antimicrobial resistant (AMR) genes, in the genomic region that contained fljAB genes in STm. We determined AMR phenotypes of all isolates by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 53 representative isolates (based on differences in the pulsed filed gel electrophoresis profiles, the sources of isolate, and the PCR and AMR patterns) to characterize the genetic basis of AMR phenotype and to identify the location of AMR determinants. Based on PCR screening, nine PCR profiles showing distinct deletion patterns of the five target regions have been observed. Approximately 76% of isolates (or 85 of 112 isolates), all of which were Thai isolates, contained five target regions inserted between STM2759 and iroB gene. A total of 21 phenotypic AMR patterns were identified with the predominant AmpST resistant phenotype [i.e., 84% (or 94 of 112) tested positive for resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline], and 89% (or 100 of 112) were found to be MDR (defined here as resistant to at least three classes of tested antimicrobials). Using WGS data, a total of 24 genotypic AMR determinants belonging to seven different antimicrobial groups were found. AMR determinants (i.e., blaTEM–1, strB-A, sul2, and tetB, conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline, respectively) were found to be inserted in a region typically occupied by the phase 2 flagellin encoding genes in STm. These resistant genes were flanked by a number of insertion sequences (IS), and co-localized with mercury tolerance genes. Our findings identify AMR genes, possibly associated with multiple IS26 copies, in the genetic region between STM2759 and iroB genes replacing phase 2 flagellin encoding fljAB genes in Thai S. 4,5,12:i:- isolates.

scholarly journals Molecular and phenotypic characterization of efflux pump and biofilm in multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella Serovars isolated from food animals and handlers in Lagos Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Tolulope Olubisose ◽  
Abraham Ajayi ◽  
Adeyemi Isaac Adeleye ◽  
Stella Ifeanyi Smith
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Pump Activity ◽  
Food Animals

Abstract Background Multidrug resistance efflux pumps and biofilm formation are mechanisms by which bacteria can evade the actions of many antimicrobials. Antibiotic resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars have become wide spread causing infections that result in high morbidity and mortality globally. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efflux pump activity and biofilm forming capability of multidrug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars isolated from food handlers and animals (cattle, chicken and sheep) in Lagos. Methods Forty eight NTS serovars were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method and phenotypic characterization of biofilm formation was done by tissue culture plate method. Phenotypic evaluation of efflux pump activity was done by the ethidium bromide cartwheel method and genes encoding biofilm formation and efflux pump activity were determined by PCR. Results All 48 Salmonella isolates displayed resistance to one or more classes of test antibiotics with 100% resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Phenotypically, 28 (58.3%) of the isolates exhibited efflux pump activity. However, genotypically, 7 (14.6%) of the isolates harboured acrA, acrB and tolC, 8 (16.7%) harboured acrA, acrD and tolC while 33 (68.8%) possessed acrA, acrB, acrD and tolC. All (100%) the isolates phenotypically had the ability to form biofilm with 23 (47.9%), 24 (50.0%), 1 (2.1%) categorized as strong (SBF), moderate (MBF) and weak (WBF) biofilm formers respectively but csgA gene was detected in only 23 (47.9%) of them. Antibiotic resistance frequency was significant (p < 0.05) in SBF and MBF and efflux pump activity was detected in 6, 21, and 1 SBF, MBF and WBF respectively. Conclusion These data suggest that Salmonella serovars isolated from different food animals and humans possess active efflux pumps and biofilm forming potential which has an interplay in antibiotic resistance. There is need for prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and scrupulous hygiene practice to prevent the transmission of multidrug resistant Salmonella species within the food chain.

scholarly journals Pattern of antibiotics resistance and phenotypic characterization of Multidrug resistant bacteria isolates in four hospitals of Littoral region, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-s) ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Merlin Jonas Wandji Takemegni ◽  
Assob Nguedia Jules clement ◽  
Ateudjieu Jérôme ◽  
Enow Orock George ◽  
Mbopi-Keou Francois-Xavier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Littoral Region

Objective: To describe the pattern of antibiotics resistance and phenotypic characterization of Multidrug resistant bacteria isolates in four hospitals of Littoral region, Cameroon. Methods: We conducted a descriptive hospital based cross-sectional study from December 2018 to May 2019. A simple random sampling was used to swap 10 selected equipment and 10 materials in the mornings after disinfection but before the start of work in seven units. After inoculation in four agar media consecutively (Eosine Metyleine blue, Cled, Manitol salt agar and blood agar ) and incubated in appropriate conditions, the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility test. Results: Among 50.4% (119/236) showed positive bacteria growth, a total of 89 (13 species), predominant bacteria and those more likely to cause nosocomial infections were selected and tested each one to 18 antibiotics. There was high level of resistance to Penicillin (amoxicillin (77.5%) and Oxacillin (76.4%)), followed by 3G Cephalosporine (Ceftazidime (74.2%)) and Monobactam (Aztreonam (70.8%)). Although the least level of resistance was observed in Carbapenem (imipenem (5.6%)). The overall prevalence of MDRB was 62.9% (56/89). MRSA were the mostly detected 57.5 % (30/89), followed by ESBL 10.1% (9/89). Military hospital of Douala and Emergency unit was the MDRBs dominantly contaminated area respectively 39.3% (22/56) and 17.9% (10/56). Conclusion: MDRB occurred to be a current public health problem as well as hospital surfaces are worrying reservoir that can be spread to patient, health professionals and visitors. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, susceptibility test, multidrug-resistant bacteria, Hospital facilities, Units, Littoral Region-Cameroon

scholarly journals Phenotypic and molecular characterizations of multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli of calf origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Yue ◽  
Zecai Zhang ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Yulong Zhou ◽  
Chenhua Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli

AbstractEscherichia coli has become one of the most important causes of calf diarrhea. The aim of this study is to determine the patterns of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates from six cattle farms and to identify prominent resistance genes and virulence genes among the strains isolated from the diarrhea of calves. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion method, and PCR was used to detect resistance and virulence genes. The prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli was 77.8% in dairy cattle and 63.6% in beef cattle. There were high resistance rates to penicillin (100%, 100%) and ampicillin (96.3%, 86.4%) in E. coli from dairy cattle and beef cattle. Interestingly, resistance rate to antimicrobials and distribution of resistance genes in E. coli isolated from dairy cattle were higher than those in beef cattle. Further analysis showed that the most prevalent resistance genes were blaTEM and aadA1 in dairy cattle and beef cattle, respectively. Moreover, seven diarrheagenic virulence genes (irp2, fyuA, Stx1, eaeA, F41, K99 and STa) were present in the isolates from dairy cattle, with a prevalence ranging from 3.7% to 22.22%. Six diarrheagenic virulence genes (irp2, fyuA, Stx1, eaeA, hylA and F41) were identified in the isolates from beef cattle, with a prevalence ranging from 2.27% to 63.64%. Our results provide important evidence for better exploring their interaction mechanism. Further studies are also needed to understand the origin and transmission route of E. coli in cattle to reduce its prevalence.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases and Metallo-Beta-Lactamase of Multi Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Causing Nosocomial Infections in Erbil City

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Sakar Bakr Smail ◽  
Kamal I. AL-OTRACHI
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases

Background: Resistance to broad‑spectrum beta‑lactams, mediated by extended‑spectrum beta‑lactamases, and metallo‑beta‑lactamase enzymes, is an increasing problem worldwide. The main aim is to study phenotypic characterization of extended‑spectrum beta‑lactamases and metallo‑beta‑lactamase multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Erbil City. Materials and Methods: A total of 112 Acinetobacter baumannii isolations were collected from patients of all age groups from clinical specimens sputum, blood, pus, wound swab, urine and body fluids (Pleural fluid and cerebrospinal fluid) collected from different medical wards and intensive care unit departments of hospitals in Erbil City for a period of one year from march 2018--march 2019. Isolates were tested for the presence of extended‑spectrum beta‑lactamases and metallo‑beta‑lactamase. Detection of extended‑spectrum beta‑lactamases was done by the combined disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, while metallo‑beta‑lactamase was detected by meropenem and imipenem combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disk method. Results: 25% (28) Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were positive for extended‑spectrum beta‑lactamases, while 100 % (112) were metallo‑beta‑lactamase producers. Conclusion: Acinetobacter baumannii is becoming a global medical challenge due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance. Newer beta lactamase is a matter of concern as they are developing rapidly and lead to treatment failure. Carbapenems are known to be effective therapeutic agents for Acinetobacter baumannii infections and its resistance limits the use to polymyxins and colistin. Several new medicines are still in research and combination of drug therapy is being currently used in the hospitals together with ours to treat multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections.

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