scholarly journals Effect of Salinity on Growth, Xylem Structure and Anatomical Characteristics of Soybean

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aria DOLATABADIAN ◽  
Seyed Ali Mohammad MODARRES SANAVY ◽  
Faezeh GHANATI
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
High Level

This research was conducted in order to evaluation the salinity stress effect on growth parameters and stem anatomical changes of soybean grown under controlled conditions. Soybean seeds were surface sterilized and then sown into plastic pots filled up with perlite and vermiculite. Seeds were irrigated with Broughton and Dilworth solution daily. At full folded cotyledons stage (5 day after sowing), salinity stress was induced by adding NaCl into nutrition solution with final concentration of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mM. Thirty days after sowing plants were harvested and growth parameters and anatomical changes were evaluated. The results showed that, salinity stress was significantly decreased shoot and root weight either fresh weight or dry weight, in addition, total plant weight, plant height and leaf number were decreased due to salinity stress. Interestingly, leaf area was not affected by salinity stress. Stem microscopic study demonstrated that, salinity stress significantly increased cutin mass and trichome density on epidermal cells. On the other hand, cortex thickness was decreased because of salinity stress while xylem thickness had upward increase when soybean plants were grown under salinity stress especially high level of salinity. Additionally, there were changed in xylem formation and arrangement in stressed plants.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Mulch Application on Growth Performance and Pod Yields of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under Irrigated Condition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temesgen Molla ◽  
Girma Abera ◽  
Sheleme Beyene
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hot Pepper ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Banana Leaves

Hot pepper is an important vegetable and spice crop in Ethiopia. However, the productivity of hot pepper is limited by poor soil fertility and lack of proper soil and water conservation measures under irrigated condition. Therefore, hot pepper crop response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer and mulching experiment was conducted at Alage ATVET College. The treatments consisted of three mulch types (no mulch, transparent plastic mulch, and dry banana leaves mulch) and four levels of N (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1) factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. A hot pepper cultivar commonly known as “MarekoFana” was used for the study. Days to 50% flowering, 50% fruit set, maturity and harvest were significantly prolonged in response to increasing N application. The delays were about 7, 19, 23 and 12 days at the N levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1respectively compared to the control. The analysis of variance revealed that plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, dry weight of seeds per pod, total weight of dried pods per plant, weight of individual dry pods and width were significantly (P = .001) increased by the main effect of mulching. Generally, the results revealed that nitrogen application significantly (P = .001) influenced all growth parameters, pod yield, and yield components of the crop. Nitrogen application at 100 kg ha-1 resulted in the highest total dried pod yield (4.5 tha-1), marketable yield (3.76 t ha- 1), pod length (13.3 cm), pod width (3.2 cm), mean dry weight of pod (3.85 g), and seed number per pod (108.4). The interaction of N and mulching also significantly (P = .05) affected marketable and total pod yields. In conclusion, based on agronomic performance and partial budget analyses results we recommend a combined application of dry banana leaves mulch and 100 kg N ha-1 for economically feasible and sustainable hot pepper production in Alage areas of Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Mahameru Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivar, High Salinity Tolerant

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Juwarno Juwarno ◽  
Tata Brata Suparjana ◽  
Muachiroh Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salinity Treatment ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Chlorophyll A And B ◽  
Soybean Plants

Mahameru cultivar is high salinity tolerant cultivar. The previous study result showed Mahameru cultivar could tolerate 140mM NaCl, but Cilacap Coast salinity levels often reaching 200mM NaCl. A research of salinity stress on Mahameru cultivar at 200 mM NaCl have not conducted yet. Therefore to conduct the research of Mahameru at high salinity stress to obtained high salinity tolerant soybean cultivar.   The observed variables are anatomy (epidermis thickness, the density of stomata and trichomes, palisade thickness) physiology (the dry weight of roots and canopy, the content of chlorophyll a and b) Production (whole pod, total filled pod, total empty pod, weight per one-hundred beans). The salinity treatment was 0, 50,100, 150, 200 mM NaCl given at three days before planting and twenty-one days after planting. The data of anatomy and physiology was taken at forty-five days after planting. The production data was taken when soybean plants turned brown. The result indicates that salinity affects anatomy characteristic of leaf, higher the salinity increasing epidermis thickness and the density of stomata and trichomes. Salinity affected the content of chlorophyll a and b. Higher the salinity increased the content of chlorophyll a and b. Salinity did not affect soybean production. Based on this study Mahameru cultivar is resistant to salinity up to 200 mM NaCl. The benefit of this research help to enhance national soybean production with utilization coastal land for soybean planting Mahameru cultivar.         

scholarly journals Salinity Tolerance of Ryegrass Turf Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1882-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Marcum ◽  
Mohammad Pessarakli
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Leaf Clipping ◽  
Canopy Area ◽  
Leaf Canopy

Relative salinity tolerance of 32 perennial (Lolium perenne L.) and three intermediate (Lolium ×hybridum Hausskn.) ryegrass turf cultivars was determined by measuring turf leaf clipping dry weight, root weight, rooting depth, and percent green leaf canopy area relative to control (non-salinized) plants. After gradual acclimation, grasses were exposed to moderate salinity stress (6 dS·m−1) for 6 weeks through solution culture in a controlled environment greenhouse. Shoot parameters were highly correlated, being mutually effective predictors of salinity tolerance. After 6 weeks of salinity stress, percent green leaf canopy area (GL) was correlated with relative (to control) final week leaf clipping weight (LWREL) (r = 0.90) and with linear slope of decline of weekly leaf clipping weight over the 6-week exposure to salinity (LWSLOPE) (r = 0.66). Rooting parameters root dry weight (RW) and rooting depth (RD), although significantly correlated with all shoot parameters, were only moderately effective in predicting relative salinity tolerance. ‘Paragon’ was the most salt-tolerant as indicated by all parameters. Other salt-tolerant cultivars included Divine and Williamsburg. Intermediate ryegrass cultivars (Froghair, Midway, and Transist) were invariably found within the most salt-sensitive category for all parameters.

Application of Fine Bubble Generator on the Hydroponic System of Nutrient Film Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Lukito Hasta Pratopo ◽  
Ahmad Thoriq ◽  
Rizky Mulya Sampurno ◽  
I Made Joni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Fine Bubble

Dissolved oxygen in water is one of the factors affecting plant growth in the hydroponic nutrient film technique system. The fine bubble generator technique allows the provision of high dissolved oxygen levels in water with fine bubble size and prolonged water existence. The experiment was conducted to observe the effect of fine bubbles on choy sum plant growth. Plant growth parameters including leaf length (Pd), leaf width (Ld), plant height (Tt), number of leaves (Jd), and root weight (Ba) were measured every two days while the total plant weight was measured at harvest. Nutritional water quality and microclimate were controlled using internet of things (IoT) based sensors every 5 minutes. The research data were processed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the use of fine bubbles increased the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS). On the contrary, the nutrient solution’s temperature increased, thus reducing the total dissolved oxygen content. The yields showed that the choy sum plant growth using fine bubbles application weighed 1.71 kg (5 samples) better than the control 1.35 kg.

scholarly journals Morpho-anatomy and physiology of red galangal (Alpinia purpurata) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga) under some salinity stress levels

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 809-815
Author(s):  
TIA SETIAWATI ◽  
ANIS SUSILAWATI ◽  
ASEP ZAINAL MUTAQIN ◽  
MOHAMAD NURZAMAN ◽  
ANNISA ANNISA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Alpinia Galanga ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Alpinia Purpurata

Setiawati T, Susilawati A, Mutaqin AZ, Nurzaman M, Annisa, Partasasmita R, Karyono. 2018. Morpho-anatomy and physiology of red galangal (Alpinia purpurata) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga) under some salinity stress levels. Biodiversitas 19: 809-815. Soil salinity is one of the most urgent issues in agriculture as it can reduce plant growth and productivity. Efforts on development of galangal plant on saline soils are still encountering some obstacles such as lack of information on the galangal types that are tolerant to saline condition. The purpose of this study was to determine morpho-anatomical and physiological responses of red galangal (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum.) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.) to salinity stress treatments. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) assigned in a factorial treatment design of two factors, i.e., (i) species of galangal consisting of two levels i.e., red galangal and white galangal, (ii) NaCl concentration consisting of five levels, i.e., 0‰, 3‰, 6‰, 9‰ and 12‰. Each treatment was three replicates. Observation was done on the growth parameters when the plants showed wilting symptoms. The observed data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by a post hoc Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at α 5% when the treatment effect was significant. The results showed that salinity stress treatment significantly reduced the plant height increase, leaf area, dry weight, stomata density, chlorophyll content and increased thickness of root epidermis, and proline content in both species of galangal. Red galangal was more tolerant than white galangal.

scholarly journals Deep-Sea Actinobacteria Mitigate Salinity Stress in Tomato Seedlings and Their Biosafety Testing

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1687
Author(s):  
Pharada Rangseekaew ◽  
Adoración Barros-Rodríguez ◽  
Wasu Pathom-aree ◽  
Maximino Manzanera
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Acetic Acid Production ◽  
Tomato Seedlings

Soil salinity is an enormous problem affecting global agricultural productivity. Deep-sea actinobacteria are interesting due to their salt tolerance mechanisms. In the present study, we aim to determine the ability of deep-sea Dermacoccus (D. barathri MT2.1T and D. profundi MT2.2T) to promote tomato seedlings under 150 mM NaCl compared with the terrestrial strain D. nishinomiyaensis DSM20448T. All strains exhibit in vitro plant growth-promoting traits of indole-3-acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore production. Tomato seedlings inoculated with D. barathri MT2.1T showed higher growth parameters (shoot and root length, dry weight, and chlorophyll content) than non-inoculated tomato and the terrestrial strain under 150 mM NaCl. In addition, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in leaves of tomatoes inoculated with deep-sea Dermacoccus was lower than the control seedlings. This observation suggested that deep-sea Dermacoccus mitigated salt stress by reducing oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide. D. barathri MT2.1T showed no harmful effects on Caenorhabditis elegans, Daphnia magna, Eisenia foetida, and Escherichia coli MC4100 in biosafety tests. This evidence suggests that D. barathri MT2.1T would be safe for use in the environment. Our results highlight the potential of deep-sea Dermacoccus as a plant growth promoter for tomatoes under salinity stress.

scholarly journals Soft wood grafting - A novel and rapid multiplication technique in Coorg mandarin (Citrus reticulate Blanco)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
B M Muralidhara ◽  
IN Doreyappa Gowda
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Rapid Multiplication ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Graft Success ◽  
Citrus Reticulate

Coorg mandarin is commercially multiplied by shield or T budding. The process of shield budding will takes eighteen to twenty months for the production of quality planting material. Hence present experiment was conducted to standardize soft wood grafting in Coorg mandarin to reduce the nursery phase for rapid multiplication of quality planting materials. In this study, two to three months old terminal shoots of Coorg mandarin were grafted on one, two, three and four months old rootstocks of Rangpur lime.The soft wood grafting on three and four months old rootstocks were recorded cent per cent graft success and higher plant survivability (98%) and minimum was noticed in one month old rootstocks. The plant height (45.77 cm), plant girth (0.60 cm), number of leaves per plant (42.9), number of side shoots per plant (5.65), root length (33.15 cm) and root spread (8.29 cm)were also found maximum on four months old root stocks followed by three month old rootstocks. Age of rootstocks have significant difference (P=0.05) for plant weight, shoot weight and root weight in both fresh and dry weight basis.The above findings revealed that, four months old rootstocks are more suitable for soft wood grafting in terms of graft success and plant traits. Soft wood grafting can be gainfully exploited for rapid multiplication of good quality planting material by reducing the nursery phase.

Identification and Management of Phytophthora Aerial Blight Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae on Catharanthus roseus

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulya Baysal-Gurel ◽  
Ravi Bika ◽  
Terri Simmons ◽  
Farhat A. Avin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Progress Curve

Phytophthora nicotianae is the most common pathogen in nurseries and gardens, infecting both woody and herbaceous ornamental plants. Phytophthora aerial blight symptoms such dull water-soaked lesions on shoot tips and leaf petioles, girdling on the main stem, necrosis, and wilting of annual vinca were observed in a commercial greenhouse in Warren Co., Tennessee, USA in May 2016. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent of Phytophthora aerial blight and develop a fungicide management recommendation for ornamental producers. Attempts to isolate the pathogen from symptomatic leaf tissue were conducted and excised leaf pieces were embedded in the V8 agar medium. Morphological characterization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, and pathogenicity test of the isolate FBG2016_444 were conducted to confirm the pathogen identification. The sequence identity was 100% identical to Phytophthora nicotianae, and a combined phylogenetic tree (internal transcribed spacer [ITS]), the large subunit [LSU] of rDNA, and ras-related protein gene [Ypt1]) grouped isolate FBG2016_444 within the clade of P. nicotianae. In the pathogenecity study, all inoculated annual vinca plant showed the Phytophthora aerial blight symptoms and P. nicotianae was re-isolated whereas non-inoculated annual vinca plant remained symptomless. These findings confirmed P. nicotianae as the causal agent of Phytophthora aerial blight of annual vinca. In addition, two rates (0.078 and 0.156 mL·L-1) and three application intervals (7, 14 and 21 days before inoculation [DBI]) of oxathiapiprolin (Segovis®) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the Phytophthora aerial blight severity on annual vinca plants. The control groups were positive (non-treated inoculated) and negative (non-treated non-inoculated) plants. Both rates and application timings of oxathiapiprolin significantly reduced Phytophthora aerial blight severity and disease progress (area under disease progress curve [AUDPC]) on annual vinca plants compared to the positive control. However, 0.078 and 0.156 mL·L-1 of oxathiapiprolin applied at 7 or 14 DBI were the most effective treatments in reducing the disease severity and AUDPC on annual vinca plants. The plant growth parameters such as increase in height and width, total plant weight, and root weight were not influenced by the application of oxathiapiprolin. The finding reported in this study will help ornamental growers with better management of Phytophthora aerial blight of annual vinca.

Relation between photosynthetic starch formation and dry-weight partitioning between the shoot and root

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2709-2716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Arachis Hypogea ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Starch Formation ◽  
Relative Root

The possible relationship of partitioning of photosynthate between starch and sucrose to the distribution of dry weight between the shoot and root was examined in relation to genetic variation and plant nutritional status. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and red-beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seedlings had low relative root weights and accumulated high levels of leaf starch, whereas the reverse was true for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. A similar relationship between starch formation and relative root weight was observed in comparisons among six peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) cultivars and with 'Ransom' soybean and two peanut cultivars exposed to a variety of nutritional treatments. The results suggested that carbon partitioned into leaf starch was preferentially utilized for growth of shoots at night. The postulate was supported by diurnal dry-weight changes of various parts of 'Ransom' soybean plants. Stems and expanding leaves increased in dry weight at about the same rate both during the day and night, whereas roots increased in dry weight during the day but during the night lost about 50% of the dry weight gain. Hence, of the total carbohydrate received by roots over a 24-h period, relatively more material was apparently obtained during the day. Overall, the results suggested that partitioning of carbon between starch and sucrose in the leaf may be one of the factors that affects the growth of shoots relative to roots.

EFFECT OF CONTAINER TYPE AND GROWING MEDIA ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH PARAMETERS AT NURSERY STAGE IN ALLEPO PINE IN KASHMIR VALLEY, INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
AMERJEET SINGH ◽  
MOHIT HUSAIN ◽  
SYED ROUHULLAH ALI
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Allepo Pine

The present investigation on Allepo pine indicated that container type exert significant influence on germination and seedling growth parameters. Root trainer 300 cc (C3) raised seedlings exhibited maximum plant per cent (70.00), plant height (16.27 cm), collar diameter (1.90 mm), root dry weight (0.21 g), shoot dry weight (0.42 g), shoot root ratio (2.34) and total fresh biomass (1.37 g) per seedling variation in seedling growth parameters in different containers can be attributed to the size and type of the containers. The minimum values in all these parameters were observed in seedlings raised in polytubling of size 150 cc (C4). Besides other seedling growth parameters, the poly bag of different size raised seedlings have shown slightly lower values for plant height, collar diameter and total biomass. Among growing media, forest soil: sand: FYM: dalweed (1:2:3:3) resulted in significantly highest plant per cent (67.97), plant height (15.03 cm), collar diameter (1.93 mm), dry root weight (0.22 g), dry shoot weight (0.44 g), shoot root ratio (2.47) and total fresh biomass (1.42 g) in the seedlings under nursery condition. The study also reveal that growing medium exert significant influence on germination and seedling growth parameters in Allepo pine. The data in Table 01 to 03 indicated significantly high germination (67.97%) and seedling growth parameters like plant height (15.03 cm), collar diameter (1.93 mm), dry root weight (0.22 g), dry shoot weight (0.44 g), shoot root ratio (2.47), and total fresh biomass (1.42 g) when seedlings were raised in growing medium of soil: sand: FYM: dalweed in the ratio of 1:2:3:3 (M3). The better growth of seedlings raised in potting mixture M3 may be attributed to the fact that more nitrogen from the FYM as a component of potting mixture having the better decomposition rate leading to the narrower C:N ratio. .

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