scholarly journals Influence of Variability of Ryegrass Meadow Soil Conditions on their Natural and Utilization Values

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna KRYSZAK ◽  
Agnieszka KLARZYNSKA ◽  
Jan KRYSZAK ◽  
Agnieszka STRYCHALSKA ◽  
Lukasz MACKOWIAK
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
Multi Criteria Evaluation ◽  
Historical Distribution ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

The study presents the findings of research into the effect of the variability of site conditions on their floristic composition providinga basis for the identification of lower phytosociological units. Patches of Arrhenatheretum elatioris described with the assistance ofphytosociological surveys conducted using the Braun-Blanquet method were subjected to multi-criteria evaluation. On their basis, thefollowing parameters were determined: ecological and botanical structure, geographic-historical distribution, the structure of the lifegroupsof the floristic types identified, as well as natural values by the Oświt method and sward fodder value according to Filipek. In orderto determine the causes of the floristic variability observed, the following soil conditions were assessed: moisture content, soil reactionand nitrogen content by Ellenberg’s indicator method, as well as potassium, magnesium and phosphorus content by the appropriatelaboratory methods. Typical forms of Arrhenatheretum elatioris phytocenoses were found to develop on mucky soils in moderately moistsites. Patches of ryegrass occurring in sites with a periodically higher moisture content on organic soils refer to the Alopecuretum pratensisassociation. On the other hand, the sward of ryegrass meadows developed on dryer, mineral soils was characterised by increased numbersof species characteristic for xerothermic swards from the Festuco-Brometea class and sandy plant communities from the Koelerio glauca-Corynephoretea canescentis. More intensive utilization, primarily-fertilisation, was among the causes of the development of species-poorphytocenoses of low natural value but sward of a good fodder value.

scholarly journals Floristic diversity of extensively used fresh meadows (6510) in the Wielki Łęg Obrzański complex

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Anna Klarzyńska ◽  
Anna Kryszak
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Mineral Soils

<p>One of the habitat types protected within the framework of the NATURA 2000 network due to the presence of species of European importance are fresh meadows from the <em>Arrhenatherion</em> alliance. The maintenance of their characteristic floristic composition depends on habitat conditions and extensive use, while any changes in this respect trigger succession transformations potentially threatening their nature value. </p><p>The aim of the study was to conduct nature and habitat valuation of one of the largest meadow complexes in the Wielkopolska region, i.e. Wielki Łęg Obrzański, which will make it possible to describe the preservation status of fresh meadows and their habitats. </p><p>Based on multifaceted analyses of 535 relevés made using the Braun-Blanquet method in the years 2006–2012 and representing the <em>Arrhenatherion</em> alliance, the phytosociological and botanical structure as well as constancy of species in individual variants (floristic types) were determined. Moreover, their habitat conditions were defined, i.e. soil moisture and nitrogen content using the index method according to Ellenberg, while laboratory methods were used to determine the content of organic matter, soil moisture as well as the contents of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus in soil. </p><p>Floristic composition of fresh meadows from the <em>Arrhenatherion</em> alliance differs due to high heterogeneity of habitat. The presence of fresh meadow phytocenoses both on dried organic soils (the driest forms of flood meadows) and on mineral soils (oak-hornbeam forests) contributes to differences in the floristic composition both in ryegrass meadows and grass–fescue meadows, mainly due to soil moisture and fertility as well as sward use type. This constituted the basis for the identification of lower syntaxonomic units in the internal structure of the plant associations. Five variants were distinguished in <em>Arrhenatheretum elatioris</em>, while the community of <em>Poa pratensis</em>–<em>Festuca rubra</em> was developed in as many as 8 variants.</p>

scholarly journals Temporal, Spatial, and Temperature Controls on Organic Carbon Mineralization and Methanogenesis in Arctic High-Centered Polygon Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taniya Roy Chowdhury ◽  
Erin C. Berns ◽  
Ji-Won Moon ◽  
Baohua Gu ◽  
Liyuan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Active Layer ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Tundra Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Arctic Soils ◽  
Mineral Soils

Warming temperatures in continuous permafrost zones of the Arctic will alter both hydrological and geochemical soil conditions, which are strongly linked with heterotrophic microbial carbon (C) cycling. Heterogeneous permafrost landscapes are often dominated by polygonal features formed by expanding ice wedges: water accumulates in low centered polygons (LCPs), and water drains outward to surrounding troughs in high centered polygons (HCPs). These geospatial differences in hydrology cause gradients in biogeochemistry, soil C storage potential, and thermal properties. Presently, data quantifying carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) release from HCP soils are needed to support modeling and evaluation of warming-induced CO2 and CH4 fluxes from tundra soils. This study quantifies the distribution of microbial CO2 and CH4 release in HCPs over a range of temperatures and draws comparisons to previous LCP studies. Arctic tundra soils were initially characterized for geochemical and hydraulic properties. Laboratory incubations at −2, +4, and +8°C were used to quantify temporal trends in CO2 and CH4 production from homogenized active layer organic and mineral soils in HCP centers and troughs, and methanogen abundance was estimated from mcrA gene measurements. Results showed that soil water availability, organic C, and redox conditions influence temporal dynamics and magnitude of gas production from HCP active layer soils during warming. At early incubation times (2–9 days), higher CO2 emissions were observed from HCP trough soils than from HCP center soils, but increased CO2 production occurred in center soils at later times (&gt;20 days). HCP center soils did not support methanogenesis, but CH4-producing trough soils did indicate methanogen presence. Consistent with previous LCP studies, HCP organic soils showed increased CO2 and CH4 production with elevated water content, but HCP trough mineral soils produced more CH4 than LCP mineral soils. HCP mineral soils also released substantial CO2 but did not show a strong trend in CO2 and CH4 release with water content. Knowledge of temporal and spatial variability in microbial C mineralization rates of Arctic soils in response to warming are key to constraining uncertainties in predictive climate models.

scholarly journals Total content of phosphorus in some Finnish soils

1963 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Armi Kaila
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Total Phosphorus Content ◽  
Regular Trend ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Plough Layer

In the present paper the total content of phosphorus in Finnish mineral soils and organic soils is discussed on the basis of data collected in connection with the writer’s various works. The material consists of 670 samples which represent both the surface soils and the deeper layers. The variation in the total phosphorus content of all the groups of soil was large with the ranges overlapping. The mean values, only, indicated some tendency to an increase in the total phosphorus content with an increase in the finer fractions in mineral soils and in the Carex-residues in the peat soils. The effect of the application of phosphorus fertilizers is usually distinctly provable as the relatively high phosphorus content of the plough layer. The variation in the total phosphorus content within a soil profile does not show any regular trend.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND LANDUSE SCENARIOS UNDER CHANGING CLIMATES: THE EXPERIENCE IN THE UPPER CROSS RIVER REGION, NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Innocent A. Ugbong ◽  
Ivan V. Budagov
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
River Region ◽  
Descriptive Approach

This paper seeks to show that due to changing climates, there are salient marginal Sahelian conditions (conditions of aridity) emerging on the Northern fringes of Cross River State, a state that is geographical positioned in the southern rainforest belt of Nigeria. The paper adopts a simple descriptive approach and shows the distinct characteristics of this zone, in terms of floristic composition and edaphic and geomorphic structures under changing conditions. Some relationships are established between environmental variables like health, water supply and crop-yield on one hand, and climatic variation, floral life-forms and soil conditions on the other. The changing land use patterns relative to environmental changes are also examined. The paper concludes with a look at current and future adaption strategies to these climate-induced conditions.

scholarly journals Draft Requirement of Two Animal - Drawn Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) Weeders

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Y. A. Unguwanrimi ◽  
A. M. Sada ◽  
G. N. Ugama ◽  
H. S. Garuba ◽  
A. Ugoani
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Loam Soil

Draft requirements of two animal – drawn (IAR) weeders operating on loam soil were determined in the study. The implements include a straddle row weeder and an emcot attached rotary weeder evaluated under the same soil conditions, using a pair of white Fulani breed of oxen. The animal draft requirement was first estimated from the animal ergonomics measurements. Using area of 0.054 hectare as experimental plot for each implement the draft requirement of each implement was investigated after taking soil samples for soil moisture content and bulk density determinations. The implements tested showed variation in their average draft requirement. The straddle row weeder had the highest value of 338.15 N respectively while the emcot attached rotary weeder had the lowest value of 188.12 N with 47.03%, respectively. The average soil moisture contents and bulk density were 13.0% and 1.46%/cm3, respectively.

scholarly journals Permafrost Thaw with Thermokarst Wetland-Lake and Societal-Health Risks: Dependence on Local Soil Conditions under Large-Scale Warming

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Olof Selroos ◽  
Hua Cheng ◽  
Patrik Vidstrand ◽  
Georgia Destouni
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Permafrost Thaw ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Local Soil Conditions ◽  
Mineral Soils

A key question for the evolution of thermokarst wetlands and lakes in Arctic and sub-Arctic permafrost regions is how large-scale warming interacts with local landscape conditions in driving permafrost thaw and its spatial variability. To answer this question, which also relates to risks for ecology, society, and health, we perform systematic model simulations of various soil-permafrost cases combined with different surface-warming trends. Results show that both the prevalence and the thaw of permafrost depended strongly on local soil conditions and varied greatly with these for the same temperature conditions at the surface. Greater ice contents and depth extents, but also greater subsurface volumes thawing at depth under warming, are found for peat soils than other studied soil/rock formations. As such, more thaw-driven regime shifts in wetland/lake ecosystems, and associated releases of previously frozen carbon and pathogens, may be expected under the same surface warming for peatlands than other soil conditions. Such risks may also increase in fast permafrost thaw in mineral soils, with only small thaw-protection effects indicated in the present simulations for possible desertification enhancement of mineral soil covers.

Development of calibration algorithms for selected water content reflectometry probes for burned and non-burned organic soils of Alaska

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez ◽  
Gordon C. Garwood ◽  
Kevin Riordan ◽  
Benjamin W. Koziol ◽  
James Slawski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Probe Type

Water content reflectometry is a method used by many commercial manufacturers of affordable sensors to electronically estimate soil moisture content. Field‐deployable and handheld water content reflectometry probes were used in a variety of organic soil‐profile types in Alaska. These probes were calibrated using 65 organic soil samples harvested from these burned and unburned, primarily moss‐dominated sites in the boreal forest. Probe output was compared with gravimetrically measured volumetric moisture content, to produce calibration algorithms for surface‐down‐inserted handheld probes in specific soil‐profile types, as well as field‐deployable horizontally inserted probes in specific organic soil horizons. General organic algorithms for each probe type were also developed. Calibrations are statistically compared to determine their suitability. The resulting calibrations showed good agreement with in situ validation and varied from the default mineral‐soil‐based calibrations by 20% or more. These results are of particular interest to researchers measuring soil moisture content with water content reflectometry probes in soils with high organic content.

Effect of Soil Type, Hilling Time, and Weed Interference on Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Development and Yield

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Vangessel ◽  
Karen A. Renner
Keyword(s):  
Tuber Yield ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Russet Burbank Potato ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Tuber Quality ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Two Stages

‘Atlantic’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ potato cultivars were grown on mineral and organic soils either with or without weeds and were hilled at two stages of potato development (potatoes cracking through the soil and potatoes 30 cm tall). A single hilling procedure was not adequate in either year for full-season weed control. Early hilling suppressed weeds and increased tuber yields more than conventional hilling on mineral soils in 1988 only. Early hilling tended to increase the relative biomass of C4weeds compared to C3weeds for both soils. Weeds reduced aboveground potato biomass on mineral and muck soils. However, reduced aboveground potato biomass measurements did not predict tuber yield reductions. Marketable yield of Russet Burbank potato was reduced by weed interference more than the yield of Atlantic on mineral soils when planted according to conventional cultural practices. However, the marketable yield of Atlantic potato was reduced more than Russet Burbank yield by weeds on muck soils. Weed interference influenced tuber quality on both mineral and muck soil.

scholarly journals Effects of a Permanent Soil Cover on Water Dynamics and Wine Characteristics in a Steep Vineyard in the Central Spain

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 117862212094806 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Marques ◽  
M Ruiz-Colmenero ◽  
R Bienes ◽  
A García-Díaz ◽  
B Sastre
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Simulation Experiments

The study of alternative soil managements to tillage, based on the evidence of climate change in the Mediterranean basin, is of great importance. Summer and autumn are critical seasons for soil degradation due to the high-intensity, short-duration storms. Vineyards are vulnerable, especially on steep slopes. The particular effects of storms over the years under different soil conditions due to different management practices are not frequently addressed in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine the differences between runoff and soil moisture patterns influenced by 2 treatments: traditional tillage (Till) and a permanent cover crop. A shallow-rooted grass species Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. with considerable density coverage was selected as cover crop. This annual species was seeded once in the first year and then allowed to self-seed the following years. Tillage was performed at least twice in spring to a 10- to 15-cm depth and once in late autumn at a depth of 20 to 35 cm. Rainfall simulation experiments were performed, 1 year after treatments, using high-intensity rainfall on closed plots of 2 m2, located in the middle strips of the vineyard with different treatments. The effects of simulated rainfall experiments were determined in 3 different moments of the growth cycle of cultivar: (1) in summer with dry soils, (2) in early autumn with moderate soil moisture, and (3) in autumn with wet soils. During the 2-year trial, the soil moisture level in the soil upper layer (0-10 cm) was higher for Till treatment (14.1% ± 2.4%) compared with that for cover crop treatment (12.3% ± 2.0%). However, soil moisture values were more similar between treatments at 35 cm depth (12% ± 1%), with the exception of spring and autumn; in spring, water consumption in the cover crop treatment was the highest, and the moisture level at 35 cm depth was reduced (12%) compared with that for Till treatment (13%). In autumn, in cover crop treatment, higher water infiltration rate in soils led to higher soil moisture content at 35 cm (11%) compared with that of Till treatment (10%). The effects of simulated rainfall experiments on runoff and infiltration under different soil conditions and management practices vary seasonally. Runoff was significantly higher in summer for cover crop treatment (11%) as compared with that for Till management (1%), but significantly lower (3%) with wetter soils than for Till treatment (22%) in autumn. Thus, the simulation experiments with wet soils using cover crops produced higher infiltration rates and, consequently, the higher soil moisture content in the following days. The difference between seasons is attributed to the greater porosity of soil under Till treatment in summer, which resulted from the shallow plowing (10-15 cm depth), carried out to reduce moisture competition between weeds. The effect of traditional spring plowing was short-lived. The infiltration of water increased by cover crop treatment as compared with tillage in autumn both before and after ripping. Management practices did not influence wine parameters, as no significant differences were found between wine organoleptic characteristics in the duo-trio wine tastings, similarly, no differences were found for alcoholic degree, acidity, reduced sugars, and pH; however, a trend for a positive increase in polyphenol contents was noticed. Therefore, properly managed to avoid water shortages, cover crops can be recommended for soil protection in semi-arid environments.

Field dissipation of S-metolachlor in organic and mineral soils used for sugarcane production in Florida

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-370
Author(s):  
Jose V. Fernandez ◽  
D. Calvin Odero ◽  
Gregory E. MacDonald ◽  
Jason A. Ferrell ◽  
Brent A. Sellers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Mineral Soils ◽  
Moisture Conditions

AbstractDissipation of S-metolachlor, a soil-applied herbicide, on organic and mineral soils used for sugarcane production in Florida was evaluated using field studies in 2013 to 2016. S-metolachlor was applied PRE at 2,270 g ha−1 on organic and mineral soils with 75% and 1.6% organic matter, respectively. The rate of dissipation of S-metolachlor was rapid on mineral soils compared with organic soils. Dissipation of S-metolachlor on organic soils followed a negative linear trend resulting in half-lives (DT50) ranging from 50 to 126 d. S-metolachlor loss on organic soils was more rapid under high soil-moisture conditions than in corresponding low soil-moisture conditions. On mineral soils, dissipation of S-metolachlor followed an exponential decline. The DT50 of S-metolachlor on mineral soils ranged from 12 to 24 d. The short persistence of S-metolachlor on mineral soils was likely attributed to low organic matter content with limited adsorptive capability. The results indicate that organic matter content and soil moisture are important for persistence of S-metolachlor on organic and mineral soils used for sugarcane production in Florida.

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