scholarly journals Peculiarities of Allergy Diagnosis in Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Namazova-Baranova ◽  
M. A. Snovskaya ◽  
I. L. Mitushin ◽  
O. V. Kozhevnikova ◽  
A. S. Batyrova
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Allergy Diagnosis ◽  
Allergy Diagnostics ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Health Organization

Allergic disease is a serious problem in practical healthcare. Over the last 40 years there has been exponential growth in the prevalence. According to the world health organization information, allergic diseases are at the 2nd place in prevalence the children, behind the viral infections. Their frequency and severity are increasing. In this regard, the relevance of timely and skilled diagnostic allergopathology is most important. In this study the current state of the question of allergy diagnostics is considered, the international experience is summarized and the approach to the allergy diagnosis based on use of step-by-step identification of a causal and significant factor of allergic reactions is offered. On the basis of the analysis of relevance and the importance for patients of one or the other allergens (taking into account a source of allergens and age of patients) use of a step-by-step allergy diagnostics algorithm is offered. The first step is definition of clinical implications of an allergy. It means direct contact of the phisition with the patient, clarification of its complaints, clinical symptoms, medical history disease. The second step is the confirmation of IgE-dependent mechanism. It involves the using of screening tests that are selected depending on the clinical symptoms and seasonality manifestations (the screening module). The third step is to identify the source of the allergens that are most meaningful for the patient with using test panels (modules). The panels include the most common and clinically relevant triggers of allergic reactions. The fourth step is the search for an individual significant allergens, which were not included in the diagnostic modules. On the fifth step, we plan to conduct component-divided diagnostics and detect the antibodies to unique components of significant allergens. The developed diagnostics algorithm, corresponds to needs of both the adult, and children’s population and provides the personalized approach to the patients.

scholarly journals COVID19 detection from Radiographs: Is Deep Learning able to handle the crisis?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
Saeed Anwar ◽  
Abbas Anwar ◽  
Lars petersson ◽  
Michael Blumenstein
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
World Health ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Current State ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
Health Organization

The COVID-19 is a highly contagious viral infection which played havoc on everyone's life in many different ways. According to the world health organization and scientists, more testing potentially helps governments and disease control organizations in containing the spread of the virus. The use of chest radiographs is one of the early screening tests to determine the onset of disease, as the infection affects the lungs severely. This study will investigate and automate the process of testing by using state-of-the-art CNN classifiers to detect the COVID19 infection. However, the viral could of many different types; therefore, we only regard for COVID19 while the other viral infection types are treated as non-COVID19 in the radiographs of various viral infections. The classification task is challenging due to the limited number of scans available for COVID19 and the minute variations in the viral infections. We aim to employ current state-of-the-art CNN architectures, compare their results, and determine whether deep learning algorithms can handle the crisis appropriately. All trained models are available at https://github.com/saeed-anwar/COVID19-Baselines

scholarly journals COVID19 detection from Radiographs: Is Deep Learning able to handle the crisis?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
Saeed Anwar ◽  
Abbas Anwar ◽  
Lars petersson ◽  
Michael Blumenstein
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
World Health ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Current State ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
Health Organization

The COVID-19 is a highly contagious viral infection which played havoc on everyone's life in many different ways. According to the world health organization and scientists, more testing potentially helps governments and disease control organizations in containing the spread of the virus. The use of chest radiographs is one of the early screening tests to determine the onset of disease, as the infection affects the lungs severely. This study will investigate and automate the process of testing by using state-of-the-art CNN classifiers to detect the COVID19 infection. However, the viral could of many different types; therefore, we only regard for COVID19 while the other viral infection types are treated as non-COVID19 in the radiographs of various viral infections. The classification task is challenging due to the limited number of scans available for COVID19 and the minute variations in the viral infections. We aim to employ current state-of-the-art CNN architectures, compare their results, and determine whether deep learning algorithms can handle the crisis appropriately. All trained models are available at https://github.com/saeed-anwar/COVID19-Baselines

Organization of restrictive quarantine measures to prevent especially dangerous infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Petr Ilyin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Health Regulations

Especially dangerous infections (EDIs) belong to the conditionally labelled group of infectious diseases that pose an exceptional epidemic threat. They are highly contagious, rapidly spreading and capable of affecting wide sections of the population in the shortest possible time, they are characterized by the severity of clinical symptoms and high mortality rates. At the present stage, the term "especially dangerous infections" is used only in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, all over the world this concept is defined as "infectious diseases that pose an extreme threat to public health on an international scale." Over the entire history of human development, more people have died as a result of epidemics and pandemics than in all wars combined. The list of especially dangerous infections and measures to prevent their spread were fixed in the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted at the 22nd session of the WHO's World Health Assembly on July 26, 1969. In 1970, at the 23rd session of the WHO's Assembly, typhus and relapsing fever were excluded from the list of quarantine infections. As amended in 1981, the list included only three diseases represented by plague, cholera and anthrax. However, now annual additions of new infections endemic to different parts of the earth to this list take place. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has already included more than 100 diseases in the list of especially dangerous infections.

scholarly journals Analysis of Separability of COVID-19 and Pneumonia in Chest X-ray Images by Means of Convolutional Neural Networks

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Joaquim de Moura ◽  
Lucía Ramos ◽  
Plácido L. Vidal ◽  
Jorge Novo ◽  
Marcos Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Health Organization

The new coronavirus (COVID-19) is a disease that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 11 March 2020, the coronavirus outbreak has been labelled a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. In this context, chest X-ray imaging has become a remarkably powerful tool for the identification of patients with COVID-19 infections at an early stage when clinical symptoms may be unspecific or sparse. In this work, we propose a complete analysis of separability of COVID-19 and pneumonia in chest X-ray images by means of Convolutional Neural Networks. Satisfactory results were obtained that demonstrated the suitability of the proposed system, improving the efficiency of the medical screening process in the healthcare systems.

scholarly journals Design and reporting considerations for genetic screening tests

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Hagenkord ◽  
Birgit Funke ◽  
Emily Qian ◽  
Madhuri Hegde ◽  
Kevin B Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Screening ◽  
World Health ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Inherited Diseases ◽  
Health Communities ◽  
Health Organization

Testing asymptomatic individuals for unsuspected conditions is not new to the medical and public health communities and protocols to develop screening tests are well-established. However, the application of screening principles to inherited diseases presents unique challenges. Unlike most screening tests, the natural history and disease prevalence of most rare inherited diseases in an unselected population are unknown. It is difficult or impossible to obtain a “truth set” cohort for clinical validation studies. As a result, it is not possible to accurately calculate clinical positive and negative predictive values for “likely pathogenic” genetic variants, which are commonly returned in genetic screening assays. In addition, many of the genetic conditions included in screening panels do not have clinical confirmatory tests. All of these elements are typically required to justify the development of a screening test, according to the World Health Organization screening principles. Nevertheless, as the cost of DNA sequencing continues to fall, more individuals are opting to undergo genomic testing in the absence of a clinical indication. Despite the challenges, reasonable estimates can be deduced and used to inform test design strategies. Here, we review test design principles and apply them to genetic screening.

scholarly journals Design and reporting considerations for genetic screening tests

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Hagenkord ◽  
Birgit Funke ◽  
Emily Qian ◽  
Madhuri Hegde ◽  
Kevin B Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Screening ◽  
World Health ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Inherited Diseases ◽  
Health Communities ◽  
Health Organization

Testing asymptomatic individuals for unsuspected conditions is not new to the medical and public health communities and protocols to develop screening tests are well-established. However, the application of screening principles to inherited diseases presents unique challenges. Unlike most screening tests, the natural history and disease prevalence of most rare inherited diseases in an unselected population are unknown. It is difficult or impossible to obtain a “truth set” cohort for clinical validation studies. As a result, it is not possible to accurately calculate clinical positive and negative predictive values for “likely pathogenic” genetic variants, which are commonly returned in genetic screening assays. In addition, many of the genetic conditions included in screening panels do not have clinical confirmatory tests. All of these elements are typically required to justify the development of a screening test, according to the World Health Organization screening principles. Nevertheless, as the cost of DNA sequencing continues to fall, more individuals are opting to undergo genomic testing in the absence of a clinical indication. Despite the challenges, reasonable estimates can be deduced and used to inform test design strategies. Here, we review test design principles and apply them to genetic screening.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Combined Action Antiallergic Drugs in Monotherapy of Allergic Conjunctivitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
N. G. Zumbulidze ◽  
V. M. Khokkanen ◽  
I. B. Litvin
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Conjunctivitis ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Local Therapy ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Ophthalmic Manifestations ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

According to statistical studies in recent decades, there has been an increase of allergic diseases in most countries of the world. Predisposing factors are the deterioration of the environmental situation, the total “chemicalization” of life and the forced use of drugs. Twenty years ago, the World Health Organization called the new century “the century of allergies” and the disease itself as an “epidemic”. As time has shown, these forecasts have come true: from 2001 to 2010, the number of allergic people in the world increased by 20 % and many of these patients suffer from ophthalmic manifestations of the pathology: the eyes are involved in the process in almost every second case. This is due to the fact that the eyes are directly exposed to the environment and a variety of external allergens. The most common disease of an eye-allergic nature is allergic conjunctivitis: approximately 15 % of the total population of economically developed countries suffer from it. Allergic blepharitis, eyelid dermatitis, keratitis, iritis, uveitis, retinitis and optic neuritis are much less common. The following manifestations are typical for allergic conjunctivitis: burning, lacrimation, pruritus, hyperemia of the eyelids and conjunctiva, photophobia. In the case of a transition to a chronic form, pronounced tissue changes are observed. Therefore, timely diagnosis and effective treatment certainly have a positive effect on the quality of life of the patient and the course of the disease. The treatment of patients with allergic conjunctivitis, first of all, consists in the maximum possible restriction of contact with the allergen. During desensitizing therapy, local and general drugs are used. Numerous studies have proven the advantage of targeted and effective antiallergic local therapy compared with systemic exposure. Currently used local ophthalmic antiallergic drugs belonging to various groups. The tactics of their use is determined by the acuity, severity and etiology of the process. When choosing a drug, in some cases, you should focus on the presence of substances that provide a double mechanism of action: a pronounced antihistamine activity in combination with the stabilization properties of mast cells, which has a quick and long therapeutic effect. This study evaluated efficacy of Vizallergol (olopatadin 0.2 %) application in cases of allergic conjunctivitis in 239 patients was evaluated. The medication arrested the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis in 89 % of patients, at that the mean period of treatment made 10.7 ± 0.3 days. In the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis, the therapeutic efficacy of Vizallergol 0.2 % was comparable to opatanol 0.1 % and was found to be more comfortable for most patients due to the convenience of a single use.

scholarly journals Screening diabetes mellitus patients for pulmonary tuberculosis: a multisite study in Indonesia, Peru, Romania and South Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bachti Alisjahbana ◽  
Susan M McAllister ◽  
Cesar Ugarte-Gil ◽  
Nicolae Mircea Panduru ◽  
Katharina Ronacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are three times more likely to develop tuberculosis (TB) than the general population. Active TB screening in people with DM is part of a bidirectional approach. The aim of this study was to conduct pragmatic active TB screening among DM patients in four countries to inform policy. Methods DM patients were recruited in Indonesia (n=809), Peru (n=600), Romania (n=603) and South Africa (n=51). TB cases were diagnosed using an algorithm including clinical symptoms and chest X-ray. Presumptive TB patients were examined with sputum smear and culture. Results A total of 171 (8.3%) individuals reported ever having had TB (South Africa, 26%; Indonesia, 12%; Peru, 7%; Romania, 4%), 15 of whom were already on TB treatment. Overall, 14 (0.73% [95% confidence interval 0.40 to 1.23]) TB cases were identified from screening. Poor glucose control, smoking, lower body mass index, education and socio-economic status were associated with newly diagnosed/current TB. Thirteen of the 14 TB cases diagnosed from this screening would have been found using a symptom-based approach. Conclusions These data support the World Health Organization recommendation for routine symptom-based screening for TB in known DM patients in high TB-burden countries. DM patients with any symptoms consistent with TB should be investigated and diagnostic tools should be easily accessible.

scholarly journals Understanding the relationship between viral infections and trace elements from a metallomics perspective: implications for COVID-19

Metallomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jemmyson Romário de Jesus ◽  
Tatianny de Araújo Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Relationship

Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic situation due to a new viral infection (COVID-19) caused by a novel virus (Sars-CoV-2).

scholarly journals Intracranial Gliofibroma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Gargano ◽  
Graciela Zuccaro ◽  
Fabiana Lubieniecki
Keyword(s):  
Who Classification ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
World Health ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Immunohistochemical Examination ◽  
Collagenous Stroma ◽  
Health Organization

Gliofibroma is a rare tumor with biphasic morphology, commonly occurring in the first two decades of life. Currently, the tumor is not listed as a distinct entity in the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumors. As its biological behavior, histogenesis, and prognostic factors are still debated, the aim of this paper was to describe a case of a gliofibroma and to update the data about these lesions. Hence, we present here clinical symptoms, pathological findings, and evolution observed in a child with gliofibroma. A 10-year-old girl with seizures was referred for study. Neuroimaging showed a hemispheric hyperdense tumor with little peritumoral edema and no mass effect. The tumor was totally removed. Histologically, the tumor consisted of a mixture of glial cells and collagen-rich stroma. Immunohistochemical examination revealed positive staining for GFAP, CD 99, S100, and vimentin. EMA staining showed a paranuclear dot pattern in only few cells in isolated areas. These findings of a glial component with collagenous stroma were consistent with a desmoplastic glioma. Because of the rarity of this entity, we believe it is important to report every case in order to adequately analyze and categorize the tumor in the next WHO classification.

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