The Orientation of Jesuit Churches in the Chiquitos Missions of Eastern Bolivia

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-181
Author(s):  
Alejandro Gangui
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Jesuit Missions ◽  
Surrounding Landscape ◽  
Mission Churches

The Jesuit missions in South America were an important factor in the evangelisation of the continent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. However, although the history and cultural aspects of the distinctive settlements that the missionaries created for indigenous peoples have been examined extensively, studies that address issues relating to archaeoastronomy have only recently begun to appear, primarily in relation to the orientation of churches built for Guaraní peoples in the Jesuit Province of Paraquaria (Province of Paraguay). The current paper continues and complements these studies of the region with the first archaeoastronomical study of the nearby Jesuit missions of Chiquitos in eastern Bolivia, focusing on measurements taken at the ten mission churches, interpreted within the context of the surrounding landscape and the characteristics of the villages where the churches are located. Our results show that in contrast to the churches of the Province of Paraquaria, where north–south meridian orientations predominate, half of the studied Chiquitan Jesuit churches show potential canonical orientations that seem to be aligned to solar phenomena, with three exhibiting precise equinoctial orientation. In this paper I propose reasons for these orientations, including the possible relevance of illumination effects on significant internal elements within the churches – effects that were generally sought in Baroque church architecture.

The Sounds of Indigenous Ancestors

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Wilde
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Musical Expression ◽  
Indigenous Music ◽  
Jesuit Missions ◽  
Cultural Domination ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Musical Traditions

This article examines how music, corporality, and memory were intertwined in the Jesuit missions of South America during the colonial period. More specifically, it considers how European music was imposed upon indigenous peoples whereas traditional indigenous musical traditions were censured as part of a larger project of political and cultural domination that was not completely unilateral. It argues that the Jesuits used censure and the mechanisms of adaptation in various regions of South America to disconnect musical expression and corporality that had characterized preexisting native rituals involving music, or, more broadly, sound, together with dance and movement. The chapter concludes by assessing the significance and persistence of indigenous music within the context of the Jesuit missions.

scholarly journals Ecological research should consider Indigenous peoples and stewardship

FACETS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Kyle A. Schang ◽  
Andrew J. Trant ◽  
Sara A. Bohnert ◽  
Alana M. Closs ◽  
Megan Humchitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
Indigenous Territories ◽  
America South ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Indigenous peoples and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems has received increased attention in recent years. As a result, it is becoming more critical for researchers focusing on terrestrial ecosystems to work with Indigenous groups to gain a better understanding of how past and current stewardship of these lands may influence results. As a case study to explore these ideas, we systematically reviewed articles from 2008 to 2018 where research was conducted in North America, South America, and Oceania. Of the 159 articles included, 11 included acknowledgement of Indigenous stewardship, acknowledged the Indigenous Territories or lands, or named the Indigenous group on whose Territory the research was conducted. Within the scope of this case study, our results demonstrate an overall lack of Indigenous acknowledgement or consideration within the scope of our review. Given the recent advancements in our understanding of how Indigenous groups have shaped their lands, we implore researchers to consider collaboration among local Indigenous groups as to better cultivate relationships and foster a greater understanding of their ecosystems.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Alan Erbig
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Northeastern Argentina

Following the formation of independent republics in southeastern South America, travellers, politicians and academics alike used the territorial imaginaries of the Madrid and San Ildefonso boundary commissions to envision national communities devoid of Native peoples. Whether narrating patriotic histories of territorial conquest or using colonial borders to catalogue Indigenous peoples who had routinely traversed them, postcolonial authors simultaneously appropriated Native pasts while denying the existence of their Indigenous contemporaries. Contradictory claims of Indigenous emigration emerged in Uruguay, northeastern Argentina, and southern Brazil, and Charrúas and Minuanes were reduced to bit players in or antecedents to the formation of national or subnational communities. By considering the interplay between territorial imaginaries and identity formation, the conclusion demonstrates how the re-emergence of Charrúas on a regional political scale since the late 1980s not only disrupts national mythmaking but fits within deeper historical patterns.

Inka Militarism at the Pambamarca Complex in Northern Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-197
Author(s):  
Samuel V. Connell ◽  
Amber Anderson ◽  
Chad Gifford ◽  
Ana Lucía González
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Military Installations ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Architectural Planning ◽  
Site Types ◽  
Northern Frontier

In this article, we present research on Inka actions in the face of resistance by indigenous peoples on the northern frontier. We link fieldwork at the Pambamarca complex in northern Ecuador with historic documents to provide important context for further examining imperial processes. With its three site types, Pambamarca offers an opportunity to examine the range of tendencies that groups undergo during imperial moments. Its sites show evidence of both direct displays and the materialization of forceful control or takeover, as well as the more passive, nonsettler, decentralized hegemonic narratives also commonly associated with empire. Here we present detailed data for Inka military installations used to confront a prolonged resistance by the País Caranqui, a decentralized confederation of Caranqui-Cayambe peoples. Evidence from surveys and excavations— including architectural planning, distribution of artifacts, and military encounters—at two large sites in the complex, Quitoloma and Campana Pucara, helps expand our current understandings of the Inka invasion in northern Ecuador while broadening our perspective on the imperial narrative in South America.

The Anthropology of Marriage in Lowland South America

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
The Third ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Cultural Rules ◽  
The Way

Traditional treatments of marriage among indigenous people focus on what people say about whom one should marry and on rules that anthropologists induce from those statements. This volume is a cultural and social anthropological examination of the ways the indigenous peoples of lowland South America/Amazonia actually choose whom they marry. Detailed ethnography shows that they select spouses to meet their economic and political goals, their emotional desires, and their social aspirations, as well as to honor their commitments to exogamic prescriptions and the exchange of women. These decisions often require playing fast and loose with what the anthropologist and the peoples themselves declare to be the regulations they obey. Inevitably then, this volume is about agency and individual choice in the context of social institutions and cultural rules. There is another theme running through this book—the way in which globalization is subverting traditional hierarchies, altering identities, and eroding ancestral marital norms and values—how the forces of modernization alter both structure and practice. The main body of the book is given over to eleven chapters based on previously unpublished ethnographic material collected by the contributors. It is divided into three sections. The first collects essays that describe the motives behind breaking the marriage rules, the second describes how the marriage rules are bent or broken, and the third gathers chapters on the effects of globalization and recent changes on the marriage rules.

Frontier Missions in South America

2019 ◽  
pp. 543-567
Author(s):  
Guillermo Wilde
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries

This article examines the establishment of frontier missions in South America, with emphasis on the strategies used in the interactions between Jesuit missionaries and indigenous peoples. It explores three foundational aspects of the organization of the missions: impositions, adaptations, and appropriations. Imposition refers to actions undertaken by missionaries within the framework of colonial regulations, in collaboration with members of the indigenous elite. Adaptation refers to adjustments made to the models that were imposed on local settings, through the incorporation of native elements that did not threaten the imposed structure of the reductions. Appropriation refers to indigenous responses to colonial impositions and the development of autonomous native practices. These three factors contributed to the development of new perceptions of space and time, as well as subjectivities that were specific to the frontier missions of South America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

scholarly journals Helicobacter pyloriPrevalence among Indigenous Peoples of South America

2002 ◽  
Vol 186 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa‐Gaye E. Robinson ◽  
Francis L. Black ◽  
Francis K. Lee ◽  
Alexandra O. Sousa ◽  
Marilyn Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Indigenous Peoples

scholarly journals Missões militares, técnica e política: o emprego das forças armadas em segurança pública

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-436
Author(s):  
David Paulo Succi Junior
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South America ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Public Security ◽  
The Political ◽  
Key Word ◽  
The Military ◽  
South Americans

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o modo em que a bibliografia especializada busca explicar o constante emprego das Forças Armadas – instrumento de política externa – em missões de segurança pública na América do Sul. São identificados três níveis de explicação: internacional, regional e nacional. Defende-se que as análises podem ser agrupadas em duas lógicas explicativas – positivismo e o pós-positivismo –, as quais distinguem-se não apenas em termos teóricos, mas também, sob a ótica da teoria crítica, em relação às suas consequências políticas. Considera-se que a compreensão positivista do fenômeno em questão leva a uma subordinação da política à técnica, enquanto as análises pós-positivistas evidenciam o caráter político da escolha de envolver o instrumento militar em segurança pública. Palavras-chave: Forças Armadas; Segurança Pública; América do Sul.     Abstract: The current paper aims to evaluate the way in which specialized scholars seek to clarify the constant employment of South Americans Armed Forces – foreign policy instrument – in public security. Three explanatory levels are identified: international, regional and domestic. It is argued that analyses can be classified in two logics of explanation – positivism and post positivism – that are distinguished by both its theoretical specificity and its politics implications. We sustain that rationalist explanation submits politics to technique, while post positivism analyses emphasize the political nature of the decision to involve the military in public security. Key-Word: Armed Forces; Public Security; South America.     Recebido em: fevereiro/2017. Aprovado em: agosto/2017.

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