An Examination of the Crystalline Quality of 200mm Diameter Silicon Substrates using X-ray Topography

1997 ◽  
Vol 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Curley ◽  
P. J. McNally ◽  
A. Reader ◽  
T. Tuomi ◽  
M. Taskinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Substrate Quality ◽  
Ic Manufacturing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oxygen Precipitates

ABSTRACTThe continued decrease in critical dimensions and increasing integration levels in Si CMOS technology is imposing ever tighter constraints on quality control parameters for the IC manufacturing industry. One very important issue is the need to ensure a uniform, high quality Si substrate, i.e. minimise defect/dislocation densities and eliminate strain distributions in the starting wafer material. A comprehensive Synchrotron X-Ray Topography (SXRT) study was applied to commercially supplied 200mm diameter Si wafers. These wafers, which all included a surface Si epilayer growth were supplied from manufacturers from around the globe. The study revealed not only differences in the overall quality of the wafers, but also differences in the quality of the individual Silicon epilayers and substrates. In all wafers the substrate quality varied dramatically with position across the wafer, as measured by the distribution of oxygen precipitates and stacking faults in the wafer. This distribution also varied significantly from manufacturer to manufacturer. The strain fields induced by the growth of lightly doped Si epilayers were also observed to qualitatively vary with location on a wafer, together with (as expected) thickness of the epilayers. The results clearly indicate that optimal quality control for such commercial wafers has not yet been achieved.

The quality of 200 mm diameter epitaxial Si wafers for advanced CMOS technology monitored using synchrotron X-ray topography

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. McNally ◽  
A.N. Danilewsky ◽  
J.W. Curley ◽  
A Reader ◽  
R. Rantamäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cmos Technology ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals QUALITY CONTROL X RAYS MAMMOGRAPHY IN THE EFFORT MITIGATION INCREASING NUMBER OF CANCER PATIENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Rini Safitri ◽  
Evi Yufita
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Input Voltage ◽  
Test Subject ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Image ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiation Output

Abstract. Early detection of breast cancer is the first step in prevention that can be done by women, therefore when one is diagnosed with breast cancer, the appropriate treatment can be performed quickly and accurately. Early diagnosis of breast cancer can be a way of mitigation in preventing breast cancer through the use of mammography. Bureau of Radiology as said by The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JHCA) stated that one of the responsibilities of the radiology unit is to control the quality of service which aims to minimize the radiographic image repetition factor; as well as maximizes the quality of radiographic image. Quality control tests are an effort that is needed on the mammography X-ray diagnostics tools. This is done to maintain the quality of expected output. The parameters that are included within the radiation output are the magnitude of current and the voltage of tube that are produced; therefore they remained constant and correspond to the recommended standard. Bureau of Radiological Health, as said by JHCA mentioned that to control the quality of image which will minimize the radiographic image repetition and maximizes the quality of radiographic image. Therefore the radiation output will not be dangerous later. The early stage of the quality control test on the machine was conducted by setting all the filtrations which were placed to capture the x-ray on the x-ray plane tube with minimum value. Then, ionization chamber is placed on the test subject points; right after that the distance between it to the radiation source is noted. The x-ray film is place on a film on the compression table of the patient and the distance between film and the focus point is noted. This is then exposed using a target filter Mo/Mo by setting the current as well as variation the voltage and time. The standard voltage measurements are 20-33kVp. This data is from the observations of time exposure; the output value is then noted. The above procedure is conducted from the minimum voltage to the maximum voltage. The output ray is measured for each voltage. The same procedure is conducted to the target filter Mo/RH. The results obtained are that the greater the input voltage and current will subsequently produce greater doses, therefore the exposure has exceeded the standard limit 0.1 mHy with longer exposure time. The HVL density thickness on the mammography X-ray machine determined the quality of the beam and the doses of x-ray exposure on the mammography machine. The output stability of x-ray beam exposure in the mammography machine mode Mo/Mo still fulfill the standard which is the value of 69% Keywords: Quality Control, Sinar-X, mammography, Mp/Mo, Mo/RH

scholarly journals Kontrol Kualitas Uang Logam Pecahan Rp 1.000,00 dengan Teknik Difraksi Sinar-X (XRD)

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Purawiardi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Structural Defect ◽  
Special Technique ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
Production Target

Uang logam pecahan Rp 1.000,00 merupakan salah satu uang dengan nilai intrinsik yang paling baik dan banyak beredar di masyarakat. Oleh karena penggunaannya yang tinggi, maka kualitas uang logam ini perlu diperhatikan. Kontrol kualitas pecahan uang logam ini perlu dilakukan agar pecahan yang beredar di masyarakat adalah pecahan uang logam yang memenuhi standar. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengontrol kualitasnya adalah dengan teknik difraksi sinar-x (XRD). Dengan teknik ini, cacat struktur dapat dideteksi tanpa harus merusak uang logamnya, sehingga uang logam yang cacat struktur dapat dieliminasi dari peredaran. Namun, teknik XRD memerlukan cara tersendiri untuk menginterpretasikannya, oleh karena itu studi ini dilakukan untuk mencontohkan bagaimana cara menginterpretasikannya. Lima buah sampel uang logam pecahan Rp 1.000,00 digunakan dalam studi ini, dimana dari hasil kontrol kualitas yang dilakukan, terdapat satu pecahan uang logam yang terdapat cacat struktur. Dari hasil studi sendiri menunjukkan bahwa kelima sampel memiliki karakteristik struktur FCC yang merupakan target produksi dengan indikator bidang-bidang (111), (200), (220) dan (311). Namun, salah satu sampel ternyata memiliki cacat produksi berupa munculnya karakteristik BCC yang bukan merupakan target produksi dengan indikator bidang (310). Sampel yang memiliki cacat produksi ini dapat direkomendasikan untuk tidak diedarkan. Dari studi ini terbukti bahwa teknik analisis XRD dapat digunakan secara efektif untuk mengontrol kualitas uang logam secara non-destruktif. The IDR 1000 coin is one of the best intrinsic rupiah money and most widely used by Indonesian people. Because of these reasons, the quality of it needs to be considered. The quality control of this coin must be done in order to make sure that it meets the standard quality to distribute. An x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is one way in order to control the quality of this coin. By using this technique, structural defect on this coin can be detected without destructs it, so that defected coin can be rejected to be distributed. However, this technique needs special technique to interpret it. This study aimed to exemplify how to interpret it. Five IDR 1000 coins were used as samples in this study. From this study, the result shows that there is a coin with structural defect. The results of this study show that all of five samples have FCC characteristics as a production target with (111), (200), (220) and (311) planes as indicators. However, there is a sample with a production defect i.e. BCC characteristics with (310) plane as an indicator. This sample were then recommended to be rejected. Overall, this study shows that this XRD analytical technique can be effectively used for controlling the quality of money coin without destructs it.

scholarly journals A database of multi-year (2004–2010) quality-assured surface solar hourly irradiation measurements for the Egyptian territory

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 737-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Korany ◽  
M. Boraiy ◽  
Y. Eissa ◽  
Y. Aoun ◽  
M. M. Abdel Wahab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Atmospheric Processes ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Atmospheric Radiative Transfer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A database containing the global and diffuse components of the surface solar hourly irradiation measured from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2010 at eight stations of the Egyptian Meteorological Authority is presented. For three of these sites (Cairo, Aswan, and El-Farafra), the direct component is also available. In addition, a series of meteorological variables including surface pressure, relative humidity, temperature, wind speed and direction... is provided at the same hourly resolution at all stations. The details of the experimental sites and instruments used for the acquisition are given. Special attention is paid to the quality of the data and the procedure applied to flag suspicious or erroneous measurements is described in details. Between 88 and 99 % of the daytime measurements are validated by this quality control. Except at Barrani where the number is lower (13 500), between 20 000 and 29 000 measurements of global and diffuse hourly irradiation are available at all sites for the 7-year period. Similarly, from 9000 to 13 000 measurements of direct hourly irradiation values are provided for the three sites where this component is measured. With its high temporal resolution this consistent irradiation and meteorological database constitutes a reliable source to estimate the potential of solar energy in Egypt. It is also adapted to the study of high-frequency atmospheric processes such as the impact of aerosols on atmospheric radiative transfer. In the next future, it is planned to complete regularly the present 2004–2010 database, which has been placed on the PANGAEA repository (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.848804) and contains the individual meteorological and irradiation data files of the 8 stations.

An inter- and intralaboratory quality-control survey of radioimmunoassay of insulin, thyroxin, thyrotropin, cortisol, digoxin, gastrin, beta 2-microglobulin, and IgE in Japan with commercially available kits.

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1501-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Shishiba ◽  
M Irie ◽  
H Yamada ◽  
F Kinoshita
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
External Control ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Wide Scatter ◽  
Control Survey ◽  
Beta 2 Microglobulin ◽  
The Individual

Abstract We report results of a quality-control survey of radioimmunoassay (RIA) of eight analytes, participated in by 249 laboratories of various types throughout Japan. For the purpose of the external control survey, lyophilized specimens containing two different concentrations of each analyte were sent to the participating laboratories, which supplied both their assay values and their raw data for the standard curves and for the samples. The individual data for the standard curve were analyzed by the RIA data-processing program described by Faden and Rodbard. The precision profile obtained for the individual assay was used as the estimate of the quality of each assay. Although there was a wide scatter in assay values, the quality of the assay by the individual laboratories was not the major contributor to this scattering, because the values they reported for the assays and precision profiles of the standard curves were almost identical with those obtained from the kit manufacturers. When the reported assay values were analyzed according to the brand of kits, by analysis of variance, the treatment mean square due to difference in the make of the kits significantly exceeded the error mean square due to "within-kit" variation in the assay of insulin, thyroxin, thyrotropin, cortisol, gastrin, and digoxin. The CVs for "between-kit," "within-kit," "between-assay" and "within-assay" variations (the latter two aspects were studied in a representative laboratory, for convenience of comparison) were about 20, 15, 13, and 7%, respectively. Because the observed within-kit variation is of almost the same magnitude as that expected from the combination of within-assay and between-assay variation, the skill of the users probably was equal and the accuracy and precision of the kits probably had the greatest impact on assay variation. This survey also emphasizes the criteria for commercially available RIA kits.

scholarly journals Loading time monitoring via individual control charts

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 331-338
Author(s):  
MARIA EMILIA CAMARGO ◽  
Walter Priesnitz Filho ◽  
Suzana Leitão Russo ◽  
Angela Isabel Dos Santos Dullius ◽  
Ademar Galelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Control Charts ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Individual Control ◽  
Cargo Transport ◽  
The Individual

In quality control we find techniques that come from different fields, because the objective is to reduce the variability in quality characteristics, these are control and adjustment of processes. In this work, the individual control charts (Xind and Rm) were used to monitor the loading time of a truck measured during 60 consecutive days of a cargo transport company in Rio Grande do Sul. The results showed that the process is out of control both in average and variability, requiring a systematic monitoring in order for the company to maintain the quality of services provided to its customers.

X-Ray Microtomograph Detection of Internal Defects for a UD Prepreg Composite

2015 ◽  
Vol 818 ◽  
pp. 295-298
Author(s):  
Michal Petrů ◽  
Martina Syrovátková ◽  
Marcela Kolínová ◽  
Ondra Novák
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Internal Defects ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Material Composite ◽  
Fibre Matrix

The current trend particularly in industrial and commercial sectors is to search for alternatives to the current structural materials made from new lightweight materials. One option is to use unconventional material composite structures which have a combined fibre/matrix. Analysis of UD prepregs with unidirectional carbon fibres was performed. These special unconventional materials can be used for both flat and shaped structural products. The extent and quality of the saturation of the fibre layers in the resulting composite are important features for the whole complex of its parameters and influence its quality and mechanical properties. The experimental study also included an exploration of the inner structure and interactions of the individual components and detection of internal defects in the carbon UD prepreg composite using an X-ray microtomograph. The results illustrated the detection of microcracks, which significantly influence the resulting synergy of the composite and which were previously undetected.

Densité et largeur des cernes des populations d'Épinettes blanches de la région forestière des Grands Lacs et du Saint-Laurent

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Corriveau ◽  
J. Beaulieu ◽  
F. Mothe ◽  
J. Poliquin ◽  
J. Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Population Level ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Density Analysis ◽  
The Individual

Twenty years after planting, X-ray densitometry and immersion were used to determine the relative density of wood from 28 white spruce populations of the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest region. The results showed the same pattern of radial variation in all populations. Wood density decreases for the first few years of growth, then stabilizes for a time, then increases slowly, but steadily. The relative density of wood from white spruce has a slight, negative correlation with the width of the annual growth rings, at either the individual or the population level. However, some populations and individuals do deviate from this trend. Though the populations showed some statistically significant differences in relative density, analysis of variance showed that 85 to 90% was attributable to differences among trees within the same population. This study confirmed the desirability of using relative density as the basis for making mass selections within fast-growing white spruce populations to genetically improve the genetic quality of wood.

Dislocation in 4H n+ SiC Substrates and their Relationship with Epilayer Defects

2007 ◽  
Vol 556-557 ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Wu ◽  
Ejiro Emorhokpor ◽  
Murugesu Yoganathan ◽  
Thomas Kerr ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dislocation Density ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Substrate Quality ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Morphological Defects ◽  
Technological Improvements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Distribution Of Dislocations

Several morphological defects in 4H SiC epitaxial wafers, including Comets and Triangles, may significantly impact on the yield and reliability of SiC devices. The formation of these epilayer defects is closely related to the substrate quality. This paper focuses on the study of the substrate quality and its relationship with defects in the epilayers. The crystalline quality of 4H n+ substrates has been characterized by x-ray diffraction, and the distribution of dislocations has been determined using etching in molten KOH. The relationship between Comet and Triangle epilayer defects and the dislocations has been established. A 10-fold reduction in the overall dislocation density in the 4H SiC substrates was achieved through technological improvements. The improvement was validated by the reduction in the number of the epilayer defects.

Feedback of Therapeutic Skills for Quality Assessment within Ward Sessions in Psychiatry

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
O. Rienhoff ◽  
W. Machleidt
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Quality Models ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Style

Within the framework of a brief review the state of the art of quality control for therapeutic work with special emphasis on interpersonal skills is summarized.The results of a documentation developed at the Medical School Hannover for ward sessions in psychiatry are presented. They are based on the evaluation of 190 ward sessions. For six months the behaviour of the patients as well as that of the therapists was measured by using a controlled rating scale. The results describe the characteristic differences between the therapists leading a ward-group with respect to the satisfaction with the session in relation to different kinds of quality models. The individual style of the therapists corresponding with the number of ward sessions performed proves to be an important factor for the quality of the therapy. The results are used for the design of a feedback system for the training of therapists.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document