Determination of the Adhesive Strength of Film-Substrate Interfaces Using the Constant Depth Scratch Test

1995 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dutta ◽  
J. C. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Nitride ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Film Substrate

ABSTRACTA constant depth scratch test (CDST) has been recently developed to quantify the shear strength of film-substrate interfaces. This test is capable of measuring interfacial adhesion as a function of position on the sample surface during a continuous scratch. Unlike many of the currently available tests which are applicable to a limited array of materials systems, or are experimentally complex, this test is quite versatile, and is relatively straightforward to conduct and interpret because of the constant depth geometry. The theoretical basis and the experimental set-up for the test have been previously presented. In this paper, extensions of the theoretical formulation to account for different debonding behaviors of different film-substrate systems are discussed. Experimental results generated with a number of systems, including chromium on glass, gold on aluminum nitride, gold on aluminum nitride with a chromium inter-layer, and polycrystalline diamond on aluminum nitride are presented.

Measurement of Adhesion at Film -Substrate Interfaces by Constant Depth Scratch Testing

1994 ◽  
Vol 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dutta ◽  
D. P. Lascurain ◽  
E. D. Secor
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Interfacial Shear Strength ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Interface Strength ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Scratch Testing ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
Scratch Tests ◽  
Theoretical Developments

ABSTRACTQuantitative tests for interfacial adhesion between films and substrates are of criticalimportance in micro-electronic applications. However, many of the available tests are applicable to a limited array of materials systems, or are experimentally complex. In thispaper, a constant depth scratch test, which has been designed to circumvent the limitations associated with currently available tests, is presented along with theoretical developments for the quantification of interfacial shear strength. Because of a fixed scratchgeometry, the test is amenable to straightforward analytical formulations unlike other versions of scratch tests. It is unique in its experimental simplicity, and allows evaluation of interface strength as function of position on the sample. Sample outputs from the test based on Cr films on glass substrates are presented.

Film/Substrate Adhesion Assessment by Scratch Tests Performed With Different Indenters

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Le Houérou ◽  
Leandro Jacomine ◽  
Christian Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Scratch Test ◽  
Scratch Resistance ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Brittle Behavior ◽  
Adhesion Measurement ◽  
Extensive Growth ◽  
Energy Dissipated ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
Industrial Solutions

In most cases, scratching of the surface of a polymeric glass elicits brittle behavior and industrial solutions like coating have been successfully used to improve the scratch resistance. The origin of the success of the coating technique is still of great research interest since one of the limitations of this technique is the risk of cracking and chipping. In terms of interfacial adhesion characterization, a wide variety of methods have been used to assess this property of material systems. Nevertheless, the adhesion of coatings still remains to be successfully determined in a test which can reproduce the damage undergone by the coated surface during its real lifetime. In this context, scratch test constitutes a good candidate. The present study deals with the scratching technique as an interfacial adhesion measurement in coated systems. Using a single-asperity scratching device allowing in-situ observation of the scratch, the fracture of a thin nano-composite coating deposited on its substrate was investigated under different conditions of temperature and scratching speed. Four types of fracture kinetics were observed depending on these two variables. One of these exhibits a stable blister growth at the same speed as the movement of the indenter over hundreds micrometers. This slow and extensive growth of a blister was obtained at 80 °C at a scratching speed of 10 μm/s. When the blister has reached a certain size, it propagates with the indenter without increasing further in size: it constitutes the steady state blister growth. A variational form of the energy balance of a blistering process is proposed, which permits to assess the adhesion of the system. Actually, the energy spent in the delamination process can be determined by following the delaminated area during the blistering process with regard to the scratching distance. The main difficulty is to estimate the energy dissipated in plastic flow. Different tests were conducted with various indenters: spheres with different radius and roughness. Thanks to this multi-criterion approach, it was possible to fit a unique value of the adhesion in the case of experimental stable blistering growths. The results are discussed with regard to reliability and probe characteristics.

Respirometry for determination of the influents SS-concentration

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Witteborg ◽  
A. van der Last ◽  
R. Hamming ◽  
I. Hemmers
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
On Line ◽  
Large Measurement ◽  
Set Up

A method is presented for determining influent readily biodegradable substrate concentration (SS). The method is based on three different respiration rates, which can be measured with a continuous respiration meter which is operated in a cyclic way. Within the respiration meter nitrification is inhibited through the addition of ATU. Simulations were used to develop the respirometry set-up and decide upon the experimental design. The method was tested as part of a large measurement programme executed at a full-scale plant. The proposed respirometry set-up has been shown to be suitable for a semi-on-line determination of an influent SS which is fully based on the IAWQ #1 vision of the activated sludge process. The YH and the KS play a major role in the principle, and should be measured directly from the process.

Determination of trace concentrations of copper by FIA-FAAS after preconcentration on chelating sorbents

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1785-1794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlastimil Kubáň ◽  
Josef Komárek ◽  
Zbyněk Zdráhal
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
Copper Determination ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Sample Injection ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Chelating Sorbents ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Trace Concentrations ◽  
Better Than

A FIA-FAAS apparatus containing a six-channel sorption equipment with five 3 x 26 mm microcolumns packed with Spheron Oxin 1 000, Ostsorb Oxin and Ostsorb DTTA was set up. Combined with sorption from 0.002M acetate buffer at pH 4.2 and desorption with 2M-HCl, copper can be determined at concentrations up to 100, 150 and 200 μg l-1, respectively. For sample and eluent flow rates of 5.0 and 4.0 ml min-1, respectively, and a sample injection time of 5 min, the limit of copper determination is LQ = 0.3 μg l-1, repeatability sr is better than 2% and recovery is R = 100 ± 2%. The enrichment factor is on the order of 102 and is a linear function of time (volume) of sample injection up to 5 min and of the sample injection flow rate up to 11 ml min-1 for Spheron Oxin 1 000 and Ostsorb DTTA. For times of sorption of 60 and 300 s, the sampling frequency is 70 and 35 samples/h, respectively. The parameters of the FIA-FAAS determination (acetylene-air flame) are comparable to or better than those achieved by ETA AAS. The method was applied to the determination of traces of copper in high-purity water.

Extra-Column Effects in Determination of Rate Parameters by the Chromatographic Method

1996 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 844-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Šolcová ◽  
Petr Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Dynamic Method ◽  
Axial Dispersion ◽  
Transport Parameters ◽  
Porous Particles ◽  
Loop Detector ◽  
Single Pellet ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Extra Column Effects

It was shown that the sampling loop, detector and connecting elements in the chromatographic set-up for determination of transport parameters by the dynamic method significantly influence the response peaks from columns packed with porous or nonporous particles. A method, based on the use of convolution theorem, was developed which can take these effects into account. The applicability of this method was demonstrated on the case of axial dispersion in a single-pellet-string column (SPSR) packed with nonporous particles. It is possible to handle also responses from columns packed with porous particles by a similar procedure.

scholarly journals Recatest—A Technique for Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Deferment and Degraded PVD Coatings and CVD Layers in the Deformed Area in the Scratch Test

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2625
Author(s):  
Piotr Domanowski ◽  
Marek Betiuk
Keyword(s):  
Scratch Test ◽  
Metallographic Analysis ◽  
Tool Steels ◽  
Test Device ◽  
Coating Structure ◽  
Testing Technique ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Parameters

The purpose of the paper is to present a new Recatest testing technique which uses a series of abrasions within a scratch and its innovative application to describe selected quantitative parameters of locally, plastically deformed substrate and coating materials detected on the spherical microsection in the scratch test. The exposed material structures are subject to a metallographic analysis which allows for the determination of the quantitative parameters, which in turn allow for a description of the change in dynamics of the coating structure within the scratch area as a function of load. These parameters include scratch depth (hs), coating thickness (h1), flash height (hoc, hos), depth of intended material (hd), material depth under scratch (hcp), and material depth under coating (hdb). The paper also includes a description of the Recalo test device designed by the authors, which is used to make a series of spherical abrasion traces on the scratch surface. Recalo is dedicated to the Recatest technique. The analysed material was the CrN/CrCN/HS6-5-2, AlCrN -Alcrona-Balinit/D2 coatings deposited on tool steels.

Interfacial adhesion of nanoporous zeolite thin films

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Hu ◽  
Junlan Wang ◽  
Zijian Li ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Yushan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Interfacial Strength ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
In Situ Growth ◽  
Seeded Growth ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Film Substrate

Nanoporous silica zeolite thin films are promising candidates for future generation low-dielectric constant (low-k) materials. During the integration with metal interconnects, residual stresses resulting from the packaging processes may cause the low-k thin films to fracture or delaminate from the substrates. To achieve high-quality low-k zeolite thin films, it is important to carefully evaluate their adhesion performance. In this paper, a previously reported laser spallation technique is modified to investigate the interfacial adhesion of zeolite thin film-Si substrate interfaces fabricated using three different methods: spin-on, seeded growth, and in situ growth. The experimental results reported here show that seeded growth generates films with the highest measured adhesion strength (801 ± 68 MPa), followed by the in situ growth (324 ± 17 MPa), then by the spin-on (111 ± 29 MPa). The influence of the deposition method on film–substrate adhesion is discussed. This is the first time that the interfacial strength of zeolite thin films-Si substrates has been quantitatively evaluated. This paper is of great significance for the future applications of low-k zeolite thin film materials.

Quantification the Effect of the Thickness of Thin Films on their Elastic Parameters

2011 ◽  
Vol 324 ◽  
pp. 93-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amel Gacem ◽  
A. Doghmane ◽  
Z. Hadjoub
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Elasticity Modulus ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Acoustic Signatures ◽  
Context Modelling ◽  
Universal Relationship ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
Material Interaction

The determination of the characteristics and properties of thin films deposited on substrates is necessary in any device application in various fields. Adequate mechanical properties are highly required for the majority of surface waves and semiconductor devices. In this context, modelling the ultrasonic-material interaction, we present results of simulation curves of acoustic signatures for multiple thin film/substrate combinations. The results obtained on several structures (Al, SiO2, ZnO, Cu, AlN, SiC and Cr)/(Al2O3, Si, Cu or Quartz) showed a velocity dispersion of the Rayleigh wave as a function of layer thickness. The development of a theoretical calculation model based on the acoustic behaviour of these structures has enabled us to quantify the dispersive evolution (positive and negative) density. Thus, we have established a universal relationship describing the density-thickness variation. In addition, networks of dispersion curves, representing the evolution of elasticity modulus (Young and shear), were determined. These charts can be used to extract the influence of thickness of layers on the variation of elastic constants

Determination of Carbon Content in Steel Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1382-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Aguilera ◽  
C. Aragón ◽  
J. Campos
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been used to determine carbon content in steel. The plasma was formed by focusing a Nd:YAG laser on the sample surface. With the use of time-resolved spectroscopy and generation of the plasma in nitrogen atmosphere, a precision of 1.6% and a detection limit of 65 ppm have been obtained. These values are similar to those of other accurate conventional techniques. Matrix effects for the studied steels are reduced to a small slope difference between the calibration curves for stainless and nonstainless steels.

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