Process Dependence of Orientation of Ribbon-Like Aromatic Molecules in Glassy Carbon

1994 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Maleki ◽  
D. Ila ◽  
L. R. Holland ◽  
R. L. Zimmerman ◽  
G. M. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Spin Coating ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Surface Oxidation ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Trace Impurities ◽  
Aromatic Molecules ◽  
Raman Microprobe ◽  
Polymeric Carbon ◽  
Molded Sample

ABSTRACTFlat glassy polymeric carbon samples were prepared from phenolic resin by three techniques: spray coating, spin coating and molding. Cured at 110°C-180°C and pyrolyzed in argon at 600°C or at 1000°C, samples then were studied by RBS for trace impurities, by ESCA for surface oxidation and contamination and by Raman microprobe of the top surface and perpendicular to that for preferred orientation of aromatic ribbons. An increase of 13% to 24% in the relative area under the corresponding Raman peaks indicates increased orientation of the ribbon-like aromatic molecules in the sprayed and spin coated samples as compared with the molded sample.

scholarly journals PEDOT:PSS in Water and Toluene for Organic Devices—Technical Approach

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Jewłoszewicz ◽  
Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz ◽  
Wojciech Przybył ◽  
Agnieszka Iwan ◽  
Ireneusz Plebankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Indium Tin Oxide ◽  
Spin Coating ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Energy Bandgap

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) water and toluene solutions were investigated in detail, taking into consideration their stability, wettability, transparency, and electrochemical properties, along with change polarity caused by dopant. As dopant, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol were used with different dipole moments (1.70, 1.69, and 1.66 D) and dielectric constants (33.0, 24.5, and 18.0). Three techniques, i.e., spin coating, doctor blade coating, and spray coating, were employed to created PEDOT:PSS layers on glass, glass/indium tin oxide (ITO), and glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates with optimized technical parameters for each used equipment. All used PEDOT:PSS water and toluene solutions demonstrated good wetting properties with angles below 30° for all used surfaces. Values of the energy bandgap (Eg) of PEDOT:PSS investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in solution showed increase energy Eg along with addition of alcohol to the mixture, and they were found in the range of 1.20 eV to 2.85 eV. The opposite tendency was found for the Eg value of the PEDOT:PSS layer created from water solution. The storage effect on PEDOT:PSS layers detected by CV affected only the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level, thereby causing changes in the energy bandgap. Finally, simple devices were constructed and investigated by infrared (IR) thermographic camera to investigate the surface defects on the created PEDOT:PSS layers. Our study showed that a more stable PEDOT:PSS layer without pin-holes and defects can be obtained from water and toluene solutions with isopropanol via the spin coating technique with an optimal speed of 3000 rpm and time of 90 s.

Enhancement of Porosity and Surface Roughness of Cured Phenolic Resin by Ion Implantation

2000 ◽  
Vol 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Zimmerman ◽  
D. Ila ◽  
C.C. Smith ◽  
A.L. Evelyn ◽  
D.B. Poker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Ion Implantation ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Nuclear Reaction Analysis ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Prosthetic Devices ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Polymeric Carbon

AbstractWe present recent results using ions such as C., O, Si, Fe, Zn, and Au at energies between 100 keV to 10 MeV to increase the roughness and porosity of the partially and fully cured precursor phenolic resins. The fully cured phenolic resin is called Glassy Polymeric Carbon (GPC). GPC is chemically inert, biocompatible and useful for medical applications, such as heart valves and other prosthetic devices. Ion implantation enhances biological cell/tissue growth on, and tissue adhesion to, prosthetic devices made from GPC. We have previously shown that increased porosity of GPC is also useful for drug delivery devices. The porosity of the ion implanted partially and fully cured precursor phenolic resins was measured by introducing lithium from a molten LiCl salt into each sample. By using Li(p,2α) nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) we measured the concentration of Li retention in the pre- and post-implanted samples. The surface roughness was measured using optical microscopy. The curing process was monitored using micro-Raman microscopy. We have correlated the NRA measurements of increased pore availability with the observations of increased surface roughness.

Chemical, Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Glassy Polymeric Carbon

2006 ◽  
Vol 929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iulia Muntele ◽  
Claudiu I. Muntele ◽  
Renato Minamisawa ◽  
Bopha Chhay ◽  
Daryush Ila
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Oxygen ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Polymeric Carbon ◽  
Small Thermal Expansion

ABSTRACTGlassy Polymeric Carbon (GPC) is obtained by a molding technique, in various shapes, from a phenolic resin precursor. The heat treatment of the precursor is achieved in three stages up to 1000 °C. Similar GPC materials produced in our laboratory displayed large strain to failure ratio, small thermal expansion coefficient and low density. Like all carbon forms, is attacked by oxygen, especially atomic oxygen. Nevertheless the kinetics for reaction with atmospheric oxygen is very slow. We investigated the composition and structural changes of the phenolic precursor as a function of temperature and evaluated materials stability when exposed to high temperatures in presence of hydrogen or oxygen.

scholarly journals Solution-Processed Chalcogenide Photovoltaic Thin Films

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Antonio Santana Andrade Junior ◽  
Hugo Leandro Sousa dos Santos ◽  
Mileny dos Santos Araujo ◽  
Arthur Corrado Salomão ◽  
Lucia Helena Mascaro
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Spin Coating ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Thin Film Solar Cells ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Chalcogenide Thin Films ◽  
High Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Tunable Band Gap

Chalcogenides-based thin film solar cells are great competitors to beat high efficiencies as silicone solar cells. The chalcogenides that have been commonly used as absorber materials are CIS, CIGS, and CZTS. They present some advantages of having a direct and tunable band gap, high absorption coefficient and respectable efficiency to cost ratio. Solution processable deposition approaches for the fabrication of solar cells attracts a great deal attention due to its lower capital cost of the manufacturing than the vacuum-based techniques. In this chapter, we detail the use of a low-cost method of deposition for the chalcogenide thin films by spin-coating and spray-coating, which is already widely employed in several fields of industries.

scholarly journals Effect of Spraying Parameters on the Morphology of Spray-Coated Active Layers for Organic Solar Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.18) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Nur Tahirah Razali ◽  
Khairunisa Kamarudin ◽  
Shusei Inaba ◽  
Mahshuri Yusof ◽  
Yeng Weng Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
Spin Coating ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Line Production

Over the past decade, organic solar cells (OSCs) have demonstrated their great potential for the low-cost mass production of renewable energy.  However, the conventional active layer deposition technique (spin-coating) is not suitable for mass production due to its incompatibility with the roll-to-roll process. Spray-coating is a promising candidate for in-line production of OSCs but parameters such as distance between the spray nozzle and substrate, applied pressure and number of sprays should be optimized to produce adequate film thickness and morphology. Here, we verified how these processing parameters influence the thin film properties and observed that film thickness increases with decreasing nozzle-substrate distance, increasing number of sprays or applied pressure. The processing parameters were adjusted to produce spray-coated films with similar properties to the spin-coated ones thus confirming that spray-coating could replace spin-coating for mass production of OSC devices.  

Study of the Effects of Various Nanopowders in the Properties of GPC

2006 ◽  
Vol 929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Amaral Minamisawa ◽  
Bopha Chhay ◽  
Iulia Muntele ◽  
Lawrence holland ◽  
Robert Lee Zimmerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Prosthetic Devices ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
High Production Rate ◽  
Resin Solution ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
High Production ◽  
Polymeric Carbon

ABSTRACTWe have introduced various nanopowders in the precursor of glassy polymeric carbon (GPC) and studied its electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties as well as its chemical structure. In general the GPC ware produced at AAMU is used for making crucibles, heat exchangers, and for prosthetic devices because of its biocompatibility. GPC ware at AAMU is synthesized from a phenolic resin solution from Georgia Pacific in a pyrolyser system at temperatures between 100 °C all the way to 2800 °C. The heat treatment includes several stages: gelling, curing, postcuring, precarbonization and carbonization. The fabrication of GPC is complicated because of the high production rate of gaseous products in critical temperature ranges where out-diffusion is relatively slow. Special care should be taken in temperature programming to avoid kilning faults and misshapen or porous GPC end results. In this work we have introduced SiC, CNT or Al2O3 to the precursor and studied the properties of the final product treated at 1000oC pyrolysis temperature.

Effect of solution aging on morphology and electrical characteristics of regioregular P3HT FETs fabricated by spin coating and spray coating

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1768-1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Bielecka ◽  
P. Lutsyk ◽  
K. Janus ◽  
J. Sworakowski ◽  
W. Bartkowiak
Keyword(s):  
Spin Coating ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Electrical Characteristics

Amphiphilic block copolymer surface composition: Effects of spin coating versus spray coating

Polymer ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1321-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Dimitriou ◽  
Harihara S. Sundaram ◽  
Youngjin Cho ◽  
Marvin Y. Paik ◽  
Masakazu Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Spin Coating ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Amphiphilic Block Copolymer ◽  
Composition Effects
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