Chemical Beam Epitaxy of GaP Using Triethylgallium and Tertiarybutylphosphine

1992 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Kelliher ◽  
Klaus J. Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Auger Electron ◽  
Rutherford Backscattering ◽  
Chemical Beam Epitaxy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Phosphorus Source ◽  
Metalorganic Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report the growth of GaP/Si heterostructures by metalorganic chemical beam epitaxy (MOCBE), including information on a MOCBE system custom built for this work. The gallium source was triethylgallium and the phosphorus source was tertiarybutylphosphine. The range for GaP epitaxy is 260 <T< 375°C. Methods of characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Auger electron (AES), X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectroscopies.

Thin-film reactions of Al with Co, Cr, Mo, Ta, Ti, and W

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Colgan ◽  
J. W. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Diagrams ◽  
Refractory Metals ◽  
Rutherford Backscattering ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

The thin-film interactions of Al with refractory metals (Co, Cr, Mo, Ta, Ti, and W) have been investigated. The composition and thickness of the reacted aluminide layers were determined by Rutherford backscattering and phase identification was made by x-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the lateral uniformity. The initial aluminide phases to grow are the Al-rich phases: Co2Al9, Cr2Al13, MoAl12, TaAl3, TiAl3, and WAI12. These are the most Al-rich phases on the phase diagrams. The reaction temperatures varied between 350 and 525 °C.

Epitaxial Growth Of Nickel and Cobalt Germanides On Germanium

1987 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.F. Hsieh ◽  
L.J. Chen ◽  
E.D. Marshall ◽  
S.S. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Rutherford Backscattering ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Glancing Angle ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACTTransmission and scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering-channeling and Read camera glancing angle x-ray diffraction techniques have been applied to study the epitaxial growth of nickel and cobalt germanides on germanium.NiGe, Co5Ge7 and CoGe2 were found to grow epitaxially on both (001) and (111)Ge. More extensive epitaxy on (111)Ge is correlated with better lattice matches at the germanide/Ge interfaces than those on (001)Ge for these epitaxial germanides.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Analyses of Dental Tissues from a Hibernator

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
M. L. Zimny ◽  
A. C. Haller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dental Tissues ◽  
Bone Minerals ◽  
Apical Tooth ◽  
Scanning Electron

During hibernation the ground squirrel is immobile, body temperature reduced and metabolism depressed. Hibernation has been shown to affect dental tissues varying degrees, although not much work has been done in this area. In limited studies, it has been shown that hibernation results in (1) mobilization of bone minerals; (2) deficient dentinogenesis and degeneration of alveolar bone; (3) presence of calculus and tears in the cementum; and (4) aggrevation of caries and pulpal and apical tooth abscesses. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of hibernation on dental tissues employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and related x-ray analyses.

Scanning Electron Microscopy and x-ray analysis of microparticles and early hydration effects

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 692-693
Author(s):  
Yun Lu ◽  
David C. Joy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Early Hydration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Blended Cements ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Chemical Wastes ◽  
Scanning Electron

High resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) were performed to investigate microparticles in blended cements and their hydration products containing sodium-rich chemical wastes. The physical appearance of powder particles and the morphological development at different hydration stages were characterized by using high resolution SEM Hitachi S-900 and by SEM S-800 with a EDX spectrometer. Microparticles were dispersed on the sample holder and glued by 1% palomino solution. Hydrated bulk samples were dehydrated by acetone and mounted on the holder by silver paste. Both fracture surfaces and flat cutting sections of hydrating samples were prepared and examined. Some specimens were coated with an 3 nm thick Au-Pd or Cr layer to provide good conducting surfaces. For high resolution SEM S-900 observations the accelerating voltage of electrons was 1-2 KeV to protect the electron charging. Microchemical analyses were carried out by S800/EDS equipped with a LINK detector of take-off angle =40°.

Defects of Platelet Function Recognized by X-Ray Imaging and Scanning Electron Microscopy

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 610-613
Author(s):  
M.G. Baldini ◽  
S. Morinaga ◽  
D. Minasian ◽  
R. Feder ◽  
D. Sayre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Scanning Electron

Contact X-ray imaging is presently developing as an important imaging technique in cell biology. Our recent studies on human platelets have demonstrated that the cytoskeleton of these cells contains photondense structures which can preferentially be imaged by soft X-ray imaging. Our present research has dealt with platelet activation, i.e., the complex phenomena which precede platelet appregation and are associated with profound changes in platelet cytoskeleton. Human platelets suspended in plasma were used. Whole cell mounts were fixed and dehydrated, then exposed to a stationary source of soft X-rays as previously described. Developed replicas and respective grids were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Environmental scanning electron microscopy of fresh human gallstones reveals new morphologies of precipitated calcium salts

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1322-1323
Author(s):  
Howard S. Kaufman ◽  
Keith D. Lillemoe ◽  
John T. Mastovich ◽  
Henry A. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Cholesterol Gallstones ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ca Carbonate ◽  
Scanning Electron

Gallstones contain precipitated cholesterol, calcium salts, and proteins. Calcium (Ca) bilirubinate, palmitate, phosphate, and carbonate occurring in gallstones have variable morphologies but characteristic windowless energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectra. Previous studies of gallstone microstructure and composition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX have been limited to dehydrated samples. In this state, Ca bilirubinates appear as either glassy masses, which predominate in black pigment stones, or as clusters, which are found mostly in cholesterol gallstones. The three polymorphs of Ca carbonate, calcite, vaterite, and aragonite, have been identified in gallstones by x-ray diffraction, however; the morphologies of these crystals vary in the literature. The purpose of this experiment was to study fresh gallstones by environmental SEM (ESEM) to determine if dehydration affects gallstone Ca salt morphology.Gallstones and bile were obtained fresh at cholecystectomy from 6 patients. To prevent dehydration, stones were stored in bile at 37°C. All samples were studied within 4 days of procurement.

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