Atomic Ordering and Alloy Clustering in MBE-Grown InAsy Sb1-y Epitaxial Layers

1989 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae-Yeon Seong ◽  
A.G. Norman ◽  
G.R. Booker ◽  
R. Droopad ◽  
R.L. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Concentration ◽  
Composition Range ◽  
Epitaxial Layers ◽  
Layer Surface ◽  
Atomic Ordering ◽  
Hall Measurements ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual

AbstractMBE InASySb1-y layers were grown at 370°C across the full composition range. TEM/TED examinations directly showed that separation into two phases had taken place for compositions 0.4<y<0.8 with plates 20 to 200nm thick occurring approximately parallel to the layer surface. The two phases in the individual specimens were tetragonally distorted and their compositions were deduced from the TED results. CuPt-type atomic ordering occurred and was most pronounced in the middle of the composition range. Alloy clustering was also present. Hall measurements showed that the carrier concentration was a maximum, and the mobility was a minimum, for the middle of the composition range.

The Free Responsible Action of the Individual

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. DeJonge
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Responsible Action ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

If, as Chapter 12 argues, much of Bonhoeffer’s resistance thinking remains stable even as he undertakes the novel conspiratorial resistance, what is new in his resistance thinking in the third phase? What receives new theological elaboration is the resistance activity of the individual, which in the first two phases was overshadowed by the resistance role played by the church. Indeed, as this chapter shows, Bonhoeffer’s conspiratorial activity is associated with what he calls free responsible action (type 6), and this is the action of the individual, not the church, in the exercise of vocation. As such, the conspiratorial activity is most closely related to the previously developed type 1 resistance, which includes individual vocational action in response to state injustice. But the conspiratorial activity differs from type 1 resistance as individual vocational action in the extreme situation.

scholarly journals Disrupt-Then-Reframe is in the Air: A French Replication and Refinement

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-173
Author(s):  
Roxane Saint-Bauzel ◽  
Audrey Pelt ◽  
Laura Barbier ◽  
Valérie Fointiat
Keyword(s):  
Target Behaviour ◽  
Communication Situation ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Persuasive Effect

Abstract Initiated by Davis and Knowles (1999), the-disrupt-then-reframe technique is based on the linking of two moments in time. First of all, slipping an unexpected element into a communication situation that is likely to provoke a disruption in communication. Once this disruption has been achieved, proposing a target behaviour by insisting on the benefit that the individual could derive from it. We wanted to verify that this technique, effective in American, Dutch, and Polish contexts and naturally dependent on the culture of individuals and the communication norms which prevail there, could be effective in a French context. In accordance with the literature, our results show that when the two phases of the technique are linked, a greater persuasive effect is observed. A theoretically interesting way to interpret the effectiveness of the technique is proposed.

Modelling the individual and collective dynamics of the propensity to offend

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 421-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. NADAL ◽  
M. B. GORDON ◽  
J. R. IGLESIAS ◽  
V. SEMESHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Crime Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Interacting Agents ◽  
Composite Parameter ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual

We introduce a general framework for modelling the dynamics of the propensity to offend in a population of (possibly interacting) agents. We consider that each agent has an ‘honesty index’ which parameterizes his probability of abiding by the law. This probability also depends on a composite parameter associated to the attractiveness of the crime outcome and of the crime setting (the context which makes a crime more or less likely to occur, such as the presence or not of a guardian). Within this framework we explore some consequences of the working hypothesis that punishment has a deterrent effect, assuming that, after a criminal act, an agent's honesty index may increase if he is caught and decrease otherwise. We provide both analytical and numerical results. We show that in the space of parameters characterizing the probability of punishment, there are two ‘phases’: one corresponding to a population with a low crime rate and the other to a population with a large crime rate. We speculate on the possible existence of a self-organized state in which, due to the society reaction against crime activities, the population dynamics would be stabilized on the critical line, leading to a wide distribution of propensities to offend in the population. In view of empirical works on the causes of the recent evolution of crime rates in developed countries, we discuss how changes of socio-economic conditions may affect the model parameters, and hence the crime rate in the population. We suggest possible extensions of the model that will allow us to take into account more realistic features.

Review Lectures on Senescence: I. The Causes of Aging

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Maynard Smith
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Somatic Mutations ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Theories Of Aging ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

Aging processes are defined as those that increase the susceptibility of individuals as they grow older to the factors that may cause death. Various possible theories of aging are considered, and evidence that may help to decide between them is discussed. Changes in different organ systems may be merely symptoms of some single aging process, or they may be largely independent and synchronized by natural selection. Even if different organ systems age independently, they may do so as a result of similar changes at a cellular level. Cellular theories of aging may have to take into account the effects of selection between the cells in a tissue. The effects of radiation and somatic mutation theories of aging are discussed. It is suggested that radiation shortens life by inducing somatic mutations but that normal aging is not to any important extent caused by somatic mutations, although it may result from changes in cells that have effects on the physiology of the individual similar to those of somatic mutations. Evidence is presented that in Drosophila and in mice there are two phases in the life-span. In Drosophila , there is an initial “aging” phase, which is irreversible and occurs at a rate approximately independent of temperature, and a second “dying” phase, which is temperature-dependent in rate and reversible at lower temperatures. Reproduced by permission. J. Maynard Smith, Review Lectures on Senescence: I. The Causes of Aging. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 157 , 115-127 (1962).

Modeling Learner's Cognitive Abilities in the Context of a Web-Based Learning Environment

2008 ◽  
pp. 544-561
Author(s):  
Maria Aparecida M. Souto ◽  
Regina Verdin ◽  
José Palazzo M. de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Learning Trajectory ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Experimental Learning ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Web Learning

Our study is concerned with making the instruction suitable to the individual learner’s characteristics. This chapter describes the methodology used to investigate how to model the learner’s Cognitive Ability Level (CAL) based on the observation and analysis of his/her behaviour in a Web-learning environment. In our study, the CAL represents the learner’s cognitive stage development according to Bloom’s taxonomy. The methodology encompasses two phases: (i) the generation of the CAL classes for the target population and (ii) the study of learning trajectories of CAL classes in an experimental learning module. As a result, we have identified the CAL classes’ parametersvalues that best discriminate these classes from the observation and analysis of their learning trajectory on the Web. The entire knowledge obtained from this investigation will make possible to automate the learners’ CAL diagnostic. It will also give us the background to develop Web-learning environment contents.

Modeling Learner's Cognitive Abilities in the Context of a Web-Based Learning Environment

2006 ◽  
pp. 21-45
Author(s):  
Maria A.M. Souto ◽  
Regina Verdin
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Learning Trajectory ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Experimental Learning ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Web Learning

Our study is concerned with making the instruction suitable to the individual learner’s characteristics. This chapter describes the methodology used to investigate how to model the learner’s Cognitive Ability Level (CAL) based on the observation and analysis of his/her behaviour in a Web-learning environment. In our study, the CAL represents the learner’s cognitive stage development according to Bloom’s taxonomy. The methodology encompasses two phases: (i) the generation of the CAL classes for the target population and (ii) the study of learning trajectories of CAL classes in an experimental learning module. As a result, we have identified the CAL classes’ parametersvalues that best discriminate these classes from the observation and analysis of their learning trajectory on the Web. The entire knowledge obtained from this investigation will make possible to automate the learners’ CAL diagnostic. It will also give us the background to develop Web-learning environment contents.

Group Recommender Systems – An Evolutionary Approach Based on Multi-expert System for Consensus

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1092-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritu Meena ◽  
Sonajharia Minz
Keyword(s):  
Recommender Systems ◽  
Group Recommendation ◽  
Group Recommender Systems ◽  
Maximum Utility ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Multiple Experts ◽  
Group Profile ◽  
Group Recommender

Abstract Recommender systems have focused on algorithms for a recommendation for individuals. However, in many domains, it may be recommending an item, for example, movies, restaurants etc. for a group of persons for which some remarkable group recommender systems (GRSs) has been developed. GRSs satisfy a group of people optimally by considering the equal weighting of the individual preferences. We have proposed a multi-expert scheme (MES) for group recommendation using genetic algorithm (GA) MES-GRS-GA that depends on consensus techniques to further improve group recommendations. In order to deal with this problem of GRS, we also propose a consensus scheme for GRSs where consensus from multiple experts are brought together to make a single recommended list of items in which each expert represents an individual inside the group. The proposed GA based consensus scheme is modeled as many consensus schemes within two phases. In the consensus phase, we have applied GA to obtain the maximum utility offer for each expert and generated the most appropriate rating for each item in the group. In the recommendation generation phase, again GA has been employed to produce the resulting group profile, i.e. the list of ratings with the minimum sum of distances from the group members. Finally, the results of computational experiments that bear close resemblance to real-world scenarios are presented and compared to baseline GRS techniques that illustrate the superiority of the proposed model.

Carrier Lifetimes in 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layers on the C-Face Enhanced by Carbon Implantation

2018 ◽  
Vol 924 ◽  
pp. 432-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Kushibe ◽  
Johji Nishio ◽  
Ryosuke Iijima ◽  
Akira Miyasaka ◽  
Hirokuni Asamizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Concentration ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Epitaxial Layer ◽  
Carrier Lifetime ◽  
Epitaxial Layers ◽  
Carrier Lifetimes ◽  
Post Annealing

Carrier lifetime in low carrier concentration 4H-SiC epitaxial layers grown on the C-face was enhanced by using carbon implantation and post annealing. The measured carrier lifetime increased with the thickness of the epitaxial layer and was 11.4 µs for the 150 µm thick epitaxial layer. The internal carrier lifetime was estimated as 21 µs from the dependence of the measured carrier lifetime on the epitaxial layer thickness. This value is almost comparable to the reported values of the internal carrier lifetime for the layers grown on the Si-face.

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