Effect of Annealing on the Magnetic Properties of a Cold Rolled Non-Oriented Grain Electrical Steels

2009 ◽  
Vol 1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. López G. ◽  
A. Salinas R.
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Hysteresis Losses ◽  
Core Losses ◽  
Rate Of Recovery

ABSTRACTThe effect of plastic deformation and subsequent annealing on the microstructure and magnetic properties (hysteresis core losses) of non-oriented grain semi-processed Si-Al electrical steel sheet are investigated. Plastic deformation of strip samples is performed by cold-rolling (5–20% reduction in thickness) along the original rolling direction. Annealing is carried out in air during 1 or 60 minutes at temperatures between 650 and 850°C. Measurements of B-H hysteresis curves are performed using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer and characterization of annealed microstructures is carried out using optical metallography. The results show that hysteresis losses increase by a factor between 1.2 and 2.0 as the magnitude of the applied plastic deformation increases from 5 to 20% reduction in thickness. The rate of recovery of energy losses as a result of annealing depends on annealing time. Short annealing times produce full recovery of the effect of cold work and values of energy losses lower than in undeformed material. The magnitude of the additional recovery increases with strain but does not depend on annealing temperature. Long annealing times, which induce complete recrystallization, and either normal or abnormal grain growth, enhance recovery of hysteresis losses. The rate of recovery increases as both the strain and annealing temperature increase. Recovery of the deformation microstructure and internal stress relief produce only limited recovery of the magnetic properties. However, recrystallization and grain growth brings about a significant decrease in hysteresis losses.

scholarly journals Magnetic Properties of Silicon Steel after Plastic Deformation

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4361
Author(s):  
Andries Daem ◽  
Peter Sergeant ◽  
Luc Dupré ◽  
Somsubhro Chaudhuri ◽  
Vitaliy Bliznuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Stress State ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Silicon Steel ◽  
Hysteresis Loss ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Core Energy ◽  
Load Release

The energy efficiency of electric machines can be improved by optimizing their manufacturing process. During the manufacturing of ferromagnetic cores, silicon steel sheets are cut and stacked. This process introduces large stresses near cutting edges. The steel near cutting edges is in a plastically deformed stress state without external mechanical load. The magnetic properties of the steel in this stress state are investigated using a custom magnetomechanical measurement setup, stress strain measurements, electrical resistance measurements, and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) measurements. Analysis of the core energy losses is done by means of the loss separation technique. The silicon steel used in this paper is non-grain oriented (NGO) steel grade M270-35A. Three differently cut sets of M270-35A are investigated, which differ in the direction they are cut with respect to the rolling direction. The effect of sample deformation was measured—both before and after mechanical load release—on the magnetization curve and total core energy losses. It is known that the magnetic properties dramatically degrade with increasing sample deformation under mechanical load. In this paper, it was found that when the mechanical load is released, the magnetic properties degrade even further. Loss separation analysis has shown that the hysteresis loss is the main contributor to the additional core losses due to sample deformation. Releasing the mechanical load increased the hysteresis loss up to 270% at 10.4% pre-release strain. At this level of strain, the relative magnetic permeability decreased up to 45% after mechanical load release. Manufacturing processes that introduce plastic deformation are detrimental to the local magnetic material properties.

scholarly journals Analysis of Modular Stator PMSM Manufactured Using Oriented Steel

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6583
Author(s):  
Anmol Aggarwal ◽  
Matthew Meier ◽  
Elias Strangas ◽  
John Agapiou
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Core Loss ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Core Losses ◽  
Lower Permeability ◽  
Improved Model ◽  
And Control

Oriented steel has higher permeability and lower losses in the direction of orientation (the rolling direction) than non-oriented steel. However, in the transverse direction, oriented steel typically has lower permeability and higher losses. The strategic use of oriented steel in a modular Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) stator can improve machine performance, particularly when compared to a machine designed with non-oriented steel, by increasing both torque and efficiency. Typically, steel manufacturers provide magnetic properties only in the rolling and transverse directions. Furthermore, in modern Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software, the magnetic properties between the rolling and transverse directions are interpolated using an intrinsic mathematical model. However, this interpolation method has proven to be inaccurate; to resolve this issue, an improved model was proposed in the literature. This model requires the magnetic properties of the oriented steel in between the rolling and transverse directions. Therefore, a procedure for extracting the magnetic properties of oriented steel is required. The objective of this work is to propose a method of determining the magnetic properties of oriented steel beyond just the oriented and transverse directions. In this method, flux-injecting probes, also known as sensors, are used to inject and control the flux density in an oriented steel segmented stator in order to extract the properties of the oriented steel. These extracted properties are then used to model an oriented steel modular stator PMSM. The machine’s average torque and core losses are compared with conventional, non-modular, non-oriented steel stator PMSM, and modular, non-oriented steel stator PMSM. It is shown that both the average torque and the core loss of the oriented steel modular stator PMSM have better performance at the selected number of segments than either of the two non-oriented steel stators.

Effect of Aluminum and Titanium Content on Grain Growth, Texture and Magnetic Properties in 3%Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steel

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 4428-4433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Arita ◽  
Yoshiyuki Ushigami
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Electrical Steel ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Titanium Content ◽  
Abnormal Grain Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Vector Method

The effect of annealing temperature on grain growth, texture development and magnetic properties of Al-free and Al-1% added non-oriented electrical steel were investigated. Normal grain growth occurred in Al-free steel. On the other hand, abnormal grain growth occurred in Al-added steel which was annealed at 800°C for 24h. Precipitates in these two steels were different. TiN precipitated in Alfree steel, but in the case of Al-added steel, AlN and TiC precipitated. The TiC in Al-added steel was so fine that it inhibited the normal grain growth and finally caused the abnormal grain growth. Main textures of both steels were near {111}<112>, but the intensity of near {111}<112> in the abnormal grain growth was higher than that in the normal grain growth. Magnetic flux density (B50/Bs) was decreased by the grain growth. Especially B50/Bs in the abnormal grain growth was lower than that in normal grain growth. B50/Bs in these steels can be estimated by their three-dimensional textures in vector method.

Effect of recrystallization annealing temperature on texture and magnetic properties of 2.97% Si non-oriented silicon steel

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Jiaolong Qiao ◽  
Chuanxing Liu ◽  
Feihu Guo ◽  
Li Xiang ◽  
Shengtao Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Silicon Steel ◽  
Recrystallization Annealing ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Core Losses ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Annealed Sheet

The effect of recrystallization annealing at temperatures varying from 910 to 1060 °C on the texture and magnetic properties of cold-rolled sheets with 0.3 mm in thickness of 2.97 wt.% Si–0.59wt.% Al non-oriented silicon steel were investigated. With increasing of cold-rolled sheets annealing temperature, the average of the recrystallized grain sizes increased, because of higher temperature corresponds to a faster migration rate of grain boundaries. Increasing of grain size resulted in reducing of the hysteresis loss and core losses, as the number of grain boundary significantly reduced. However, the domain size and the eddy current loss would increase as the grain sizes continued to increase, and then affecting the core losses. The oversized microstructure (∼140 µm) in 1030 °C annealed sheet brought about an augment in P15/50 (∼2.27 W/kg) and (∼130 µm) in 1000 °C annealed sheet of P10/400 (∼12.84 W/kg). Furthermore, the textures of the final sheets were mainly made up of α*-fiber, γ-fiber and {001}<130> texture. The magnetic induction diminished with increasing of annealing temperature and this result could be attributed to the strengthening in γ-fiber (<111>//ND) and weakening in λ-fiber (<100>//ND) texture.

Determination of eddy current losses and hysteresis losses in magnetic circuits of electrical machines

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
S. M. Plotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Current ◽  
Magnetization Reversal ◽  
Eddy Currents ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Eddy Current Losses ◽  
Hysteresis Losses ◽  
Magnetic Circuits ◽  
Core Losses ◽  
Reversal Frequency

The division of the total core losses in the electrical steel of the magnetic circuit into two components – losses dueto hysteresis and eddy currents – is a serious technical problem, the solution of which will effectively design and construct electrical machines with magnetic circuits having low magnetic losses. In this regard, an important parameter is the exponent α, with which the frequency of magnetization reversal is included in the total losses in steel. Theoretically, this indicator can take values from 1 to 2. Most authors take α equal to 1.3, which corresponds to the special case when the eddy current losses are three times higher than the hysteresis losses. In fact, for modern electrical steels, the opposite is true. To refine the index α, an attempt was made to separate the total core losses on the basis that the hysteresis component is proportional to the first degree of the magnetization reversal frequency, and the eddy current component is proportional to the second degree. In the article, the calculation formulas of these components are obtained, containing the values of the total losses measured in idling experiments at two different frequencies, and the ratio of these frequencies. It is shown that the rational frequency ratio is within 1.2. Presented the graphs and expressions to determine the exponent α depending on the measured no-load losses and the frequency of magnetization reversal.

On effect of surface hardening on impact and abrasive wear resistance of Hadfi eld steel

2020 ◽  
pp. 252-255
Author(s):  
V.I. Bolobov ◽  
V.S. Bochkov ◽  
E.V. Akhmerov ◽  
V.A. Plashchinsky ◽  
E.A. Krivokrisenko E.A.
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Work Hardening ◽  
Surface Hardening ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Abrasive Wear Resistance ◽  
Hadfield Steel ◽  
Mining Equipment ◽  
Effect Of Surface

On the example of Hadfield steel, as the most common material of fast-wearing parts of mining equipment, the effect of surface hardening by plastic deformation on their impact and abrasive wear resistance is considered. Wear test is conducted on magnetic ironstone as typical representative of abrasive and hard rock. As result of wear of initial samples with hardness of ∼200 HB and samples pre-hardened with different intensities to the hardness of 300, 337 and 368 HB, it is found that during the initial testing period, the initial samples pass the “self-cold-work hardening” stage with increase in hardness to ∼250 HB, which remains virtually unchanged during further tests; the hardness of the pre-hardened samples does not change significantly throughout the tests. It is established that the rate of impact-abrasive wear of pre-hardened samples is significantly (up to 1.4 times) lower than the original ones that are not subjected to plastic deformation, and decreases with increasing degree of cold-work hardening. Preliminary surface hardening by plastic deformation can serve as effective way to increase the service life of fast-wearing working parts of mining equipment.

Investigation of the Structure and Magnetic Properties of Bulk Amorphous FeCoYB Alloy

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 2162-2165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bloch ◽  
Mihail Aurel Titu ◽  
Andrei Victor Sandu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Hyperfine Field ◽  
Irreversible Processes ◽  
Magnetization Process ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
The Core ◽  
Injection Casting ◽  
Core Losses ◽  
Microstructural Studies

The paper presents the results of structural and microstructural studies for the bulk Fe65Co10Y5B20 and Fe63Co10Y7B20 alloys. All the rods obtained by the injection casting method were fully amorphous. It was found on the basis of analysis of distribution of hyperfine field induction that the samples of Fe65Co10Y5B20 alloy are characterised with greater atomic packing density. Addition of Y to the bulk amorphous Fe65Co10Y5B20 alloy leads to the decrease of the average induction of hyperfine field value. In a strong magnetic field (i.e. greater than 0.4HC), during the magnetization process of the alloys, where irreversible processes take place, the core losses associated with magnetization and de-magnetization were investigated.

Effect of Annealing temperature on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of TbxY3-xFe5O12(x = 0.0, 1.0, 2.0) Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Process

2012 ◽  
Vol 501 ◽  
pp. 236-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ftema W. Aldbea ◽  
Noor Bahyah Ibrahim ◽  
Mustafa Hj. Abdullah ◽  
Ramadan E. Shaiboub
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Garnet Phase ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Amorphous Structures

Thin films nanoparticles TbxY3-xFe5O12 (x=0.0, 1.0, 2.0) were prepared by the sol-gel process followed by annealing process at various annealing temperatures of 700° C, 800° C and 900° C in air for 2 h. The results obtained from X-ray diffractometer (XRD) show that the films annealed below 900°C exhibit peaks of garnet mixed with small amounts of YFeO3 and Fe2O3. Pure garnet phase has been detected in the films annealed at 900°C. Before annealing the films show amorphous structures. The particles sizes measurement using the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) showed that the particles sizes increased as the annealing temperature increased. The magnetic properties were measured at room temperature using the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the films also increased with the annealing temperature. However, different behavior of coercivity (Hc) has been observed as the annealing temperature was increased.

scholarly journals Influence of plastic deformation on the magnetic properties of Heusler MnAu2Al

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Levin ◽  
Daniil A. Kitchaev ◽  
Yolita M. Eggeler ◽  
Justin A. Mayer ◽  
Piush Behera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Magnetic Properties

scholarly journals Influence of Cu on the Improvement of Magnetic Properties and Structure of L10 FePt Nanoparticles

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1097
Author(s):  
Luran Zhang ◽  
Xinchen Du ◽  
Hongjie Lu ◽  
Dandan Gao ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Fept Nanoparticles ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Phase Reduction ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
One Step

L10 ordered FePt and FePtCu nanoparticles (NPs) with a good dispersion were successfully fabricated by a simple, green, one-step solid-phase reduction method. Fe (acac)3, Pt (acac)2, and CuO as the precursors were dispersed in NaCl and annealed at different temperatures with an H2-containing atmosphere. As the annealing temperature increased, the chemical order parameter (S), average particle size (D), coercivity (Hc), and saturation magnetization (Ms) of FePt and FePtCu NPs increased and the size distribution range of the particles became wider. The ordered degree, D, Hc, and Ms of FePt NPs were greatly improved by adding 5% Cu. The highest S, D, Hc, and Ms were obtained when FePtCu NPs annealed at 750 °C, which were 0.91, 4.87 nm, 12,200 Oe, and 23.38 emu/g, respectively. The structure and magnetic properties of FePt and FePtCu NPs at different annealing temperatures were investigated and the formation mechanism of FePt and FePtCu NPs were discussed in detail.

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